SINGLE, DOUBLE & FILAMENT TWIST TEST

OBJECT: To determine TPI of single yarn, double yarn and TPM of filament
yarn by KMI automatic twist tester.

APPARATUS : Single yarn, double yarn, filament yarn and tension weight.

PRINCIPLE– For single yarn this instrument is fully automatic and based on
contraction principle. For double and filament yarn it works on straightened
fibre principle & it is semi automatic.

MODE: The instrument works in manual and automatic mode.

Automatic- In this mode counter counts the revolution made by motor

only, normally it is used for single yarn with twist and untwist method.
As the motor stops, counter stops counting.

Manual – Counter counts rotation of rotating jaw by motor & also by

hand knob as it rotates. This is normally used for doubled and plied yarn.

SLIPPAGE POINT:

For single yarn:

1. Find the twist direction and tex of the yarn.

2. Apply tex/2 load in gms to provide tension to yarn.
3. Clamp the yarn put the pointer to “0”
4. Enter the mode “A” and twist direction ‘z’ or ‘s’.
5. Start the motor and note the pointer slippage, place the stop screw to
avoid the slippage.
6. Press start and after some time motor will then automatically stop.
7. Note down the reading.For Double and Filament yarn:
1. Find the twist direction and tex of the yarn.
2. Apply TEX/2 load in gms to provide necessary tension.
3. Clamp the sample putting pointer at 0.
4. Enter the mode manual and twist direction.
5. Start the motor and when few turns are left on yarns stop the motor.
6. With the help of pin remove all remaining twist by rotating the jaw
slowly .
7. Note the reading from the display.

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RESULTS:
SINGLE YARN;

1. TWIST PER INCH :

2. STANDARD DEVIATION :
3. CV % :
4. TM :

DOUBLE YARN:

1. TWIST PER INCH :

2. STANDARD DEVIATION :
3. CV % :
4. TM :

FILAMENT YARN:

1. TWIST PER METER :

2. STANDARD DEVIATION :
3. CV % :
4. TF :

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Clamp the yarn properly.
2. Apply tension properly.
3. Set the slippage point (minimum)

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 HAIRINESS
OBJECT:-To test the yarn hairiness by Zweigle hairiness tester.

APPRATUS REQUIRMENT: -Zweigle hairiness tester.

THEORY: It is based on photocell principle and is used to detect the fibres

protruding from the surface as hairs of the yarn. The yarn to be tested is passed
through the tension device and in between the photocell. As the yarn is drawn
over the thread guide, the projecting fibres interrupt the light beam. The
resulting signal from the photocell is amplified, counted and displayed on the
counter. The hair length of yarn is classified into 12 categories:

The length of hairs is as follows:-

N1-1mm N6-6mm N15-15mm

N2-2mm N8-8mm N18-18mm

N3-3mm N10-10mm N21-21mm

N4-4mm N12-12mm N25-25mm

S3= Sum of hairs which are 3mm and more than 3mm.

HAIRINESS INDEX= this is data which is available from the m/c, gives
different weightage to different hair length----> More weightage for longer hair
and less weightage for shorter hair.

Delivery Speed: - 50 mt/min.

Test length: - 100 mt.

FORMULA: - HARINESS INDEX

Hairiness Index = ∑K i × ∑N i /r R M
Where, ∑K i = Measuring distance ( Measured from zero).
∑N i = Number of fibres per 100mt.
r = Regression coefficient.
R = Greatest calculated fibre length, M= Value of smallest length ÷ Value of greatest length.

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PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the instrument and keep it idle for about 15 min.

2. Make passage of yarn.

3. Press upper arrow key, then press edit key to feed data about file name,
number of bobbins, no. of test and yarn length

4. Press Cal key to align the yarn against zero, turn set screw in anti-clockwise
direction till beep sound and then turn it slowly in clockwise direction till beep
sound.

5. Press start.

6. Note the readings.

7. For next reading, press start.

RESULTS:

Avg. value of Hairs in each category: -

Avg. value of H.I. :-

Avg. value of S3 :-

PRECAUTIONS: -

1. Yarn passage should be correct.

2. Tension on yarn should be optimum.

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 SLIVER, ROVING & YARN EVENNESS
OBJECT: -Sliver, Roving, Yarn evenness and imperfections by Keisokki evenness Tester.

