Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1—2010
(Incorporating Amendment No. 1)
AS 4773.1—2010
Australian Standard®
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Part 1: Design
This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee BD-004, Masonry Structures. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 9 September 2010.
This Standard was published on 8 November 2010.
Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.
Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au
Australian Standard®
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Part 1: Design
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 978 0 7337 9696 8
AS 4773.1—2010 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-004, Masonry
Structures, to supersede, in part, AS 3700—2001, Masonry structures.
This Standard incorporates Amendment No. 1 (September 2011). The changes required by
the Amendment are indicated in the text by a marginal bar and amendment number against
the clause, note, table, figure or part thereof affected.
The objective of this Standard is to provide minimum requirements for the design of
unreinforced and reinforced masonry, including built-in components, for use in small
buildings such as houses and garages. This Standard is intended for the use of designers and
specifiers of small buildings and is intended as a companion document to AS 4773.2,
Masonry in small buildings, Part 2: Construction.
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CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 3 MATERIALS
3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 18
3.2 MASONRY UNITS ................................................................................................... 18
3.3 MORTAR AND GROUT .......................................................................................... 18
3.4 BUILT-IN COMPONENTS ....................................................................................... 19
3.5 REINFORCEMENT .................................................................................................. 19
SECTION 4 DURABILITY
4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 20
4.2 MATERIAL SELECTION......................................................................................... 20
4.3 EXPOSURE ENVIRONMENTS ............................................................................... 20
4.4 ELEMENT LOCATIONS .......................................................................................... 22
Page
SECTION 11 BRACING
11.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 64
11.2 LOCATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF BRACING ................................................. 64
11.3 BRACING CAPACITIES OF WALLS AND PIERS ................................................. 64
11.4 SUBFLOOR BRACING ............................................................................................ 67
SECTION 12 LINTELS
12.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 68
12.2 DESIGN CRITERIA.................................................................................................. 68
12.3 STEEL LINTELS ...................................................................................................... 69
12.4 REINFORCED MASONRY LINTELS ..................................................................... 71
SECTION 14 DETAILING
14.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 76
14.2 MORTAR JOINTS .................................................................................................... 76
14.3 UNREINFORCED WALL CONNECTIONS ............................................................ 76
14.4 REINFORCED WALL CONNECTIONS .................................................................. 76
14.5 SLIP JOINTS ............................................................................................................. 77
14.6 ISOLATED SUBFLOOR PIERS ............................................................................... 77
14.7 ARCHES ................................................................................................................... 79
14.8 RESISTANCE TO MOISTURE PENETRATION..................................................... 80
14.9 PARAPETS, CHIMNEYS AND CANTILEVERS .................................................... 81
5 AS 4773.1—2010
Page
APPENDICES
A BASIS OF DESIGN................................................................................................... 82
B SPACING OF BRACING WALLS ........................................................................... 87
C DEEMED-TO-SATISFY DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION .................................. 90
D REINFORCED MASONRY LINTEL TABLES ........................................................ 92
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Masonry in small buildings
Part 1: Design
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE
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This Standard specifies requirements for the design and specification of masonry in
buildings of Class 1 and Class 10a, as defined by the BCA, and complying with the
following:
(a) Leaf thickness of 90 mm or greater.
(b) The tops of all walls are laterally supported by a roof or floor structure acting as a
diaphragm with the exception of parapets, chimneys and cantilevers in accordance
with Clause 14.9 and fin walls in accordance with Table 9.1.
(c) Walls are supported on concrete slabs or footings complying with AS 2870 or
suspended slabs complying with AS 3600.
(d) The geometric limitations of Clause 1.2.3.
(e) Masonry is constructed and detailed in accordance with AS 4773.2.
The Scope of this Standard does not cover the following:
(i) Acoustics and energy efficiency.
(ii) Design of attachments such as basketball hoops, satellite dishes and shade structures
and similar attachments.
(iii) Structures required to be designed for earthquake actions in accordance with
AS 1170.4.
NOTES:
1 For acoustic and energy efficiency requirements, see the BCA.
2 For applications outside the scope of this Standard, the masonry should be designed in
accordance with AS 3700.
3 Refer to Appendix A for the basis of design and assumptions used in the preparation of this
Standard.
1.2.2 Loading
Wind classifications and loads derived from AS 4055 are required for the use of the Tables
in this Standard.
NOTES:
1 For wind loads on structures outside the limitations of Clause 1.2.3, AS/NZS 1170.2 should
be used in conjunction with AS 3700.
2 The loads specified in AS 4055 include the appropriate combinations of permanent and wind
actions.
1.2.3 Limitations for building geometry
For the purpose of this Standard, the following limitations apply (see Figure 1.1):
(a) The distance from ground level to the underside of eaves shall not exceed 6.0 m. The
distance from ground level to the highest point of the roof, neglecting chimneys, shall
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not exceed 8.5 m; and the height of each storey, measured as floor to ceiling at
external walls shall not exceed 3.0 m.
(b) The width (W), including roofed verandas but excluding eaves, shall not exceed
16.0 m, and the length (l) shall not exceed five times the width.
(c) The roof pitch shall not exceed 35°.
(d) Eaves width shall not exceed 900 mm.
(e) The building shall include a continuous ceiling that acts as a diaphragm.
NOTES:
1 Atria exceeding these dimensions are outside the scope of this Standard.
2 Where the geometry lies outside the limitations of this Section, the design may be carried out
in accordance with AS 3700.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
(iii) Work sizes, including the face shell width for hollow units.
(iv) Characteristic unconfined compressive strength ( f uc′ ) .
(v) Salt attack resistance grade.
(vi) Coefficient of expansion or drying contraction, as appropriate.
(vii) Mortar joint finish and depth of raking (if any).
(c) Mortar class or mix proportions.
(d) Grout characteristics (if used):
(i) Compressive strength ( f c′ ) .
(ii) Cement content.
(iii) Maximum aggregate size.
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1.5 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.5.1 Characteristic compressive strength
The unconfined compressive strength exceeded by 95% of the masonry units.
1.5.2 Damp-proof course (DPC)
A barrier of impermeable material laid in the foundation walls of a building near the ground
to prevent moisture or dampness from rising into the building.
face-shell-bedded joints.
(d) Horizontally cored units A unit with cores intended to be laid with its cores
horizontally and with full bed joints.
1.5.5 Wall chasing
Recess cut into an existing wall to accommodate services.
1.5.6 Wall height
Height as defined in Figure 1.2.
1.5.7 Wall panel length
The clear distance between lateral supports or the distance between the support and a free
edge, where lateral supports provide resistance to lateral movement.
NOTE: See Figure 1.3 for the relevant case.
NOTES:
1 Battens and ceiling lining should be ignored in defining the underside of the roof framing.
2 Wall height is taken from the top of the slab with or without rebate (as shown).
FIGURE 1.2 DESIGN WALL HEIGHT
S E C T I O N 2 D E S I G N C R I T E R I A
2.2 AIM
The aim of design is to provide a structure that is durable, fire resistant, serviceable, and
has adequate strength and stability while serving its intended function and satisfying other
relevant requirements such as resistance to water penetration and robustness.
2.3.1 Durability
A masonry member and its components, properly maintained, shall have a low probability
of deterioration throughout its intended life taking into account the exposure environment.
NOTE: The appropriate level of maintenance will depend on the exposure conditions, the nature
of the construction and particularly any applied protective coatings.
2.3.2 Serviceability
A masonry member or structure shall have a low probability of failure to remain serviceable
and fit for the purpose for which it was constructed throughout its intended life.
2.3.3 Strength
A masonry member or structure shall have a low probability of structural failure when
subjected to the loads that can reasonably be expected throughout its intended life.
2.3.4 Stability
A masonry member or structure shall have a low probability of instability when subjected to
the loads that can reasonably be expected throughout its intended life.
2.3.5 Fire resistance
A masonry member or structure shall have a fire resistance so that the member can, for the
required period, perform its structural function and if necessary prevent the spread of fire.
2.3.6 Other requirement
A masonry member or structure shall have a low probability of failing to meet any other
appropriate design requirement (e.g., resistance to water penetration) throughout its
intended life.
