1.

1 Mathematical Statements
§1. Mathematical
Statements ! statements that can be assigned a truth
value (TRUE or FALSE)
and ` ! Symbol: lower case letters

Logic Marian P. Roque

p, q, r, s, ...

Math 1
Institute of Mathematics
1 UP Diliman MPRoque Math 1
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I-Math, UP Diliman

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The following are NOT mathematical

Examples: statements

! p: 1 + 1 = 2 (TRUE) ! x+y
! q: 2 + 3 = 6 (FALSE) ! Happy Birthday!
r: Today is Thursday.
!
! Tweet me.
! s: Jose Rizal is our national hero.
! Can we be friends?

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 OPERATIONS: Connectives The Conjunction p ! q

1. Conjunction “p and q” : p!q ! p ! q is true only if BOTH p and q are

2. Disjunction “or” : p"q true. Otherwise, it is false.
! Examples:
3. Conditional “If p then q” : p#q
1. 1 + 1 = 2 and today is Friday.
4. Biconditional “p if and only if q” p$q
2. The chairs are blue and today is
5. Negation “not p” : %p Thursday.
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The Disjunction p " q The Conditional p # q

! p " q is true if at least one statement (p, q

or both) is true. It is false only if both
statements are false.
!p is called the premise
! Examples:
1. 1 + 1 = 2 or today is Friday. !q is called the conclusion
2. The chairs are blue or today is
Thursday.
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 The Conditional p # q The Biconditional p $ q

! p # q is FALSE only when the premise ! p $ q is true if p and q have the SAME
p is true and the conclusion q is false.
TRUTH VALUE.
Otherwise, it is true.
! Examples:
! Examples:
1. 1 + 1 = 2 if and only if today is Friday.
1. If 1 + 1 = 2, then today is Friday.
2. The chairs are blue if and only if today
2. If the chairs are blue then today is
is Thursday.
Thursday.
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The Biconditional p $ q The Negation %p

!If p is true, %p is false.

The biconditional means two things:
(p # q) and (q # p) !If p is false, %p is true.

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 If p, q, r are true, determine the
truth value of the following:

! p " (q ! r)
! p # %q Truth Tables
! p $ %q
! (% p " q) # %r
! (% p ! q) " % (r # %q)
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p!q p"q

p q p!q p q p"q
T T T T T T
T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F
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 p # q and p $ q Relations
Implication p & q
p q p#q p$q
!

T T T T If p is true then q must also be true.

T F F F ! Equivalence p ' q

F T T F If p is true then q must also be true and if

q is true, p must also be true. Similarly, if
F F T T one is false, the other must be false.
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Examples: (Implication) Examples: (Equivalence)

! If x is a cat then x is a mammal. ! You will pass Math 1 if and only if you
! If you get 60% in Math 1, then you will get at least 60%.
pass the course. ! A polygon is a triangle if and only if it has
three sides.

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 Show: (p!q)'(%p"q)

p q p!q %p"q
T T T T
The Negation ~p
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T
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To negate simple To negate simple

statements: statements:
p: 1 + 1 = 2 p: 1 + 1 = 2 ~p : 1 + 1 ! 2

q: Mathematics is q: Mathematics is ~q: Mathematics is NOT

interesting. interesting. interesting.

r: The clouds are pink. r: The clouds are pink. ~r: The clouds are NOT pink.

s: The earth is round. s: The earth is round. ~s: The earth is NOT round.

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 Negating Compound Examples:
Statements
! 1 + 1 = 2 or the earth is round
De Morgan’s Laws 1 + 1 ! 2 AND the earth is not round.

~(p!q) ' ~ p " ~q ! The clouds are pink and the chairs are red.
The clouds are not pink and the chairs are
~ (p"q) ' ~ p !~ q not red.

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~(p!q) ' ~p " ~q

p q p!q ~(p!q) ~p " ~q

Statements with Quantifiers:
T T T F F All, Some, None
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F T T
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 p: Some UP students are
p: All UP students are intelligent.
intelligent.
%p:
NOT all UP students are %p:
intelligent.
NO UP student is intelligent.
Some UP students are NOT
intelligent.
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p: No UP student is intelligent. To summarize:

! p: All A are B.
%p: Not all A are B.
%p:
! q: Some A are B.
Some UP students are %q: No A is B.
intelligent. ! r: No A is B.
%r: Some A are B.
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 If p then q.

! q, if p. !p is sufficient for q.
The Conditional !p only if q. !q is necessary for p.

If p then q. !p implies q. ! %p or q.

! All p are q.

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Definition: Given the conditional

The conditional and its
p#q contrapositive are equivalent:
p#q '%q # %p
!Converse: q#p
!Inverse: %p # %q The converse and the inverse
!Contrapositive:
are equivalent:
%q # %p
q # p ' %p # %q
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 Which are NOT equivalent to
All UP students are intelligent.
A. If you are a UP student then you are intelligent.

B. If you are not a UP student then you are not intelligent.

C. If you are not intelligent then you are not a UP student.

D. If you are intelligent then you are a UP student.

E. You are intelligent if you are a UP student.

F. You are a UP student only if you are intelligent.

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All UP students are intelligent.

intelligent
beings
Euler Diagrams UP
students

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 Some UP students are intelligent. No UP student is intelligent.

intelligent intelligent
UP beings UP beings
students students

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Valid Argument
VALID
and All UP students are
intelligent
beings
intelligent.
INVALID John is a UP student.
UP
Students

ARGUMENTS (John is intelligent. John

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 Invalid Argument Valid Argument
intelligent All UP students are intelligent
All UP students are beings intelligent. beings
intelligent. UP UP
John is NOT
Students Students
John is intelligent. intelligent.
(John is a UP student. (John is NOT a UP
John student.
John
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Invalid Argument Invalid Argument

All UP students are intelligent ! Some UP students

intelligent. beings are intelligent.
UP
intelligent
John is NOT a UP ! Bantay is intelligent. beings
Students
student.
( Bantay is a UP Bantay
UP
(John is NOT student students
intelligent. John

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 Valid Argument Invalid Argument
ANIMALS ANIMALS
All dogs are animals. All dogs are animals.
DOGS DOGS
Some dogs are hairy. Some animals are hairy.
(Some animals are hairy. (Some dogs are hairy.

hairy hairy
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Modus ponens
Valid Arguments All UP students are
p!q
Forms intelligent.
p John is a UP student.

"q "John is intelligent.

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 Modus ponens Modus tollens
All UP students are
All UP students are intelligent.
p#q intelligent. p#q
John is a not
p John is a UP student. %q intelligent.

(q (John is intelligent. (%p (John is not a UP

student.

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Syllogism
p#q All poodles are dogs
Some Fallacies
q# r All dogs go to heaven.

(p#r (All poodles go to

heaven.

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 Fallacy of the Converse Fallacy of the Inverse
All UP students are
All UP students are
p#q intelligent. p#q intelligent.
John is not a UP
q John is intelligent. %p student.
(p (John is a UP student. (%q (John is not intelligent.

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Other Fallacies
! Fallacy of false cause or nonsequitur
! Fallacy of questions
! Fallacy of equivocation
! Fallacy of composition
! at marami pang iba

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