APPRATUS REQUIRED: - Electronic balance, scale, sliver, roving, yarn,

evenness tester.

THEORY: - It is based on the capacitance principle. The measuring device of

an electronic capacitance tester is a parallel plate air capacitor. Under certain
conditions, the effect of introducing a non-conducting material such as a sliver
or yarn into the space between the plates is to change the capacitance of the
capacitor, the change being proportional to the weight of material present. If the
material is drawn through the capacitor continuously, the changes in the
capacitance will follow the variation in the weight per unit length of the strand,
the unit length being the length of capacitor. Changes in capacitance translate
electronically into meter readings which indicate the CV% or U%.

DIFFERENT PARAMETERS:-

(1.) SIZE AND SLOT NO. FOR DIFFERENT MATERIAL:-

SLIVER 1 ,2 20mm, 12mm

ROVING 3, 4 12mm

YARN 5, 6, 7, 8 8mm

(2.) SPEED SELECTION:-

SLIVER 8mt/min.

ROVING 8mt/min.

YARN 100, 200, 400 mt/min.

In our lab instrument take 100 mt/min for yarn

(3.) RANGE OF SCALE:-

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 SLIVER ± 12.5 (coarse) or ± 25% (fine)

ROVING ± 25%

YARN ± 100%

(4.) SERVICE SELECTOR:-

NORMAL: - For short term, medium & long term variation.

HALF INERT: - For medium and long term.

INERT: - For long term variation.

(5.) IMPERFACTION UNIT:-

1. For spun yarn: Thin= -50%, Thick= +50%, Nep= +200%

2. If fibre length is more than 39 mm then select worsted, if less than 39

mm select cotton.

2. For rotor Spg. Yarn: Thin= -50%, Thick =+50%, Nep= +280%

(6.) CUT LENGTH:-

For Keisokki instrument

Coarse Sliver - 20mm (slot 1)

Fine sliver - 12mm (slot 2)

Roving - 12mm (slot 3,4)

Yarn - 8mm

(7.) NO. OF OBSEVATION:-

Yarn - 10

Roving - 3

Sliver - 2

U%is P.M.D.

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 CV = 1.25 × U%

NEPS: - Faults length 1mm having cross-section of 400% of avg. Value or

length 4 mm having cross-section of 200%

PROCEDURE:-

Switch on the instrument and keep it idle for 15 minutes.

FOR YARN

1. Find out the yarn count and select capacitor slot from the chart.

2. Select range of scale ± 100% and service selector to Normal.

3. Select speed as 100m/min and time as 1min.

4. Set thin place as -50%, thick place as +50% and neps as +200% (for OE yarn
neps +280%)

5. Pick a fibre from yarn by untwisting it. Spread it on a slide and measure the
length of the fibre. Measure the length of at least 3 fibres. If fibre length is less
than 39 mm, select cotton and if more than 39mm, select worsted.

6. Clean the slot.

7. Press adjustment without material. The pointer shall come to -100%.

8. Make passage of yarn.

9. Press air suction, then traverse and then start the motor.

10. Set average value in automatic mode and press automatic key. The pointer
will come to zero and measurement will start automatically.

11. After 30 sec, note the readings.

For 2nd Observation & for further readings.

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 1. Clean the slot.

2. Press adjustment without material. The pointer shall come to -100%.

3. Make passage of yarn.

4. Press air suction, then traverse and then start the motor.

5. Press start on the integrator unit.

FOR ROVING AND SLIVER:-

1. Find the sliver and roving hank and select the slot.

2. Select range of scale ±50% for roving and ±12.5% or 25% for sliver service

selector to normal.
3. Select speed as 8m/min and time as 1min for roving and 30 sec for sliver.

4. Clean the slot.

5. Press adjustment without material the pointer shall come below -100% mark.

6. Make passage of material and start the motor.

7. Set average value in automatic mode and press automatic key. The pointer
will come to zero and machine will start automatically

8. After 1min, note the readings..

For 2nd observation & for further readings.

