4/5/2019 Integral Calculator • With Steps!

Also check the Derivative Calc

Integral Calculator
Calculadora de Integrales en español
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Calculate integrals online — with steps and graphing!

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BITSANE CREATE ACCOUNT

Calculate the Integral of … About Help Examples Options

(sqrt( x^2 +16) /( (x^3) (X-2) Go! The Integral Calculator lets you calculate in
CLR + – × ÷ ^ √ ( ) antiderivatives of functions online — for fre

This will be calculated: Our calculator allows you to check your solu
calculus exercises. It helps you practice by s
the full working (step by step integration). A
integration techniques and even special func
supported.
?
The Integral Calculator supports de nite and
√x2 + 16
integrals (antiderivatives) as well as integrat
∫ dx with many variables. You can also check you
3
x (x − 2) Interactive graphs/plots help visualize and b
? understand the functions.
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"Help" or take a look at the examples.
And now: Happy integrating!
Not what you mean? Use parentheses! Set integration
variable and bounds in "Options".

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= Check your own answ
= Export the expression

Book Recommendation YOUR INPUT:

f (x) =

Calculus for Dummies (2nd Edition)

An extremely well-written book for students
2
taking Calculus for the rst time as well as √x + 16
those who need a refresher. This book makes
3
you realize that Calculus isn't that tough after (x − 2) x
all. → to the book

Note: Your input has been rewritten/simpli ed.

Simplify
Did You Know?
"MANUALLY" COMPUTED ANTIDERIVATIVE:
Ad ∫ f (x) dx = F
⋆
(x) =

Note: The result is too wide for the screen. Scroll horizontally to see everything! Move the mouse
◄ arrows ► appearing on the sides for automatic scrolling (no clicking required).

  "Manual" integration with steps:

The calculator nds an antiderivative in a comprehensible way. Note that due to some simpli catio
only be valid for parts of the function.

Human saliva contains many different ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣

2 2
chemicals, including opiorphin, a painkiller that −4√5 ln( √x + 16 + (√5 + 2) x − 4 ) + 4√5 ln( √x + 16 + (2 − √5) x − 4 ) − 9 ln
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
is six times more powerful than morphine.
16

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4/5/2019 Integral Calculator • With Steps!

Hide steps

Problem:
2
√x + 16
∫ dx
3
(x − 2) x
Sponsored
Perform trigonometric substitution:
x
Substitute x = 4 tan(u) ⟶ u = arctan( ,
) dx = 4 sec (u) du
2
(steps):
4

2 2
sec (u)√16 tan (u) + 16
Advertisement = ∫ du
3
16 tan (u) (4 tan(u) − 2)

Simplify using 16 tan2 (u) + 16 = 16 sec (u)

2
:
3
1 sec (u)
= ∫ du
3
8 tan (u) (2 tan(u) − 1)

… or choose an alternative:
Perform hyperbolic substitution

Now solving:
3
sec (u)
∫ du
3
tan (u) (2 tan(u) − 1)

Prepare for tangent half-angle substitution (Weierstrass substitution):

u 3
2
(tan ( ) + 1)
2
= ∫ du
u
4 tan( )
2
3 u
8 tan ( )( − 1)
2 2 u
1−tan ( )
2

u 2 2
Substitute v = tan( ) ⟶ du =
u
dv (steps) = dv :
2 2
2 sec ( ) v + 1
2

2
2
1 (v − 1) (v + 1) (v + 1)
= − ∫ dv
3 2
4 v (v + 4v − 1)

Now solving:
2
2
(v − 1) (v + 1) (v + 1)
∫ dv
3 2
v (v + 4v − 1)

◄ Perform polynomial long division:

4 3 2
18v − 4v − v − 1
= ∫ ( + v − 4) dv
3 2
v (v + 4v − 1)

Apply linearity:
4 3 2
18v − 4v − v − 1
= ∫ dv + ∫ v dv − 4∫ 1 dv
3 2
v (v + 4v − 1)

Now solving:
4 3 2
18v − 4v − v − 1
∫ dv
3 2
v (v + 4v − 1)

Perform partial fraction decomposition:

80 18 4 1
= ∫ (− + + + ) dv
2 2 3
v + 4v − 1 v v v

Apply linearity:
1 1 1 1
= −80∫ dv + 18∫ dv + 4∫ dv + ∫ dv
2 2 3
v + 4v − 1 v v v

Now solving:
1
∫ dv
2
v + 4v − 1

Factor the denominator:

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4/5/2019 Integral Calculator • With Steps!