A masonry member or structure designed for other requirements as set out in Clause 2.6,
and in accordance with Sections 11, 12, 13 and 14 is deemed to meet the requirements of
Clause 2.3.6.
TABLE 2.1
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMAGE WITH REFERENCE TO WALLS
and door frames distort. Walls lean or bulge noticeably, some of cracks
loss of bearing in beams. Service pipes disrupted
NOTES:
1 This Table (including notes) is reproduced from AS 2870.
2 Crack width is the main factor by which damage to walls is categorized. The width may be
supplemented by other factors, including serviceability, in assessing category of damage.
3 In assessing the degree of damage, account shall be taken of the location in the building or structure
where damage occurs, and the function of the building or structure.
4 Where the cracking occurs in easily repaired plasterboard or similar clad-framed partitions, the crack
width limits may be increased by 50% for each damage category.
5 Local deviation of slope, from the horizontal or vertical, of more than 1/100 will normally be clearly
visible. Overall deviations in excess of 1/150 are undesirable.
6 Account should be taken of the past history of damage in order to assess whether it is stable or likely
to increase.
S E C T I O N 3 M A T E R I A L S
requirements of Section 4.
3.2.2 Unreinforced loadbearing masonry
For unreinforced loadbearing masonry, the units shall have a minimum characteristic
unconfined compressive strength as follows:
(a) 5 MPa for solid or cored units.
(b) 10 MPa for hollow units.
3.2.3 Unreinforced non-loadbearing masonry
For unreinforced non-loadbearing masonry, the units shall have a minimum characteristic
unconfined compressive strength as follows:
(a) 3 MPa for solid or cored units.
(b) 10 MPa for hollow units.
(c) 2.5 MPa for horizontally cored units.
3.2.4 Reinforced masonry
For reinforced masonry, the units shall have a minimum characteristic unconfined
compressive strength of 15 MPa.
TABLE 3.1
MORTAR MIXES
Mix proportions by volume Mortar suitability
Mortar
class Cement Masonry Building Water Fired Calcium
Sand Concrete
(GB/GP) cement lime thickener clay silicate
M2 1 0 2 9 No × ×
M3 1 0 1 6 Optional ×
1 0 0 5 Yes
0 1 0 4 Yes ×
M4 1 0 0.5 4.5 Optional ×
1 0 0 4 Yes
1 0 0–0.25 3 Optional ×
0 1 0 3 Yes ×
LEGEND:
satisfactory
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× Unsatisfactory
Type GP—general purpose portland cement.
Type GB—general purpose blended cement.
NOTES:
1 Mortar mixes are designated by the proportions of their ingredients following an initial letter, the chief
cementing agent being given as unity (e.g., C 1:L 0.5:S 4.5 or C 1:S3).
2 Volumes refer to materials in the dense-packed condition.
3 The water thickener referred to in this Table is cellulose based. The particular cellulose-based product
used is to be specifically suited for this application and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s or
supplier’s instructions. For further information, refer to AS 4773.2.
3.5 REINFORCEMENT
Reinforcement shall be Grade 500N in accordance with AS/NZS 4671.
S E C T I O N 4 D U R A B I L I T Y
straps, bolts and fixings, bedjoint mesh and reinforcement that does not rely on grout cover
for protection. Where grout is required to provide protection to steel reinforcement in
grouted cavities and cores, the steel shall be surrounded by grout complying with
Clause 3.3.2 to provide a cover, measured from the face of the grout to the surface of the
reinforcement in accordance with Table 4.1. Horizontal reinforcement in reinforced hollow
unit masonry may be supported on the webs of recessed-web hollow units, provided the
reinforcement is completely surrounded by grout except where it is in contact with the
masonry units. Where recessed web, flush-ended hollow blocks are used, the reinforcement
shall be supported clear of the webs to permit the covers required by Table 4.1 to be
achieved at all positions along the reinforcement, including within perpend joints.
www.standards.org.au
TABLE 4.1
DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Masonry units salt Built-in Reinforcement
Exposure attack resistance components cover
Location grade Mortar class durability class mm
environment
(see Note 1) (see Note 2) (see Note 3)
Clay units M2 R1 5
Normal Protected Concrete or calcium
M3 R1 5
Interior silicate units
Subject to non-saline wetting and drying General purpose M3 R3 15
Subject to saline wetting and drying Exposure M4 R4 25
21
M3 R2 15
in contact with the silicate units
ground Non-aggressive soils General purpose M3 R3 15
Aggressive soils Exposure M4 R4 25
Clay units M2 R1 5
Mild Exterior Protected Concrete or calcium
M3 R1 5
silicate units
Clay units M2 R1 5
Moderate Exterior Protected Concrete or calcium
M3 R1 5
silicate units
Industrial Exterior Exposure M4 R4 25
© Standards Australia
Marine
Exterior General purpose M3 R3 15
(see Note 4)
AS 4773.1—2010
Severe marine
Exterior Exposure M4 R4 25
(see Note 5)
Special
Exterior (see Note 6) (see Note 6) R5 (see Note 6)
(see Note 6)
AS 4773.1—2010 22
4.3.2 Marine
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Areas from 100 m to 1 km from a non-surf coast and 1 km to 10 km from a surf coast shall
both be regarded as marine environments. The distances specified are from the mean high-
water mark.
NOTE: Sheltered bays such as Port Phillip Bay and Sydney Harbour are considered to be non-surf
coast.
4.3.3 Industrial
Industrial environments are those within 1 km of industrial areas producing significant
acidic pollution. The only areas within this category are around major industrial complexes.
NOTE: There are only a few such regions in Australia; for example, around Port Pirie.
4.3.4 Moderate
Moderate environments include areas with light industrial pollution or very light marine
influence, or both.
NOTE: Typical areas are suburbs of cities on sheltered bays such as Melbourne, Adelaide and
Hobart (except those areas near the coast) and most inland cities.
4.3.5 Mild
Environments remote from the coast, industrial activity and the tropics shall be regarded as
mild environments.
NOTE: Sparsely settled regions such as outback Australia are typical examples, but the category
also includes rural communities other than those on the coast.
Exterior coated locations are those that are protected by a weather-resistant coating in
accordance with Clause 14.8.1. In addition to the coating, these elements shall have
properly flashed junctions with other building elements.
An impermeable membrane for protection of locations below a damp-proof course or in
contact with the ground shall be a continuous waterproof sheet membrane such as that used
for protection of slabs on the ground. Painted water-resistant systems are not adequate for
this purpose.
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S E C T I O N 5 F I R E R E S I S T A N C E
TABLE 5.1
MAXIMUM WALL HEIGHT TO SATISFY FRL
S E C T I O N 6 W A L L D E S I G N
recommended.
Design for bracing capacity shall be carried out in accordance with Section 11.
TABLE 6.1(A)
ROOF CONNECTIONS FOR TILED ROOF
Wall Maximum load width (A), m, for wind class Connection
Connection thickness capacity
mm N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 kN
Galvanized strap 30 × 0.8 mm
embedded 600 mm down wall
90 8.9 8.9 5.8 n/a n/a n/a 6.5
at maximum 1200 mm
spacings [see Figure 6.3(a)]
Galvanized strap 30 × 0.8 mm
embedded 600 mm down wall
90 8.9 8.9 6.8 n/a n/a n/a 3.8
at maximum 600 mm spacings
[see Figure 6.3(a)]
Galvanized strap 30 × 0.8 mm
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TABLE 6.1(B)
ROOF CONNECTIONS FOR SHEET ROOF
Wall Maximum load width (A), m, for wind class Connection
Connection thickness capacity
mm N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 kN
Galvanized strap 30 × 0.8 mm
embedded 600 mm down wall
90 8.9 7.3 4.1 n/a n/a n/a 6.5
at maximum 1200 mm
spacings [see Figure 6.3(a)]
Galvanized strap 30 × 0.8 mm
embedded 600 mm down wall
90 8.9 8.5 4.8 n/a n/a n/a 3.8
at maximum 600 mm spacings
[see Figure 6.3(a)]
Galvanized strap 30 × 0.8 mm
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TABLE 6.2
REINFORCED MASONRY TIE-DOWNS
Design Maximum load width (A), m, for wind class
Wall anchorage
thickness capacity, N4, N5, N6,
mm ( ϕ P) N1 N2 N3
C1 C2 C3
C4
kN per cleat
Tiled roof
Two courses reinforced, with ‘long 190 30.7 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.8 5.6 4.0
fishtail cleats’ [see Figure 6.4(a)]
Two courses reinforced, with ‘long 140 23.3 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 6.7 4.3 3.0
fishtail cleats’ [see Figure 6.4(a)]
Two courses reinforced, with W8 190 22.0 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 6.3 4.0 2.9
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DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
6.7 PIERS
6.7.1 Unreinforced piers
6.7.1.1 Engaged piers
Engaged unreinforced piers shall be proportioned in accordance with Clause 9.2.2.