Clean the slot.

Press adjustment without material. The pointer shall come to -100%.

Make passage of roving or sliver.

Start the motor.

Press start on the integrator unit

RESULTS:-

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PRECAUTIONS:-

1. The passage of every specimen should be proper.

2. Don't use air suction for sliver and roving.

3. Slot should be clean.

CLASSIFICATION OF YARN FAULTS

OBJECT:

To classify the yarn faults in given yarn sample by using USTER classimat CFT-3.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: CFT3 Tester, Monitor.

THEORY:

It is based on capacitance principle, when a non conducting material is passed between capacitor
plates it change the capacitance. Yarn faults are Seldom occurring mass variation in the yarn. They

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can adversely affect the looming performance of the loom due to frequent breakages besides they can
severely damage the appearance of the fabric. Yarn faults are tested by Classimates – “3” and
categorised into different classes depending on the length and diameter of the fault place.

The Classimates – 3 faults are classified under three major categories.

1. Short Thick Faults (A1 – D4)

2. Long Thick Faults (E, F, &G)

3. Long Thin Faults (H1, I1, H2, I2)

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the instrument and computer.

2. On display screen, click on “classification”.
3. Menu will appear. Click on “classification procedure”.
4. A dialogue box will appear. Set
5. Go to “article list/setting” in the previous menu.
6. A screen will appear with ‘active article’ and ‘article list’.
7. Click on NEW.
8. Enter all the details.
9. Set clearing mode as “CMT clearing”.
10. Then SAVE the file.
11. Go to previous screen and press RECALL. This will set the file in “Active Article”.
12. Then press CLOSE.
13. Then click on “start classification” in the classification menu.
14. Press START.
15. A dialogue box will appear after some time with warning “please clear measuring field”.
16. Clear the measuring field and press OK.
17. A dialogue box will appear showing “Adjustment without material”. It will ask to wait for 50
secs.
18. After that , a dialog box will appear showing “please start winding!”.
19. Make the passage and dialog box will appear showing “ classification started”.
20. Press “OK”.

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21. Classimat status will be set as “ classification running” automatically.
22. Click on DISPLAY option and select CMT Matrix.
23. Make yarn passage and start running yarn. Classification starts it will be shown in the display
screen.

For measuring speed of drum –

Switch on the stroboscope and flash on spinning drum.

Adjust coarse knob and then fine knob till drums looks stationary.
Note the RPM of the drum from stroboscope and calculate speed of the drum by measuring
drum diameter.

Calculation –

Weight of Sample =

MIC Value =

RESULTS: faults/lac meter (Classifaults chart)

PRECAUTIONS :

Count of yarn and material no. Should feed correctly.

Cut limit should selected according to fault requirement.
Passage of yarn should be correct.

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Click on Classification and then on Classification procedure :-

Click on classification and then on article list.

Now SAVE then CLOSE

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 Now. In CLASSIFICATION , START CLASSIFICATION.

(PRECAUTION- WHEN TIMER START ONCE, DO NOT CLICK ON ANY KEY UNTILL TIMER STOPS)

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After this press display , n that press CMT MATRIX

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 USTER HVI TESTER
OBJECT: To find out cotton fiber parameter by USTER HVI instrument.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Uster cotton HVI tester ,meter balance , fibrosampler ,cotton raw material.

PROCEDURE:

1. Start the machine

2. Go to the startup menu and select “go to main menu” option.
3. Now in main menu select the “module testing” option.
4. In module testing,3 options are present.
- Micronaire
- Length & Strength
- Colour & Trash

A. Micronaire Value

- In micronaire,select “Continue with testing”.

- Nowmicronaire module testing screen is displayed.
- Now enter file name in‘enter ID’.
- Now weight the sampler 8.5 to 9.5 gm, place it in the chamber and close the chamber.
- After the value is calculated, the material will be automatically ejected from chamber.
- The result will appear on display screen.

B. Length & Strength

- In length & strength, select “Continue with testing”.