1
= ∫ dv

(v − √5 + 2) (v + √5 + 2)

Perform partial fraction decomposition:

⎛ ⎞
1 1
= ∫ ⎜ − ⎟ dv

⎝ 2√5 (v − √5 + 2) 2√5 (v + √5 + 2) ⎠

Apply linearity:
1 1 1 1
= ∫ dv − ∫ dv
2√5 v − √5 + 2 2√5 v + √5 + 2

Now solving:
1
∫ dv
v − √5 + 2

Substitute w = v − √5 + 2 ⟶ dv = dw (steps):

1
= ∫ dw
w

This is a standard integral:

= ln(w)

Undo substitution w = v − √5 + 2 :

= ln(v − √5 + 2)

Now solving:
1
∫ dv
v + √5 + 2

Substitute w = v + √5 + 2 ⟶ dv = dw (steps):

1
= ∫ dw
w

Use previous result:

= ln(w)

Undo substitution w = v + √5 + 2 :

= ln(v + √5 + 2)

Plug in solved integrals:

1 1 1 1
∫ dv − ∫ dv
2√5 v − √5 + 2 2√5 v + √5 + 2

ln(v − √5 + 2) ln(v + √5 + 2)

= −
2√5 2√5

Now solving:
1
∫ dv
v

Use previous result:

= ln(v)

Now solving:
1
∫ dv
2
v

Apply power rule:

n+1
v
∫ v
n
dv = with n = −2 :
n + 1

1
= −
v

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4/5/2019 Integral Calculator • With Steps!

Now solving:
1
∫ dv
3
v

Apply power rule with n = −3 :

1
= −
2
2v

Plug in solved integrals:

1 1 1 1
−80∫ dv + 18∫ dv + 4∫ dv + ∫ dv
2 2 3
v + 4v − 1 v v v

4 1
= 8√5 ln(v + √5 + 2) − 8√5 ln(v − √5 + 2) + 18 ln(v) − −
2
v 2v

Now solving:

∫ v dv

Apply power rule with n = 1 :

2
v
=
2

Now solving:

∫ 1 dv

Apply constant rule:

= v

Plug in solved integrals:

4 3 2
18v − 4v − v − 1
∫ dv + ∫ v dv − 4∫ 1 dv
3 2
v (v + 4v − 1)

2
v 4 1
= 8√5 ln(v + √5 + 2) − 8√5 ln(v − √5 + 2) + 18 ln(v) + − 4v − −
2 v 2v

Plug in solved integrals:

2
2
1 (v − 1) (v + 1) (v + 1)
− ∫ dv
3 2
4 v (v + 4v − 1)

2
9 ln(v) v 1 1
= −2√5 ln(v + √5 + 2) + 2√5 ln(v − √5 + 2) − − + v + +
2 8 v 8v

u
Undo substitution v = tan( ) :
2

2 u
tan ( )
2 u 1 1 u
= − + tan( ) + + − 2√5 ln(tan( ) + √5 + 2) + 2√5
u 2 u
8 2 tan( ) 8 tan ( ) 2
2 2

Plug in solved integrals:

3
1 sec (u)
∫ du
3
8 tan (u) (2 tan(u) − 1)

u
2 u u
tan ( ) tan( ) √5 ln(tan( ) + √5 + 2) √5
2 2 1 1 2

= − + + + − +
u 2 u
64 8 8 tan( ) 64 tan ( ) 4
2 2

x
Undo substitution u = arctan( ) , use:
4
2
x
x 4 (√ + 1 − 1)
⎛ arctan( ) ⎞ 16
4
tan⎜ ⎟ =
2 x
⎝ ⎠

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4/5/2019 Integral Calculator • With Steps!
2 2 2
x x x
⎛ 4(√ +1−1) ⎞ ⎛ 4(√ +1−1) ⎞ ⎛ 4(√ +1−1)
16 16 16

9 ln⎜ ⎟ √5 ln⎜ + √5 + 2⎟ √5 ln⎜ − √

x x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝

= − − +
16 4 4

The problem is solved. Apply the absolute value function to arguments of logarithm functions in ord
the antiderivative's domain:
2
√x + 16
∫ dx
3
(x − 2) x