6.7.1.2 Isolated subfloor piers
Isolated unreinforced piers shall be proportioned in accordance with Clause 14.6.
6.7.2 Reinforced piers
6.7.2.1 Engaged piers
Reinforced piers used to support walls against wind actions, where the lengths of the wall
panels exceed the values in Clause 9.2, shall be spaced along the wall, at the edge of
openings and between adjacent openings. The spacing, size and reinforcement shall be
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TABLE 6.3
SPACING OF REINFORCED PIERS ALONG A WALL
Maximum pier spacing, (S)
m
Details
Wind N12 N16
category reinforcement reinforcement
mm Wall height, m Wall height, m
2.4 2.7 3.0 2.4 2.7 3.0
N1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
N2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
N3 3.0 2.4 1.8 3.0 2.4 1.8
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TABLE 6.4
REINFORCED PIERS AT EDGE OF OPENINGS
N5 1.2 — — 1.2 — —
C1 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 1.5
C2 1.2 — — 1.2 — —
C3 — — — — — —
TABLE 6.5
REINFORCED PIERS BETWEEN OPENINGS
N5 2.7 — — 2.7 — —
C1 4.4 3.4 2.7 4.4 3.4 2.7
C2 2.7 — — 2.9 — —
C3 — — — — — —
N1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
N2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
N3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
N4 6.0 4.8 3.8 6.0 6.0 5.1
N5 4.2 3.2 2.6 5.6 4.3 3.4
C1 6.0 5.3 4.2 6.0 6.0 5.6
C2 4.5 3.5 2.7 6.0 4.6 3.7
C3 3.0 2.3 — 4.0 3.1 2.5
N1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
N2 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
N3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
N4 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
N5 5.3 4.1 3.2 6.0 6.0 5.7
C1 6.0 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.0
C2 5.7 4.4 3.5 6.0 6.0 6.0
C3 3.8 3.0 2.3 6.0 5.2 4.1
6.8 MULLIONS
6.8.1 General
Mullions used to support walls against wind actions, where the lengths of the wall panel
exceed the values in Clause 9.2, shall be spaced along the wall, at the edge of openings and
between adjacent openings. The spacing and size of mullions shall be selected in
accordance with Tables 6.6 to 6.10.
The mullions shall be placed behind a single leaf or in the cavity of a cavity wall as shown
in Figure 6.5 for ‘rectangular hollow sections (RHS)’.
Vertical DPC shall be used between the external skin and the mullion to prevent moisture
penetration.
NOTE: Durability requirements for reinforcement are set out in Section 4.
TABLE 6.6
SPACING OF MULLIONS ALONG WALLS
Maximum spacing
Details
along wall (S), m
Wind
mm category Height of wall, m
2.4 2.7 3.0
N1 — — —
N2 — — —
N3 3.0 3.0 2.4
N4 3.0 2.2 1.6
N5 2.2 1.5 1.1
C1 3.0 2.4 1.8
C2 2.4 1.6 1.2
C3 1.5 1.1 0.8
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
TABLE 6.7
MAXIMUM SUPPORTED WIDTH FOR MULLIONS
ORIENTED PARALLEL TO OPENING
Maximum supported width (W), m
Wind category Height of wall, m
2.4 2.7 3.0
N1 5.4 5.4 5.4
N2 5.4 5.4 4.4
N3 5.4 3.6 2.4
N4 3.4 2.4 1.8
N5 2.2 1.6 1.1
C1 4.0 2.5 1.8
C2 2.4 1.7 1.2
C3 1.6 1.2 0.9
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
TABLE 6.8
MAXIMUM SUPPORTED WIDTH FOR MULLIONS
ORIENTED PERPENDICULAR TO OPENING
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
TABLE 6.9
MAXIMUM SUPPORTED WIDTH FOR MULLIONS
BETWEEN DOUBLE OPENINGS ORIENTED
PARALLEL TO THE OPENINGS
Maximum supported width (W), m
Wind category Height of wall, m
2.4 2.7 3.0
N1 6.0 6.0 6.0
N2 6.0 6.0 6.0
N3 6.0 6.0 4.9
N4 5.4 4.6 3.4
N5 4.4 3.2 2.3
C1 6.0 4.8 3.6
C2 4.7 3.4 2.4
C3 3.3 2.4 1.7
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
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TABLE 6.10
MAXIMUM SUPPORTED WIDTH FOR MULLIONS
BETWEEN DOUBLE OPENINGS ORIENTED
PERPENDICULAR TO THE OPENINGS
S E C T I O N 7 M A S O N R Y V E N E E R W AL L S
TABLE 7.1
REQUIRED DUTY RATINGS FOR TYPE A VENEER TIES
Wall height, mm
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
S E C T I O N 8 C A V I T Y M A S O N R Y W AL L S
Cavity walls of unreinforced masonry subject to wind loads shall have design panel lengths
not exceeding those given in Table 8.1. For an opening greater than 600 mm in height, the
edges of the opening shall be treated as free ends. Openings smaller than 600 mm in height
may be ignored when using Table 8.1.
Where wall panel lengths exceed the values given in Table 8.1, mullions may be used for
lateral support, in accordance with Clause 6.8.
AS 4773.1—2010
© Standards Australia
TABLE 8.1
MAXIMUM PANEL LENGTHS (mm) FOR UNREINFORCED CAVITY WALLS
Wall Wind class
Wall thickness, mm
height Edge conditions
(see Note 1) N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 C1 C2 C3 C4
mm
2400 Panel supported on 90/90 14 600 10 700 7 200 5 150 3 800 3 050 5 600 4 050 3 050 2 350
4 sides with no opening
90/110 15 300 11 250 7 600 5 425 4 025 3 225 5 900 4 275 3 225 2 475
110/110 16 000 11 800 8 000 5 700 4 250 3 400 6 200 4 500 3 400 2 600
110/110 raked
15 100 11 200 7 550 5 450 4 050 3 250 5 850 4 300 3 250 2 500
(see Note 3)
Panel supported on 90/90 6 650 4 750 3 000 1 975 950 425 2 200 1 425 425 *
4 sides with an opening
90/110 7 025 5 025 3 200 2 125 1 050 500 2 350 1 513 500 *
(see Note 3)
110/110 7 400 5 300 3 400 2 275 1 150 575 2 500 1 600 575 *
110/110 raked
6 950 5 000 3 175 2 125 950 500 2 325 1 225 500 *
46
(see Note 3)
Panel with a free end or 90/90 7 300 5 350 3 600 2 600 1 900 1 550 2 800 2 050 1 550 1 100
control joint
90/110 7 650 5 625 3 800 2 725 2 000 1 625 2 950 2 150 1 625 1 150
110/110 8 000 5 900 4 000 2 850 2 100 1 700 3 100 2 250 1 700 1 200
110/110 raked
7 550 5 600 3 750 2 750 2 050 1 600 2 900 2 150 1 600 1 100
(see Note 3)
3000 Panel supported on 90/90 12 100 9 000 6 200 4 550 3 450 2 550 4 850 3 650 2 550 2 000
4 sides with no opening
90/110 12 700 9 500 6 550 4 825 3 600 2 725 5 150 3 875 2 725 2 150
110/110 13 300 10 000 6 900 5 100 3 750 2 900 5 450 4 100 2 900 2 300
110/110 raked
12 600 9 450 6 550 4 850 3 500 2 750 5 200 3 850 2 750 2 200
(see Note 3)
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(continued)
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www.standards.org.au
47
LEGEND:
* = Not applicable
NOTES:
1 Leaf thicknesses for inner and outer leaves are shown separately. The values for walls with 90/110 leaf thickness do not depend on which is the external leaf and have been
interpolated between the values for 90/90 and 110/110.
