Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DESARROLLO.
Facultad de Ciencias
Dra. Verónica Palma
vpalma@uchile.cl
2010
Plan corporal básico en embriones de vertebrados
Concepto de
Bauplan
Embriología: Estudio descriptivo del desarrollo embrionario de
todos los organismos multicelulares
La tradición anatómica.
•Embriología comparada
•Embriología evolutiva
•Teratología
•Modelamiento
Reseña Histórica
Estudiante de Fabricio,
lo corrige al mostrar que el embrión
proviene del blastodermo
Rechaza a Aristóteles:
igual contribución de macho y hembra
Reseña Histórica
Preformismo vs Epigénesis (sXVII- sXVIII)
Biología Genómica
Molecular Biología
del
Desarrollo
Biología Evolución
Celular
Biología de la Diferenciación Celular
Concepto y mecanismos de diferenciación, especificación y determinación
celular
2. Especificación celular.
Especificación autónoma
Especificación condicional
Especificación sincicial
3. Diferenciación celular
4. Compromiso celular
5. Determinación celular
moluscos
anélidos
equinodermos
Drosophila melanogaster
(Insecta, mosca de la fruta)
Vertebrados: Gallus gallus (pollo)
¿En qué momento del desarrollo las células individuales que formarán,
por ejemplo, el corazón, se distinguen del resto?
Los límites del crecimiento y la forma de las distintas partes del cuerpo:
¿cómo se establecen?
Diferenciación
Desarrollo de tipos celulares especializados
Proceso por el que los genes se expresan selectivamente y la acción de los
productos génicos da lugar a una célula con fenotipo especializado
Cambios en la morfología, bioquímica, metabolismo y función celulares
Compromiso (commitment)
“Decisión” de una célula de entrar en el proceso de diferenciación a un
cierto destino
Fases:
Especificación: la célula es capaz de diferenciarse
autónomamente en un medio ambiente neutral
2. Especificación condicional
Regulación: Desarrollo
regulativo/regulado
Campos morfogenéticos
2. Especificación condicional
Figure 3.12. In the early developmental stages of many vertebrates, the separation of the embryonic cells into two parts can create twins. This phenomenon occurs
sporadically in humans. However, in the nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, the original embryo always splits into four separate groups of cells, each of
which forms its own embryo. (Gilbert, 2003).
Tipos de especificación celular
3. Especificación sincicial
1. (Gametogenesis) Fecundación
2. Divisiones celulares ( clivaje, blástula)
3. Movimientos celulares y formación de
capas germinales (gastrulación)
4. Aumento y diferenciación de las células
5. Organogénesis
Fecundación
Primeras etapas del desarrollo embrionario. (Segmentación, Compactación,
Blastulación, Implantación, Gastrulación, Neurulación)
Fecundación
En mamíferos se formará el blastocisto
Clivaje en el reino animal
Figure 14.42. Fertilization and completion of meiosis (A) Fertilization induces the transition from metaphase II to anaphase II, leading to completion of oocyte
meiosis and emission of a second polar body (which usually degenerates). The sperm nucleus decondenses, so the fertilized egg (zygote) contains two haploid nuclei
(male and female pronuclei). In mammals, the pronuclei replicate DNA as they migrate toward each other. They then initiate mitosis, with male and female
chromosomes aligning on a common spindle. Completion of mitosis and cytokinesis thus gives rise to a two-cell embryo, with each cell containing a diploid genome.
(Cooper, 2000).
Clivaje
Segmentación Estadío de 2 células Estadío de 4 células Estadío de 8 células
Compactación
Blastulación
Implantación
Gastrulación
Neurulación
Diferenciación
Blastocele
Cavitación Trofoblasto
Segmentación
Compactación
Blastulación
Implantación
Gastrulación
Neurulación
Diferenciación
Figure 21-83. The early stages of mouse development. The zona pellucida is a jelly capsule from which
the embryo escapes after a few days, allowing it to implant in the wall of the uterus. (Alberts et al., 2002).