- Nowlength & strength module screen appears on display.
- Now enter file name in ‘enter ID’.
- Enter Micronaire value of material which is calculated from air-flow method.
- Fibrosampler is used to make the comb, thenthe comb is placed on the track & start mic.
- When the experiment is complete , result will be displayed.

C. Colour & Trash

- In colour and trash, select ‘ Continue with testing’

- Nowcolour & trash module testing screen appears on screen.
- Now enter file name in ‘enter ID’.
- Place sampler on colour tray.
- Result will appear on display.

Observations:-

For Weight –

Mean weight =
Standard deviation =

For Mic. -
Mean Mic =
Standard deviation =

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Particular and Result :-
1. ID – identification that is enterby keyboard (12 alpha numeric value).

2. Grade – status mere selection for grade is ‘on’ crusor stop on this field after the ID No. is enter. It is
enter by keyboard upto 6 apha numeric value. If there is no need of numeric value then the field can
be used to enter other information or when the status means for grade is off crusor don’t stop or the
grade field.

3. Colour Grade – For alpha Numeric USDA, UPLAND, PIMA or user defined colour chart.

4. RD & +b - % Rd tightness

+b Yellowness

5. Micronaire – unit of fineness (microgram per inch)

Calculated by Air Flow Method.

6. Short Fibre Index – measured by SUTER – web away method measure the % by weight or by no.
of the fibre in each length group the % by weight of fibre less than 0.5 inch is usually referred to as
Short Fibre Content it ranges between 8% - 20%.

7. Maturity Sugar Percentage – can be measured in machine which has NIR module when NIR test
complete result will show on display.

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Units Of result :-

- Length – mm
- Strength - gram per tex.
- Strength - %
- Uniformity - uniformity ratio.
- Fineness - microgram per inch.

Result :

1. Fineness -

2. Colour -

Lightness (Rd) =
Yellowness (Tb) =

3. Length &Strength -

Uniformity Ratio =
Elongation =
Strength =

YARN FRICTION METER

OBJECT : Find the coefficient of friction of given yarn by LAWSON – HEMPHILL
Yarn Friction Meter.

APPARATUS : Yarn Friction Meter, yarn sample, tension meter

THEORY : Yarn picks up tension as it slides over another surface. The mathematical
formula for determining the C-O-F of yarn slipping over a cylibdrical surface is as follows :

/=

Where = output tension (tension of yarn leaving a specific yarn contact situation)
= input tension (tension of yarn entering a specific yarn contact situation)

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 e = the base of natural logarithms (2.71828)

μ = C-O-F of a selected yarn on a given post material

θ = total angle of wrap for a specific yarn contact situations in radians

(180° = 1 radian

360° = 2 radian)

Friction causes end breakage as it comes into contact with different surface during the
manufacturing processes. As the friction increases, yarn tension increases while it is passing
over the guides, the breakage of warp yarn, the heating of needle, all of which causes loss of
time and money during production. Therefore, it is always desirable to use yarn with low
coefficient of friction values.

This instrument is a portable model as well as laboratory model. It you take the measuring
device to the winding machine then it is a portable model and if the measuring device is
mounted on the driving unit then it becomes a laboratory model. Yarn friction meter provides
aquick feedback on hte effect of wax, paraffin, sizing material on the overall yarn friction
values.

PROCEDURE :
1. Place the test stand on right end of a table.

2. Unlock the brake by press and push the brake swith backward. Make the passage of yarn
as shown in figure. Once the YFM have been threaded it is ready for use. Place the power
switch ON position to run the motor.

3. Check the yarn pre tension and set for 5g-10g. It should be measured between spring
tensioner and first roller guide.

4. Observe the C-O-F values, direct reading from the pointer and the scale as the yarn moves
through the machine.

5. To stop the test, place the main switch to OFF position.

6. As test completed press and push the brake switch in forward direction to lock it.

RESULT :
Cofficient of friction of the given yarn is .....................

PRECAUTION :
1. Insure that yarn should be in contact with both the guide roller properly during passage
making.

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2. During passage making firstly pass the yarn through the roller guide and then by means of
threading hook pull the yarn down around the friction element.