2 The values in this Table are based on the assumptions that all perpends are filled.
3 Unless otherwise specified, joints may be raked or tooled to a maximum depth of 5 mm. Values shown in the Table for raked joints apply to raking depths greater than 5 mm
and less than or equal to 10 mm.
4 Linear interpolation is allowed for wall heights between 2400 mm and 3000 mm.
© Standards Australia
AS 4773.1—2010
AS 4773.1—2010 48
TABLE 8.2
MAXIMUM WALL HEIGHTS
FOR CAVITY INTERNAL WALLS
millimetres
Wall thickness Height
90/90 Solid, cored or horizontally cored 3 400
90/110 Solid, cored or horizontally cored 3 850
110/110 Solid, cored or horizontally cored 4 250
140/140 Solid, cored or horizontally cored 5 500
90/90 Hollow 3 350
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TABLE 8.3
REQUIRED DUTY RATINGS FOR TYPE A CAVITY TIES
(ANY WALL HEIGHT)
Vertical spacing 600 mm
Wind category Horizontal spacing, mm
300 450 600
N1 L L L
N2 L L M
N3 L M M
N4 M M H
N5 M H H
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N6 H H H
C1 L M M
C2 M M H
C3 M H H
C4 H H H
Vertical spacing 450 mm
Horizontal spacing, mm
300 450 600
N1 L L L
N2 L L L
N3 L L M
N4 L M M
N5 M M H
N6 M H H
C1 L L M
C2 L M M
C3 M M H
C4 M H H
LEGEND:
L = light duty
M = medium duty
H = heavy duty
NOTES:
1 The required ratings are based on veneer with a stiff backup (i.e., only
the inner leaf supported by the structure).
2 Required tie ratings are based on the load capacities given in
AS/NZS 2699.1 (see also Appendix A).
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
S E C T I O N 9 S I N G L E - L E A F U N R E I N F O R C E D
M A S O N R Y W AL L S
have at least one vertical edge supported and panel lengths not exceeding those given in
Tables 9.1(A) and 9.1(B).
Linear interpolation is permitted between wall heights of 2400 mm and 3000 mm.
For an opening greater than 600 mm in height, the edges of the opening shall be treated as
free ends. Openings smaller than 600 mm in height may be ignored when using Table 9.1.
Where wall panel lengths exceed the values given in Tables 9.1(A) and 9.1(B), reinforced
piers in accordance with Clause 6.7.2 or mullions in accordance with Clause 6.8 shall be
used to provide lateral support.
AS 4773.1—2010
© Standards Australia
TABLE 9.1(A)
MAXIMUM PANEL LENGTHS (mm)—SINGLE-LEAF UNREINFORCED WALLS 2400 mm IN HEIGHT
Wind class
Edge conditions Wall thickness
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 C1 C2 C3 C4
Panel supported on 4 edges with 90 solid/cored 7 750 5 850 4 100 3 050 2 150 1 650 3 250 2 350 1 650 1 350
no opening
110 solid/cored 8 600 6 450 4 550 3 400 2 400 1 900 3 650 2 600 1 900 1 550
140 solid/cored/hollow 11 500 8 600 5 900 4 300 3 300 2 500 4 650 3 500 2 500 2 000
190 hollow 18 700 13 300 9 100 6 500 4 600 3 600 7 000 4 900 3 600 2 900
230 solid 21 200 15 200 10 500 7 500 5 400 4 300 8 200 5 800 4 300 3 450
Panel supported on 4 edges with 90 solid/cored 3 250 2 200 1 425 400 * * 500 * * *
an opening (see Note 1) 110 solid/cored 3 600 2 500 1 600 550 * * 700 * * *
140 solid/cored/hollow 5 050 3 500 2 350 1 350 550 * 1 700 625 * *
190 hollow 8 750 6 000 3 950 2 650 1 700 1 200 2 950 1 900 1 200 *
230 solid 10 000 7 000 4 650 3 150 2 100 1 300 3 500 2 300 1 300 700
52
Panel supported on three edges 90 solid/cored 3 850 2 900 2 050 1 500 1 000 700 1 600 1 100 700 550
with a free end or control joint 110 solid/cored 4 300 3 200 2 250 1 700 1 100 800 1 800 1 200 800 600
140 solid/cored/hollow 5 700 4 300 2 950 2 150 1 600 1 150 2 300 1 750 1 150 850
190 hollow 9 400 6 700 4 500 3 300 2 300 1 800 3 500 2 500 1 800 1 450
230 solid 10 600 7 600 5 250 3 750 2 700 2 100 4 050 2 900 2 150 1 750
Panel supported on the base and 90 solid/cored 2 400 1 600 1 100 800 550 * 850 600 * *
one vertical edge 110 solid/cored 2 600 1 700 1 200 900 650 550 950 700 550 *
140 solid/cored hollow 3 700 2 400 1 700 1 200 850 700 1 300 950 700 550
190 hollow 5 300 3 900 2 900 2 100 1 300 1 000 2 300 1 400 1 000 750
230 solid 6 100 4 600 3 450 2 300 1 600 1 300 2 500 1 700 1 300 1 000
LEGEND:
* = not applicable
www.standards.org.au
NOTES:
1 For walls with openings, the panel length given is from the wall support to the edge of the opening (see Figure 1.3(b)).
2 The values in this table are based on the assumption that mortar bed joints are finished flush or tooled to a depth not exceeding 3 mm.
3 Where the length of a wall panel between a support and an opening exceeds the value in the Table, the edge at the opening shall be provided with a vertical support.
4 Linear interpolation is allowed for wall heights between 2400 mm and 3000 mm.
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www.standards.org.au
TABLE 9.1(B)
MAXIMUM PANEL LENGTHS (mm)—SINGLE-LEAF UNREINFORCED WALLS 3000 mm IN HEIGHT
Wind class
Edge conditions Wall thickness
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 C1 C2 C3 C4
Panel supported on 4 edges with 90 solid/cored 6 600 5 100 3 700 2 550 1 850 1 500 2 750 2 000 1 500 1 250
no opening
110 solid/cored 7 350 5 650 4 100 2 900 2 150 1 750 3 100 2 300 1 750 1 450
140 solid/cored/hollow 9 700 7 300 5 200 3 850 2 800 2 300 4 200 3 000 2 300 1 850
190 hollow 15 300 11 000 7 700 5 500 4 000 3 300 6 000 4 300 3 300 2 500
230 solid 17 500 12 600 8 900 6 500 4 800 3 900 7 000 5 100 3 900 3 100
Panel supported on 4 edges with 90 solid/cored 2 700 1 850 650 * * * * * * *
an opening (see Note 1) 110 solid/cored 3 100 2 150 850 425 * * 500 * * *
140 solid/cored/hollow 4 200 2 950 1 800 800 425 * 950 475 * *
190 hollow 7 050 4 900 3 250 2 150 1 100 550 2 400 1 550 550 *
230 solid 8 100 5 700 3 850 2 650 1 450 850 2 900 1 750 850 550
Panel supported on three edges 90 solid/cored 3 300 2 550 1 850 1 150 800 600 1 300 850 600 450
53
with a free end or control joint 110 solid/cored 3 650 2 850 2 050 1 250 900 700 1 400 950 700 550
140 solid/cored/hollow 4 850 3 700 2 600 1 900 1 200 950 2 100 1 350 900 700
190 hollow 7 700 5 500 3 800 2 800 2 000 1 600 3 000 2 200 1 600 1 200
230 solid 8 700 6 300 4 400 3 200 2 400 1 900 3 500 2 600 1 900 1 300
Panel supported on the base and 90 solid/cored 2 000 1 400 1 000 700 500 * 750 500 * *
one vertical edge 110 solid/cored 2 000 1 400 1 100 800 600 500 850 650 500 *
140 solid/cored hollow 2 900 2 000 1 400 1 050 800 650 1 150 850 650 550
190 hollow 4 600 3 500 2 350 1 600 1 100 850 1 700 1 200 850 650
230 solid 5 400 4 200 2 700 1 900 1 400 1 150 2 100 1 500 1 150 900
LEGEND:
* = not applicable
NOTES:
© Standards Australia
1 For walls with openings, the panel length given is from the wall support to the edge of the opening (see Figure 1.3(b)).
