2004 1st lntemational Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering
STOCHASTIC NEURAL NETWORKS APPLIED TO DYNAMIC GLUCOSE
MODEL FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS
Humberto M. Fonseca; Victor H. Ortiz
Ingenieria Biomkdica
Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologia
AV. Acueducto S i N , Barrio la Laguna Ticoman, Mexico
D. F., C. P. 07340
Absfrrrct In this paper, we have described the use of stochastic
neural networks in the Bergman's model o f Insulin-glucose
interaction, this model is observable in the sense of control
theory, the variables in the model cannot be measured on-line
but these were estimated by the neural network. The variables
behavior are presented for a typical input like a food ingest in a
period of time of 6 hours, the dynamic evolution of the insuline
and glucose concentrations are showed for the perturbations
and non perturbations model.
1, INTRODUCTION
During the food ingest, the metabolism transform it in
glucose, the most important source of energy in several
organisms. The pancreas catches this glucose and insulin is
releasing. Then, the glucose can to store in the liver in
glycogen form, fatty acids and triglycerides. However, there
are many factors that interfere in the process, like diabetes.
There are two types of this disorder: where insufficient or
null insulin is produced (Type I ) and when the insulin doesn't
take place on the cells of the body (Type II)[5]. The
consequence of this disorder is an excessive increase in
glucose levels in blood. In addition, those levels produce
damage in the blood vessels, kidney and nerves. A diabetes
patients recorder high values of glucose in blood; the normal
range of value of glucose in blood is of 70 to 1 lOmgidL or
4.5 to 6.4 mmol/L and 43 to 172 pmol/L of insulin levels.
Currently, cure doesn't exist for the diabetes, then, only
option is to take care of the health of people affected,
maintained their the glucose levels in the blood the nearest
possible normal values. The control of the glucose levels it
can prevent complications related with the diabetes that affect
the circulatory system, the eyes, kidneys and nerves.
Due to many successful applications, the Neural Nerwork
rechnigue seeins to be a very effective for identification and
controlling of a wide class of complex nonlinear systems
especially in the absence of a complete model information ("
grey-box" models) or, even, considering a controlled plant as
"a black box" 61. In general, the N"s can be qualified as
static (feedforward) and as dynamic (re,current or
differential) nets. The most of recent publications (see, for
example, [7]; [XI) deals with Srutic NN, providing the
appropriate approximation of a nonlinear operator hnctions
in the right-hand side of dynamic moJel equations. In grite of
successful implementations, they have several important
disadvantages such as a slow learning rate (the weights
0-7803-8531-4/04/$20.00
02004 IEEE
Agustin 1.Cabrera.
Departamento de Bioelectrbnica
Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologia
AV. Acueducto S / N , Bamo la Laguna Ticomin, MCxico
D.F., C . P. 07340
updates do not utilize the information on the local NN
structure) and a high sensitivity of the hnction
approximation to the training data (they do not have memory,
so their outputs are uniquely determined by the current inputs
and weights).
One of the main objetives when carrying out in biological
process control is obtained a model which you can
manipulate to make tests of possible changes of this process
by means of the addition of other factors increase their
improvement and the posibility to make observations in the
pertub biological system. These tests could be very dangeorus
if these were applied in alive organisms since they could be
detroy them. The use of biological mathematical models
those give behavior Characteristics without cause damage in
the system is very extended and a example for the regulation
of glucose in the human organism is the Bergman's model,
this model shows the insuline and glucose concentrations
evolution in different states of the daily food consumption.
The Dynamic Stochastic Neural Networks (DSNN) is the
technique applied to identify the variables evolution when
these can't measure by instrumental ways. The procedure
consist in design a observer system to identify the
nonmeasured variables based in DSNN[3]. This network
gives the aproximate states and these could be drived like the
variable measures. Since the Bergman's model may have
perturbations like a extra food ingest and the insuline
concentration reduction due to exercise practice. However
this perturbations can change the first estimations and make
the network fail so the study must be incremented adding
noise considerations, that result in the study of system's
stochastic properties. The neuro-observer estimate the
glucose concentration in the pacient and allows describe the
another system states. The goal is produce in the future a
automatic portable system to regulate the glucose
concentration in a diabetic patient. This paper shows the
development of the DSNN technique applied to estimate the
Bergman's model states and demostrate by digital simulation.
2. METODOLOGY
To improved the DSNNfl] network it is necessary a
model that has the observable property. The Bergman's
model fhlfills this condition and it is described by.
522
 2, = - q ( x , + I , ) + ( U ( f ) / Y j Now DSNN technique was applied using the following
(1) structure described by the equations
X, =-yIxZ-X~(X, +G,)+P(tj
k3 = -PZX3 -k P3xl
Y = x2

where the states are insulin concentration (XI); glucose L! ! = h,-k ~ , , ~ ( ~ I WZ,~‘%‘~(~Z,Z~~
, ~ ~ , ) )Y(Ut) (6)
dt
concentration (x2); insulin concentration in the remote
compartment (x3). + KCY, - 1

Yf=-SAW +S,W%dY;;-Jdk
k=f(x,f)+ g(x& (2)
Y =h(x,f) J%/ = - ~ ~ ~ 4 i # ~ ~ ) ’ ) . s , .-mfiMqj
~~~
i=l

CO,= h(x,t)
dlz(x,t)
w, =-
dt
(3)

The observable matrix is

The parameters identification was carry out following the
next neuro observer block scheme Fig-1

(4)
I I

1.