Trofoblasto
Na+/K+ ATPasa: entrada de Na+ y H2O en el blastocele
Estripsina: lisis de la matriz fibrilar de la membrana pelúcida
Integrinas: unión a fibras de colágeno, laminina y fibronectina del endometrio
Sintetiza heparán-sulfato
Sintetiza colagenasa, estromelisina y activador del plasminógeno
Endometrio
Fibras de colágeno, laminina, fibronectina y ácido hialurónico
Receptores de heparán-sulfato
Formación de tejidos en el embrión humano de 7-11 días
Figure 11.27. Tissue formation in the human embryo between days 7 and 11. (A, B) Human blastocyst immediately prior to gastrulation. The inner cell mass delaminates hypoblast cells that
line the blastocoel, forming the extraembryonic endoderm of the primitive yolk sac and a two-layered (epiblast and hypoblast) blastodisc similar to that seen in avian embryos. The trophoblast
in some mammals can be divided into the polar trophoblast, which covers the inner cell mass, and the mural trophoblast, which does not. The trophoblast divides into the cytotrophoblast,
which will form the villi, and the syncytiotrophoblast, which will ingress into the uterine tissue. (C) Meanwhile, the epiblast splits into the amnionic ectoderm (which encircles the amnionic
cavity) and the embryonic epiblast. The adult mammal forms from the cells of the embryonic epiblast. (D) The extraembryonic endoderm forms the yolk sac. (Gilbert, 2003)..
Y en humanos…
Early Human Cleavage
t=30 hrs to 2 days
8 Cell
2 Cell
16 cell 32 Cell
Blastocyst t=4 Days
Trophoblast will
Help form the
placenta
And other membranes,
but not the embryo
Inner
Cell Mass:
Pluripotent
cells that will
form the embryo
proper.
humano
Resumiendo
Segmentación
Compactación
Blastulación
Implantación
Gastrulación
Neurulación
ratón
Common features of gastrulation
2. Gut (inner tube) forms from the archenteron, replacing the blastocoel
- deuterostomes ( vertebrates, sea urchins)
- protostomes ( “mouth first”, all other inverts)
3. The three primary germ layers are formed (endoderm, ectoderm and
mesoderm)
Figure 11.28. Amnion structure and cell movements during human gastrulation. (A) Human embryo and uterine connections at day 15 of
gestation. In the upper view, the embryo is cut sagittally through the midline; the lower view looks down upon the dorsal surface of the
embryo. (B) The movements of the epiblast cells through the primitive streak and Hensen's node and underneath the epiblast are
superimposed on the dorsal surface view. At days 14 and 15, the ingressing epiblast cells are thought to replace the hypoblast cells (which
contribute to the yolk sac lining), while at day 16, the ingressing cells fan out to form the mesodermal layer. (Gilbert., 2003).
Las tres capas germinales
Formación de la notocorda en el ratón
Figure 11.29. Formation of the notochord in the mouse. (A) The ventral surface a the 7.5-day mouse embryo, seen by scanning electron microscopy. The presumptive
notochord cells are the small, ciliated cells in the midline that are flanked by the larger endodermal cells of the primitive gut. The node (with its ciliated cells) is seen at
the bottom. (B) The formation of the notochord by the dorsal infolding of the small, ciliated cells. (Gilbert., 2003).
Fecundación
Blastulación
Implantación
Gastrulación
Neurulación
Formación del tubo
neural
Figure 21-92. Formation of the neural tube. The scanning electron micrograph
shows a cross section through the trunk of a 2-day chick embryo. The neural tube is
about to close and pinch off from the ectoderm; at this stage it consists (in the chick)
of an epithelium that is only one cell thick. (Alberts et al., 2002).
BIOLOGÍA DEL DESARROLLO:
TRANSFORMACIÓN DE UN HUEVO FECUNDADO EN
UN ORGANISMO
Modes of cell type specification and their characteristics
I.Autonomous specification
Characteristic of most invertebrates.
Specification by differential acquisition of certain cytoplasmic molecules present in the egg.
Invariant cleavages produce the same lineages in each embryo of the species.
Blastomere fates are generally invariant.
Cell type specification precedes any large-scale embryonic cell migration.
Produces "mosaic" ("determinative") development: cells cannot change fate if a blastomere is lost.
II.Conditional specification
Characteristic of all vertebrates and few invertebrates.
Specification by interactions between cells.
Relative positions are important.
Variable cleavages produce no invariant fate assignments to cells.
Massive cell rearrangements and migrations precede or accompany specification.
Capacity for "regulative" development: allows cells to acquire different functions.
III.Syncytial specification
Characteristic of most insect classes.
Specification of body regions by interactions between cytoplasmic regions prior to cellularization of the
blastoderm.
Variable cleavage produces no rigid cell fates for particular nuclei.
After cellularization, conditional specification is most often seen.
Gilbert, 2003