2 The values in this table are based on the assumption that mortar bed joints are finished flush or tooled to a depth not exceeding 3 mm.
AS 4773.1—2010
3 Where the length of a wall panel between a support and an opening exceeds the value in the Table, the edge at the opening shall be provided with a vertical support.
4 Linear interpolation is allowed for wall heights between 2400 mm and 3000 mm.
AS 4773.1—2010 54
TABLE 9.2
PIER SPACINGS FOR ONE-WAY SPANNING WALLS
TABLE 9.3
MAXIMUM WALL HEIGHTS
FOR SINGLE-LEAF INTERNAL WALLS
millimetres
Wall thickness Height
90 2400
110 3000
140 3800
190 5200
S E C T I O N 1 0 R E I N F O R C E D M A S O N R Y
W AL L S
190 mm and shall be reinforced with N12 or N16 bars in grouted cores in accordance with
Clauses 10.3 to 10.5.
NOTE: A typical arrangement of reinforcement is shown in Figure 10.1.
Steel reinforcement shall be detailed in accordance with the relevant requirements of
AS 3600.
NOTE: Where an N16 bar is required, 2 N12 bars may be substituted.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
TABLE 10.1
MINIMUM DEPTH AND REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS
FOR BOND BEAMS
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
TABLE 10.2
MAXIMUM WIDTH OF OPENINGS
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Maximum width of
Edge reinforcement details opening, W1, m
Wind
category Wall height, m
mm 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.6
N1 and N2 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.3 3.6
N3 5.2 4.9 4.2 3.4 2.3
N4 and C1 3.5 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.4
N5 and C2 2.4 2.2 1.6 1.4 —
N6 and C3 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.0 —
N1 and N2 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
N3 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.2
N4 and C1 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.1 2.7
N5 and C2 4.5 4.1 3.4 2.7 1.5
N6 and C3 3.2 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.1
N1 and N2 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
N3 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
N4 and C1 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.1 3.5
N5 and C2 5.5 5.5 4.5 3.2 2.2
N6 and C3 4.2 3.8 3.1 2.4 1.5
TABLE 10.3
REINFORCEMENT ADJACENT TO OPENINGS
Max. opening + bar
Edge reinforcement details spacing, W1 + S1, m
Wind
category Wall height, m
mm 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.6
N1 and N2 7.4 7.4 6.8 5.5 3.8
N3 5.5 5.1 4.4 3.5 2.4
N4 and C1 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.3 1.5
N5 and C2 2.5 2.3 2.0 1.6 —
N6 and C3 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.2 —
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TABLE 10.4
REINFORCEMENT SPACED ALONG WALL
Max. sum of bar spacings,
Reinforcement details S1 + S2, m
Wind
category Wall height, m
mm 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.6
N1 and N2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
N3 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 2.6
N4 and C1 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.5 1.8
N5 and C2 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.2
N6 and C3 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.3 —
TABLE 10.5
SELECTION OF PIER REINFORCEMENT
Maximum sum of
Pier details openings, W1 + W2, m
Wind
category Pier height, m
mm 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.6
N1 and N2 9.1 8.4 7.1 5.6 3.7
N5 and C2 2.3 — — — —
N6 and C3 — — — — —
N6 and C3 2.6 — — — —
S E C T I O N 1 1 B R A C I N G
A1 TABLE 11.1(A)
BRACING CAPACITIES (kN) OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS
UP TO 3.0 m HIGH
Unreinforced walls bonded into returns
Unreinforced walls not bonded or
or restrained by a storey above
Wall restrained from above
(see Notes 2 and 3)
length
(m) Wall thickness (mm) Wall thickness (mm)
90 110 140 190 90 110 140 190
0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 7.6 9.2 12 16
0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 11 14 18 24
0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 15 19 24 32
1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.3 19 23 29 40
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TABLE 11.1(B)
BRACING CAPACITY—
MASONRY WALLS UP TO 3.0 m HIGH
REINFORCED WITH A TIE-DOWN
Wall reinforced with tie-down
(see Note 2)
TABLE 11.2
BRACING CAPACITY (kN)—ISOLATED MASONRY PIERS
WITH REINFORCEMENT
S E C T I O N 1 2 L I N T E L S
Clause 12.2.
(d) Other proprietary lintels in accordance with Clause 12.2.
NOTE: Where proprietary designs are relied upon, the user should check that the design
methods and criteria used to justify the design are appropriate to the situation.
The type of load supported by a lintel shall be determined as one of the following types:
The minimum thickness of a single-leaf wall for use of a lintel supporting load type D shall
be 140 mm and there shall be at least one storey height above the floor level.
Typical situations are shown in Figure 12.1.
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TABLE 12.1
MAXIMUM OPENING WIDTHS FOR COMMON STEEL LINTELS (mm)
Load type (see Figure 12.1)
A B C D E
Steel section
Masonry only
Masonry only
Tiled roof Sheet roof Timber floor (more than
(up to 600 mm)
600 mm)
75 × 8 FMS 700 700 700 700 700
100 × 10 × FMS 900 900 900 900 900
90 × 90 × 6EA 3000 1950 2200 2050 2650
90 × 90 × 8EA 3200 2050 2350 2200 2800
100 × 100 × 6EA 3350 2100 2400 2250 2900
100 × 100 × 8EA 3600 2250 2550 2400 3040
150 × 90 × 8UA 4200 3000 3450 3150 3850
150 UB 14.0 4200 3400 3840 3500 4150
150 UB 18.0 4200 3650 4000 3700 4200
180 UB 22.2 4200 4000 4200 4050 4200
NOTES:
1 Only common steel sections are shown. For all proprietary lintels, including cold-rolled steel,
see Clause 12.1(d).
2 This Table is based on the lintel being propped for at least seven days.
TABLE 12.2
MINIMUM BEARING LENGTHS FOR LINTELS
TABLE 12.3
REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR REINFORCED
MASONRY LINTELS RESISTING WIND UPLIFT
Size of top and bottom reinforcement
Wind Lintel depth
Lintel type Opening width, mm
category mm
900 1200 1800 2400 3000
N1, N2 1 290 N12 N16 N16 N16 —
2 390 N12 N12 N12 N16 N16
3 590 N12 N12 N12 N12 N16
N3 1 290 N12 N16 N16 N16 —
2 390 N12 N12 N16 N16 N16
3 590 N12 N12 N12 N12 N16
N4, C1 1 290 N16 N16 N16 N16 —
2 390 N16 N16 N16 N16 N16
3 590 N16 N16 N16 N16 N16
N5, C2 1 290 N16 N16 N16 — —
2 390 N16 N16 N16 N16 —
3 590 N16 N16 N16 N16 N16
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
S E C T I O N 1 3 C O N T R O L J O I N T S
TABLE 13.1
SPACING OF ARTICULATION JOINTS FOR
UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS
Joint spacing, m
Site class Masonry wall construction
(see Note) and surface finish Up to 4 m high 4 m to 8.5 m high 4 m to 8.5 m high
for 10 mm joints for 10 mm joints for 15 mm joints
painted masonry
H1, H1-D External face finished masonry 5.5 3.9 5.5
External rendered and/or 5.0 3.5 5.0
painted masonry
Internal face finish or sheeted 5.5 3.9 5.5
masonry
Internal rendered and/or 5.0 3.5 5.0
painted masonry
H2, H2-D External face finished masonry 5.0 3.5 5.0
External rendered and/or 4.5 3.2 4.5
painted masonry
Internal face finish or sheeted 5.0 3.5 5.0
masonry
Internal rendered and/or 4.5 3.2 4.5
painted masonry
NOTE: Site class as defined in AS 2870. For further information and guidance on site classification, see
AS 2870.
TABLE 13.2
SPACING OF CONTRACTION JOINTS
FOR UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS
Masonry wall construction
Maximum joint spacing, m
and surface finish
External masonry that is face finish,
7.0
rendered and/or painted
Internal masonry that is face finish or
6.0
sheeted
Internal masonry that is rendered and/or
5.0
painted
External masonry with openings more than
5.0
900 mm in height
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TABLE 13.3
SPACING OF EXPANSION JOINTS
FOR CLAY MASONRY WALLS
13.6 DETAILS
Control joints shall be constructed in accordance with AS 4773.2.