2 2
∣ 2 ∣ ∣ 4(√
x
+1−1)
∣ ∣ 4(√
x
+1−1)
4∣ √
x
+1−1∣ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛
⎛ ∣ 16 ∣
⎞ ∣
16
∣ ∣
16

9 ln √5 ln⎜ + √5 + 2 ⎟ √5 ln⎜ − √
|x| ∣ x ∣ ∣ x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
∣ ∣ ∣
= − − +
16 4 4

Rewrite/simplify:
∣ 2 ∣ ∣ 2 ∣
−4√5 ln( √x + 16 + (√5 + 2) x − 4 ) + 4√5 ln( √x + 16 + (2 − √5) x − 4 ) −
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
=
16

ANTIDERIVATIVE COMPUTED BY MAXIMA:

∫ f (x) dx = F (x) =

Antiderivative or integral could not be found. Note that many functions don't have an elementary an

Note: For de nite integrals (with both bounds set), a numerical approximation can probably be obta
removing all variables except for the variable of integration, or replacing them with concrete value
check the "Integrate numerically only" option in "Options".

DEFINITE INTEGRAL:

Note: If you want to calculate a de nite integral, click "Options" above. Enter the lower and the uppe
integration in there, and repeat the calculation.

Interactive function graphing:

Navigate using mouse or touch screen. Drag to pan, use the mouse wheel or two ngers to zoom.

Toggle graph
f (x)
⋆
F (x)

Table of valu

x =

f (x) =

F
⋆
(x) =

Zoom mode
XY  X 

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4/5/2019 Integral Calculator • With Steps!

Marker at: 0, 0
Click x coordinate for table of values.

How the Integral Calculator Works

For those with a technical background, the following section explains how the Integral Calculator works
First, a parser analyzes the mathematical function. It transforms it into a form that is better understand
computer, namely a tree (see gure below). In doing this, the Integral Calculator has to respect the orde
operations. A specialty in mathematical expressions is that the multiplication sign can be left out some
example we write "5x" instead of "5*x". The Integral Calculator has to detect these cases and insert the
sign.
The parser is implemented in JavaScript, based on the Shunting-yard algorithm, and can run directly in t
This allows for quick feedback while typing by transforming the tree into LaTeX code. MathJax takes ca
displaying it in the browser.
When the "Go!" button is clicked, the Integral Calculator sends the mathematical function and the settin
integration and integration bounds) to the server, where it is analyzed again. This time, the function gets
into a form that can be understood by the computer algebra system Maxima.

Maxima takes care of actually computing the integral of the mathematical function. Maxima's output is
to LaTeX again and is then presented to the user. The antiderivative is computed using the Risch algorit
hard to understand for humans. That's why showing the steps of calculation is very challenging for inte
In order to show the steps, the calculator applies the same integration techniques that a human would a
program that does this has been developed over several years and is written in Maxima's own programm
language. It consists of more than 17000 lines of code. When the integrand matches a known form, it a
rules to solve the integral (e. g. partial fraction decomposition for rational functions, trigonometric subs

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4/5/2019 Integral Calculator • With Steps!
integrands involving the square roots of a quadratic polynomial or integration by parts for products of c
functions). Otherwise, it tries different substitutions and transformations until either the integral is solve
out or there is nothing left to try. The calculator lacks the mathematical intuition that is very useful for
antiderivative, but on the other hand it can try a large number of possibilities within a short amount of ti
by step antiderivatives are often much shorter and more elegant than those found by Maxima.
The "Check answer" feature has to solve the di cult task of determining whether two mathematical exp
equivalent. Their difference is computed and simpli ed as far as possible using Maxima. For example, t
writing trigonometric/hyperbolic functions in their exponential forms. If it can be shown that the differe
to zero, the task is solved. Otherwise, a probabilistic algorithm is applied that evaluates and compares b
at randomly chosen places. In the case of antiderivatives, the entire procedure is repeated with each fun
derivative, since antiderivatives are allowed to differ by a constant.
The interactive function graphs are computed in the browser and displayed within a canvas element (HT
each function to be graphed, the calculator creates a JavaScript function, which is then evaluated in sm
order to draw the graph. While graphing, singularities (e. g. poles) are detected and treated specially. Th
control is implemented using Hammer.js.
If you have any questions or ideas for improvements to the Integral Calculator, don't hesitate to write m

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