If that is non singular the system satisfy the rank condition,
e.,
7I
rank [@)= n (5)

I I
that means the system is called observable so it posible to
design a observer to estimate the non observable stares.
- Fig.-l. Neuro-Observer Structure

523
The initials weight matrix values was deteminated by trial
and error tests. For these were took into account the
L1 ................ 1.................. L................
I..................;.~................
n ...............
variations due to food ingest.
&* ...............L... ..............I.................
"i... .................................................

3 . RESULTS
in;& coxenhhon
The Bergman's states model were obtained when applying
the DSNN technique, these are shown in the next graphics
Fig.-2
16. 1
:.
......... ..............
,,"

:
I t*
\
.I
:
: . .;.p.\
j
........
I
- * %-

I1
I
115
i i
.............. ._...............:....-..- ;
........;............... :........- .... ......-..-.......
f..

Fig.-5 DSNN estimate states

I 5
Fig.-2 Bergman's model Output Signal.
The glucose concentration is shown in the graph Fig.J
1I 15 4. DISCUSSION
The simulation results show the state evolution in the
Bergman's model and the DSNN structure, these states are
compared with the insuline concentration to normal person
Fig. 6 and 7, although the evolution of the variables is not the

8.12 L ............................
I1

#.I&

4
I\,,,
........................
......................... . . . ...:..

_ ..........................
-. .
_
\@WifJ(
.#E ...........................
;b4i
1..

b...
......................... I .........................
......................................................................................
...>.............................................................
." ...............................
.........................................................
j .....................
......... :)$&&
.......................
%..
...].. ....

.....; ........

.............. 1 ...........
...........
t ..........................
.h&
t .....
same, the estimate glucose concentration is inside the
margins of normality

1.4

1.2

II
1
............................................ ,............................. ...........

0.6

0.4
Fig.-3 DSNN output signal
02
The next graph shows the DSNN output signal and the
I
Bergman's model output put together to be compared F i g . 4
Fig. 6.- Glucose concentration variable for the Bergman's model
1.4
1

I I
.. 1
5 18n 25 31
15

Fig.-4 Glucose concentration variable for the Bergman's and DSNN. Fig. 7- Glucose concentration variable for the Bergman's and DSNN.

In the last graph is shown all Bergman's estimate states, for The insulina-glucose interaction model allows to know the
(xI,x3)states the error was 7% between the DSNN states. Fig.- remote compartment state evolution when the DSNN is
5 applied. This model offers good properties like observability
and this is the main reason to be selected in this work. The
graphs could be used like a tracking trayectory, in the
diagnostics for the diabetes illness.

524
 5. CONCLUSION
The DSNN application shows the estimate states are closed to
the Bergman‘s model variables so the neuro-observer works
well in spite of the noise signals. The neuro-observer
estimated the not7 measured variables and these could be
substitutes of the instrumental measurements. This result
gives the possibility to design a control system based in the
DSNN scheme which could determine the variants to control
for the improvement the diabetic patients health.

6. REFERENCES
[I ] A Poznyak, Differential Neural Networks for Robust Non
Lineal Control; Springer Verlag; 200 1
[Z] G. Montgomerie and H. Nicholson, Biologicul Systenis
Modeling and Control. Peter Peregrinus Ltd; 1979
[3] M. Khoo, Physiological Control Systems: Anaqisis,
Simulation, and Estiniatioii. Metin Akay; 2000
[4] D. Murano and A. Poznyak, “Robust High-Gain DNN
Observerfor Nonlinear. Stochastic Continuos Time Systems ’’
[ 5 ] R . N. Bergman, Pathogenesis andprediction of diabetes
mellitus: lessonsfram integrative p1ij)siology. M t Sinai J
Med. 2002 Oct; pp. 280-90
[6] J . Hunt, Neural Network for Control System- A Survey.
Automatica 1992 pp. 1083-1 1 I 2
[7] S. Haykin, “Neural Network: A Comprehensive
foundation”, IEEE Press, N.Y.
[XI T. Parisini and R. Zoppoli, “Neural Networks for
feedback Feedfonvard Nonlinear Control Systems”,
lEEE on NN, 1994. pp. 436 - 449
[9] E. Ferranninni and C. Cobelli, The kinetics ofinsuEin in
niat ZI, role of the liver. Diabetes Metab Rev. 3:356-
397,1987
[ 1O]l~t~://w\liw.uned.es/uea-n~tncio~-~-~iete~~ca-
l/.euia/diabetes/urodinsu.htm

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