S E C T I O N 1 4 D E T AI L I N G
NOTES:
1 Floor connections details omitted for clarity.
2 Where the height of an unreinforced isolated pier is greater than 1500 mm, the maximum height of the
230 × 230 mm section shall be 1200 mm.
3 DPC is shown for diagrammatic purposes only.
4 For brick or block piers, the last course of brickwork or block work is to run perpendicular to the floor
support bearers.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
14.7 ARCHES
For all masonry, where arches are used, they shall be provided with end support capable of
resisting the horizontal reactions. Continuous masonry buttresses on each side of the arch,
having a length equal to the height of the arch at the support, are deemed to provide
adequate resistance (see Figure 14.5), provided they are seated on a common footing.
For unreinforced masonry arches—
(a) the rise above the points of support shall be not less than a quarter of the span; and
(b) the minimum height of masonry above the arch shall be 300 mm,
as shown in Figure 14.5.
(d) 50 mm above finished paved or concreted area and protected from the direct effect of
the weather by a carport, veranda or similar structures.
NOTE: Cavity flashing can also act as a DPC to prevent the upward or downward passage of
moisture within masonry.
APPENDIX A
BASIS OF DESIGN
(Informative)
A1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the basis upon which the design details and tables in this Standard
have been prepared.
For buildings that are beyond the scope of this Standard, it may be appropriate for some or
all of the same principles, in association with other referenced Standards, to be adopted by a
competent designer.
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This Standard applies to the use of clay, concrete and calcium silicate masonry units. If
other units are to be used, the masonry will need to be designed and detailed in accordance
with AS 3700.
A2 IMPOSED ACTIONS
Where floor-imposed actions have been used to calculate limits on member sizes, a value of
1.5 kPa has been adopted. Where the floor-imposed action exceeds 1.5 kPa, such as where
masonry supports a balcony, allowance for the extra load should be made.
Where a roof-imposed action has been used to calculate limits on member sizes, a value of
0.25 kPa has been adopted (see also Paragraphs A7 and A10).
A3 WIND LOADS
A3.1 General
For the design of masonry members or steel mullions for horizontal load, the following
criteria have been applied:
(a) A deflection limit of span/150 or 20 mm, whichever is the lesser, for serviceability
wind loads in accordance with AS 4055.
(b) Ultimate strength design based on the requirements of AS 3700 for ultimate wind
loads calculated in accordance with AS 4055 and as set out in Paragraph A3.2.
A3.2 Wind loads
The pressure coefficients used for walls are in accordance with AS 4055, as set out in
Table A1.
TABLE A1
PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS
Masonry wall panels, supports and mullions are designed for the net pressure coefficient.
Cavity and veneer ties are designed for the external pressure or suction coefficient only
(i.e., 0.7 causing compression and 0.65 causing tension). In all cases, because of the relative
tie strengths in tension and compression (see AS/NZS 2699.1), the wind producing tension
in the tie governs.
The resulting net lateral pressures (rounded) used in this Standard to design wall panels,
supports, connections, mullions and ties are shown in Table A2.
TABLE A2
LATERAL PRESSURES
Lateral pressure
Lateral net
for designing wall Lateral external
pressure in
Wind panels, supports, pressure used for
accordance with Tie force
category connections and the design of ties
AS 4055
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mullions
kPa kPa kPa
N1 0.69 0.7 −0.5 Tension
N2 0.96 1.0 −0.7 Tension
N3 1.50 1.5 −1.1 Tension
N4 2.23 2.2 −1.6 Tension
N5 3.29 3.3 −2.3 Tension
N6 4.44 4.4 −3.1 Tension
C1 –2.03 –2.0 –1.3 Tension
C2 –3.01 –3.0 –2.0 Tension
C3 –4.44 –4.4 –2.9 Tension
C4 –5.99 –6.0 –3.9 Tension
A4 MATERIALS
The design characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement has been taken as 500 MPa.
calculated for the worst case of wind pressure producing tension in the pier, excepting the
cases with tie-downs, where the opposite direction of loading has been taken.
A6 REINFORCED MASONRY
Unless otherwise indicated, the capacities of reinforced masonry members have been
calculated in accordance with Section 8 of AS 3700, using the following assumptions:
(a) Capacity reduction factor 0.75.
(b) The vertical bending moment (M), in vertically reinforced walls with starter bars
anchored to concrete slabs complying with AS 2870, is determined by—
wH 2
M=
10
where
w = applied pressure
H = wall height as defined in Figure 1.2
A7 ROOF CONNECTIONS
The values in Table 6.1 for unreinforced masonry have been based on a direct tensile
′ = 0.1 MPa and a capacity reduction factor of 0.6. The strap
strength for the masonry of f mt
strength has been based on a design characteristic yield strength of 300 MPa, with a
capacity reduction factor of 0.9 and no reduction in area for nails.
The values in Table 6.2 for reinforced masonry are based on tests conducted by the James
Cook University Cyclone Testing Station and available from the Concrete Masonry
Association of Australia (reference TS 636).
A8 WALL TIES
The design of wall ties given in Table 7.1 and Table 8.3 is based on the average strength of
the ties in tension, using loads derived from the pressures shown in Table A2.
NOTE: For the background to this method, see Lawrence, S., ‘The Use of Characteristic Strengths
in Masonry Design’ Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, V7, N3, 2007.
A9 BRACING
Bracing capacities in Table 11.1(A) are based on the following assumptions:
(a) Walls that are not bonded into returns or restrained from above are limited by
overturning against self-weight only.
© Standards Australia www.standards.org.au
85 AS 4773.1—2010
(b) Walls that are bonded into returns or restrained from above are limited by sliding at
the base. Restraint from above has been assumed equivalent to a uniform compressive
stress of 0.2 MPa on the top of the bracing wall.
Bracing capacities in Table 11.1(B) are based on the following assumptions:
(i) Wall capacity is limited by overturning. No restraint from above has been assumed
and the overturning capacity has been calculated by considering the reinforced
section in bending.
(ii) The restoring moment is calculated by considering only the reinforcing bars in the
tensile zone and the compression stress block, which is based on a compression stress
of 0.85 times f m′ and a depth of 0.85 the distance to the neutral axis. A capacity
reduction factor of 0.75 has been applied.
A10 LINTELS
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Steel lintel designs given in Clause 12.3 have been calculated for vertical downward loads
only and are not applicable where a net uplift force is present. Deflection limits under
serviceability load of span/360 or 10 mm, whichever is the lesser, have been used.
The load combination factors given in AS/NZS 1170.0 were applied to the following
unfactored loads:
(a) Tiled roof dead load 0.9 kPa.
(b) Sheet roof dead load 0.4 kPa.
(c) Roof live load 0.25 kPa.
(d) Timber floor dead load 0.5 kPa.
(e) Floor live load 1.5 kPa.
For the load types shown in Clause 12.2, the following limits apply to masonry heights
above the lintel:
(i) For load type A, the maximum permitted height of masonry over the lintel is 600 mm.
Beyond that limit, engineering design is required or see type E.
(ii) For load types B and C, the minimum permitted height of masonry over the lintel is
600 mm. Beyond that limit, engineering design is required.
(iii) For load type D, the minimum permitted height of masonry over the lintel is 600 mm
to the point of application of the floor load. Below that limit, engineering design is
required. The total height of masonry above the lintel has been taken as at least
2100 mm.
(iv) For load type E, the height of masonry over the lintel is unlimited.
The limits for common steel lintels given in Table 12.1 are based on the assumption that the
lintel is propped during construction of the masonry above and for a period of at least
7 days after. The characteristic yield strength of the steel has been taken as 250 MPa. No
composite action between the lintel and the masonry above has been assumed. Table 12.1 is
intended for new construction only and should not be used for sizing lintels to be inserted
into openings made in existing buildings. Where a control joint passes through or adjacent
to the masonry above the lintel, the Table should not be relied upon.
The reinforced masonry lintel designs given in Clause 12.3 have been calculated for the net
uplift forces in AS 4055. For conditions outside those covered by Table 12.3, the designs in
Appendix D may be used.