3. Instrument is designed for yarn speed up to 1000 ypm.

4. Store the instrument in its container to prevent damage or build up of lint.

5. The indicating mechanism is very very sensitive, so handling or touching should be strictly
avoided

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 INSTRON
OBJECT:- To estimate the fibre , yarn , lea and fabric tensile strength by Instron 4465
tensile tester.
Apparatus required :- Instron 4465 tensile tester.
Theory:- It is based on C.R.E. principle. The Constant Traverse Rate of top jaw is used to
create load or tension on the material. The top jaw is attached with load cell (Strain gauge).
(In Strain gauge load is applied on the end of beam , it causes a change in the length of
resistance wire and so that change in value of resistance is proportional to the magnitude of
load.)
The specimen is mounted between the top and bottom jaw with suitable jaw and adopters.
Instron is a versatile machine which is used to test tensile strength of any type of material and
also capable to measure the compression strength of material.

Two types of load cells are used:-

1. 500 kg for yarn , lea , fabric.

2. 250 gm for fibre.

Before Testing firstly we have to do three settings in the instrument as follows:-

(1) Load cell calibration.

(2) Traverse rate selection.

(3) Gauge length set-up.

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Steps for load cell calibration:-
(1) Press [TRACK] key.

(2) Remove all attachment (load cell should be fre e).

(3) Press [CAL] (LOAD) key.

(4) Press [ENTER] to show [O] on (LOAD) display. If not - repeat

sequence.

(5) Place attachments and jaws.

(6) Press [ BAL ] (LOAD) key to set the load value to Zero then [ ENTER ]

Steps for traverse rate:-

1. Press [ SPEED ] key on display.

2. If we want to set traverse rate than enter it manually.

3. By the help of key pad ( on display board ) set it and press [ ENTER ].
FOR FIBRE---- 10 mm or 20 mm/mt
FOR YARN , LEA AND FABRIC----300mm/mint.

Steps for gauge length set up:-

GAUGE LENGTH:-
FOR FABRIC--------------------------- 200mm
FOR YARN----------------------------- 500mm
FOR FIBRE----------------------------- 10-20mm
LEA------------------------------------- 1.5/2 yard=0.75 yd
For Fabric

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1. set the battom jaw first.

2. By [ JOG SWITCH ] move upper jaw.

3. Than measure the distance between top jaw and bottom jaw.

4. Press [ GL RESET ] key [ Extension display shows ( o ) ]

For Yarn.

500 mm is taken for yarn including jaw and bottom jaw face length.

Top and bottom jaw face length is 76.2mm.

Than measure the distance between top jaw and bottom jaw with scale say 300mm

So , 76.2 mm+300mm(scale)=376.2mm

500-376.2=123.8mm

press [ GL RESET ]

Then press jog switch to move the top jaw and on Elongation scale as soon as 123.8mm is
shown .

again press [ GL RESET ]

For Lea

Place the leas between adopter pins without any twist and slackness.

And press ^ upper arrow key.

NO. OF OBSERVATION:-
YARN---------------------------- 20
LEA------------------------------ 2
FABRIC--------------------------- 1

PROCEDURE
[ TRACK mode]

[Load BAL ]
↓

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 [ ENTER ] It shows .00 ( if not then again press [ BAL ] ,
Then tension in the yarn should be 0.01kg ( 10 gm )
[Foot pedal PRESS ]
First top jaw closes
[Foot pedal PRESS ]
Bottom jaw closes
Press upper arrow key to start test
As soon as yarn breaks press RETURN
To see max load, elongation values
press [ PEAK

Press [ TRACK
RESULTS:-
( a ) YARN
Mean B. load------------- kg
C.V%-----------------------
Mean elongation-------
C.V%-----------------------
( b) LEA
B. load----
C.S.P.------
(c ) FABRIC
B.load---------
Extension--------

TYPE OF TESTS POSSIBLE :-

1. Load:- Elongation curve.
2. Elastic:- Recovery from various load.
3. Performance of different types of knots in yarns.
4. Cyclic load.
5. Cyclic extension
6. Relaxation , measurement of the decay can taken.
7. compression strength

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8. tensile strength

PREACUTIONS:-
1. Clamping of speciman should be clear and proper.

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