The reinforced masonry lintel tables in Appendix D are based on the practical consideration
that the loading will usually be from trusses or similar roof or floor supports, at uniform
centres, bearing on and tied down to the lintel. Hence, the tables are for point loads at
900 mm centres acting in both upward and downward directions. They take into
consideration both shear and bending and allowance has been made for the self-weight of
the lintel.
Where the depth of masonry, including the lintel and the height of masonry in running bond
above the lintel, is at least equal to the span of the lintel and there is sufficient length of
wall adjacent to the opening to act as a buttress, then the lintel will act as an arch and loads
on the masonry may be ignored.
The long-term elastic modulus has been taken as 1000 f m′ . The design properties and
strength reduction factors are in accordance with AS 3700. Design is based on a maximum
deflection under serviceability loads of span/360 or 10mm, whichever is the lesser.
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APPENDIX B
SPACING OF BRACING WALLS
(Informative)
Table B1 shows maximum bracing wall spacings applicable for single storey or upper
storeys of houses, derived from AS 1684.3.
Linear interpolation is permitted.
TABLE B.1(A)
MAXIMUM BRACING-WALL SPACING—SINGLE STOREY
OR UPPER STOREY FOR WIND CATEGORY N1
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metres
Width of Roof pitch, degrees
building
m 0 5 10 15 17.5 20 25 30 35
TABLE B.1(B)
MAXIMUM BRACING-WALL SPACING—SINGLE STOREY
OR UPPER STOREY FOR WIND CATEGORY N2
metres
Width of Roof pitch, degrees
building
m 0 5 10 15 17.5 20 25 30 35
TABLE B.1(C)
MAXIMUM BRACING-WALL SPACING—SINGLE STOREY OR
UPPER STOREY FOR WIND CATEGORIES N3 AND C1
metres
Width of Roof pitch, degrees
building
m 0 5 10 15 17.5 20 25 30 35
TABLE B.1(D)
MAXIMUM BRACING-WALL SPACING—SINGLE STOREY OR
UPPER STOREY FOR WIND CATEGORIES N4 AND C2
metres
Width of Roof pitch, degrees
building
m 0 5 10 15 17.5 20 25 30 35
TABLE B.1(E)
MAXIMUM BRACING-WALL SPACING—SINGLE STOREY OR
UPPER STOREY FOR WIND CATEGORIES N5 AND C3
metres
Width of Roof pitch, degrees
building
m 0 5 10 15 17.5 20 25 30 35
APPENDIX C
DEEMED-TO-SATISFY DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION
(Normative)
Bare connectors and accessories or connectors and accessories with metallic coating and in
accordance with Table C1 (for sheet) or Table C2 (for wire) are deemed to meet the
durability criteria of Section 4.
NOTES:
1 Galvanized steel wire employed for the manufacture of masonry wall ties is normally
supplied to a tensile strength specification of 550 MPa max.
2 Wall tie feedstock, appropriately coloured for durability classification identification, may be
available from materials suppliers.
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TABLE C1
DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR CONNECTORS AND ACCESSORIES
MANUFACTURED FROM STEEL SHEET
Durability
Material requirements
classification
R0, R1, R2 (a) Connectors and accessories manufactured from galvanized steel sheet complying with
AS 1397 and with a galvanized coating of at least grade Z600
(b) Connectors and accessories galvanized after manufacture from bare steel sheet and
complying with AS/NZS 4680 except that the coating mass shall be at least 300 g/m 2
on each side
R3 Connectors and accessories galvanized after manufacture from bare steel sheet and
complying with AS/NZS 4680 except that the coating mass shall be at least 470 g/m 2 on
each side
R4 Stainless steel grade AS 1449/316 or AS 1449/316L (UNS S31600 or S31603 respectively)
(see Table C2 Note 1)
NOTE: See Table C2 Notes 2 and 5.
TABLE C2
DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR CONNECTORS AND ACCESSORIES
MANUFACTURED FROM STEEL WIRE (OR BAR)
Durability
Material requirements
classification
R0, R1, R2, (a) Connectors and accessories manufactured from galvanized steel wire (or bar) shall
R3 comply with AS/NZS 4534, except that the galvanized coating mass shall be at least
470 g/m 2
(b) Connectors and accessories galvanized after manufacture from bare steel wire (or bar)
and complying with AS/NZS 4680 except that the coating mass shall be at least
470 g/m 2
R4 Stainless steel grade AS 1449/316 or AS 1449/316L (UNS S31600 or S31603 respectively)
NOTES:
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1 A chemical procedure is described in Appendix E of AS/NZS 2699.2 for the identification of grade
AS 1449/316 or AS 1449/316L stainless steel.
2 Hot-dip-galvanized coatings may not be suitable for the manufacture of some connectors or accessories.
For these components electrodeposited zinc coatings may be employed in such cases, the zinc coatings
shall meet all other requirements of AS/NZS 2699.2.
3 Galvanized steel wire employed for the manufacture of connectors and accessories is normally supplied
to a tensile strength specification of 550 MPa max.
4 Feedstock for connectors and accessories, appropriately coloured for durability classification
identification, may be available from materials suppliers.
APPENDIX D
REINFORCED MASONRY LINTEL TABLES
(Normative)
D1 MASONRY PROPERTIES
The design tables given in this Appendix (Tables D1 to D4) are based on masonry
components with the following properties:
(a) Masonry units having a characteristic unconfined compressive strength ( f uc′ ) , for
units with face-shell bed, of 15 MPa when tested in accordance with AS 4456.4.
(b) Mortar is of type M3 (or type M4 if required for durability), that is, either a C1:L1:S6
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D2 LINTEL CAPACITY
The Tables are given for both simply supported (Tables D1 and D3) and continuous
(Tables D2 and D4) lintels as detailed in Figure D1. The Tables in this Appendix do not
apply where the bottom reinforcement continues straight through from the adjacent wall.
Capacity tables are given for the full range of thicknesses and depths shown in Figure D2.
The tables cover bar sizes N12, N16 and N20 for one and two bars, where two can fit (i.e.,
190 mm wide lintels).
NOTE: Linear interpolation of load capacity for other opening sizes is permitted.
AS 4773.1—2010
© Standards Australia
94
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
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95 AS 4773.1—2010
D3 DESIGN TABLES
Design tables are provided to cover the following:
(a) Table D1: 15 MPa block, single bars, simply supported lintel.
(b) Table D2: 15 MPa block, single bars, continuous lintel.
(c) Table D3: 15 MPa block, double bars, simply supported lintel.
(d) Table D4: 15 MPa block, double bars, continuous lintel.
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AS 4773.1—2010
© Standards Australia
TABLE D1
15 MPa BLOCKS, SINGLE BARS, SIMPLY SUPPORTED LINTEL
Load capacity (kN/m) in downward direction Load capacity (kN/m) in upward direction
Block Lintel
thickness depth Bar details Opening size, m Opening size, m
mm mm
0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4
140 190 1 N12 only 6 5 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
1 N16 only 7 6 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 7 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
1 N20 only 8 7 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 8 6 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
290 1 N12 T&B 27 17 9 5 3 2 1 1 0 30 21 12 8 6 4 4 3 2
1 N16 T&B 31 20 10 6 4 2 2 1 1 48 33 19 12 9 7 5 3 2
1 N20 T&B 29 19 9 5 3 2 1 1 1 49 34 19 12 9 7 5 3 2
390 1 N12 T&B 45 29 15 9 5 4 2 2 1 46 32 18 12 8 6 5 4 4
1 N16 T&B 74 48 25 15 10 7 5 3 2 70 54 30 20 14 10 8 7 5
96
1 N20 T&B 78 51 26 16 10 7 5 4 3 72 62 39 25 18 13 10 7 5
490 1 N12 T&B 63 41 21 12 8 5 3 2 2 61 42 24 16 11 9 7 6 5
1 N16 T&B 108 70 36 22 14 10 7 5 4 91 72 41 26 19 14 11 9 7
1 N20 T&B 128 99 51 31 21 15 11 8 6 93 80 59 38 27 20 16 13 9
590 1 N12 T&B 81 52 27 16 10 7 5 3 2 76 53 30 20 14 11 8 7 6
1 N16 T&B 141 92 48 29 19 13 9 7 5 111 91 51 33 23 18 14 11 9
1 N20 T&B 199 133 70 42 28 20 15 11 8 113 97 75 49 34 25 20 16 13
(continued)
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TABLE D1 (continued)
Load capacity (kN/m) in downward direction Load capacity (kN/m) in upward direction
Block Lintel
thickness depth Bar details Opening size, m Opening size, m
mm mm
0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4
190 190 1 N12 only 7 6 4 3 1 1 0 0 0 7 6 4 3 2 2 2 1 1
1 N16 only 9 7 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 8 7 4 3 2 2 2 1 1
1 N20 only 10 9 5 3 1 1 0 0 0 10 8 5 3 2 2 2 1 1
290 1 N12 T&B 27 17 9 5 3 2 1 0 0 32 22 13 8 6 5 4 3 3
1 N16 T&B 43 28 13 8 5 3 2 1 1 53 37 21 14 10 7 6 4 3
1 N20 T&B 40 25 14 7 5 3 2 1 1 55 46 26 17 12 9 6 4 3
390 1 N12 T&B 45 29 15 8 5 3 2 1 1 47 32 19 12 9 7 6 5 4
1 N16 T&B 77 50 26 15 10 7 5 3 2 75 56 32 21 15 11 9 7 6
1 N20 T&B 85 68 36 21 14 10 7 5 4 77 66 46 30 21 16 12 9 6
97
490 1 N12 T&B 63 41 20 12 7 5 3 2 1 62 43 25 16 12 9 7 6 5
1 N16 T&B 111 72 37 22 14 10 7 5 3 97 75 42 28 20 15 12 10 8
1 N20 T&B 137 105 54 33 22 15 11 8 6 99 85 62 40 28 21 17 14 11
590 1 N12 T&B 81 52 26 15 10 6 4 2 1 78 54 31 20 15 11 9 8 7
1 N16 T&B 144 93 48 29 19 13 9 6 5 119 94 53 34 24 18 15 12 10
1 N20 T&B 212 138 72 44 29 20 15 11 8 121 104 79 51 36 27 21 17 14
© Standards Australia
AS 4773.1—2010
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AS 4773.1—2010
© Standards Australia
TABLE D2
15 MPa BLOCKS, SINGLE BARS, CONTINUOUS LINTEL
Load capacity (kN/m) in downward direction Load capacity (kN/m) in upward direction
Block Lintel
thickness depth Bar details Opening size, m Opening size, m
mm mm
0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4
140 190 1 N12 only 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1
1 N16 only 7 6 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 7 6 4 3 2 2 1 1 1
1 N20 only 8 7 4 2 1 1 1 0 0 8 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 1
290 1 N12 T&B 34 22 11 6 4 3 2 1 1 38 26 15 10 7 5 4 3 3
1 N16 T&B 40 26 13 8 5 3 2 2 1 49 41 23 15 11 8 6 5 4
1 N20 T&B 37 34 12 7 5 3 2 1 1 51 42 24 15 11 8 6 5 4
390 1 N12 T&B 56 36 19 11 7 5 3 2 2 57 39 22 14 10 8 6 5 4
1 N16 T&B 80 61 31 19 13 9 6 5 3 70 60 37 24 17 13 10 8 7
98
1 N20 T&B 80 64 33 20 13 9 7 5 4 72 62 48 32 22 17 13 10 9
490 1 N12 T&B 79 51 26 16 10 7 5 3 2 76 52 30 19 14 10 8 7 6
1 N16 T&B 129 88 46 28 18 13 9 7 5 91 78 51 33 23 17 13 11 9
1 N20 T&B 128 100 65 40 26 19 14 10 8 93 80 62 47 33 25 19 15 13
590 1 N12 T&B 102 66 34 20 13 9 6 4 3 95 65 37 24 17 13 10 8 7
1 N16 T&B 177 115 60 36 24 17 12 9 7 111 96 64 41 29 22 17 14 11
1 N20 T&B 199 148 88 54 36 25 19 14 11 113 97 76 60 42 31 24 20 16
(continued)
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TABLE D2 (continued)
Load capacity (kN/m) in downward direction Load capacity (kN/m) in upward direction
Block Lintel
thickness depth Bar details Opening size, m Opening size, m
mm mm
0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4
190 190 1 N12 only 7 6 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 7 6 5 4 2 2 2 2 1
1 N16 only 9 7 5 4 2 1 1 0 0 8 7 5 4 3 2 2 2 1
1 N20 only 10 9 6 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 9 6 4 3 2 2 2 1
290 1 N12 T&B 34 22 11 6 4 2 1 1 0 39 26 15 10 7 6 5 4 3
1 N16 T&B 47 35 18 10 7 4 3 2 1 53 45 26 17 12 9 7 6 5
1 N20 T&B 47 22 16 10 6 4 3 2 1 55 47 32 21 15 11 9 7 6
390 1 N12 T&B 57 37 19 11 7 4 3 2 1 58 40 23 15 11 8 7 6 5
1 N16 T&B 85 63 33 19 13 9 6 4 3 75 64 39 25 18 14 11 9 7
1 N20 T&B 85 68 45 27 16 13 9 7 5 77 66 52 37 26 19 15 12 10
99
490 1 N12 T&B 80 51 26 15 10 6 4 3 2 77 53 30 20 14 11 9 7 6
1 N16 T&B 138 90 47 28 18 13 9 7 5 97 84 52 34 24 18 14 12 10
1 N20 T&B 137 106 69 42 28 19 14 11 8 99 85 67 50 35 26 20 16 14
590 1 N12 T&B 99 65 33 19 12 8 6 4 2 96 66 38 25 18 14 11 9 8
1 N16 T&B 175 114 59 36 24 16 12 9 6 119 103 65 43 30 23 18 14 12
1 N20 T&B 212 158 88 54 36 25 19 14 11 121 104 82 63 44 33 26 21 17
© Standards Australia
AS 4773.1—2010
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AS 4773.1—2010
© Standards Australia
TABLE D3
15 MPa BLOCKS, DOUBLE BARS, SIMPLY SUPPORTED LINTEL
Load capacity (kN/m) in downward direction Load capacity (kN/m) in upward direction
Block Lintel
thickness depth Bar details Opening size, m Opening size, m
mm mm
0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4
190 190 2 N12 only 9 8 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 9 7 4 3 2 2 2 1 1
2 N16 only 12 10 5 3 2 1 0 0 0 10 8 4 3 2 2 2 1 1
2 N20 only 12 10 5 3 1 1 0 0 0 11 8 5 3 2 2 2 1 1
290 2 N12 T&B 46 30 15 9 6 4 2 2 1 53 39 22 15 10 8 6 4 3
2 N16 T&B 43 28 14 8 5 3 2 1 1 56 45 25 17 12 9 6 4 3
2 N20 T&B 40 25 13 7 5 3 2 1 1 59 46 26 17 12 9 6 4 3
390 2 N12 T&B 86 56 29 17 11 8 5 4 3 75 60 34 22 16 12 9 8 6
2 N16 T&B 89 72 38 23 15 10 7 5 4 78 67 52 34 24 18 14 9 6
2 N20 T&B 91 69 36 21 14 10 7 5 4 82 70 43 34 24 18 14 9 6
100
490 2 N12 T&B 123 80 41 25 16 11 8 6 4 97 81 46 30 21 16 13 10 9
2 N16 T&B 143 111 69 42 28 20 14 11 8 100 86 67 49 35 26 20 16 12
2 N20 T&B 144 112 70 42 28 20 14 11 8 104 89 70 57 41 31 24 17 12
590 2 N12 T&B 159 104 54 32 21 14 10 7 5 119 101 57 37 26 20 16 13 11
2 N16 T&B 221 163 92 56 37 26 19 14 11 122 105 82 63 44 33 26 21 17
2 N20 T&B 222 165 108 70 47 33 25 19 15 126 108 85 70 59 46 36 29 20
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TABLE D4
15 MPa BLOCKS, DOUBLE BARS, CONTINUOUS LINTEL
Load capacity (kN/m) in downward direction Load capacity (kN/m) in upward direction
Block Lintel
thickness depth Bar details Opening size, m Opening size, m
mm mm
0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 0.9 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4
190 190 2 N12 only 9 8 6 4 2 1 1 0 0 9 7 5 4 3 2 2 2 1
2 N16 only 12 10 6 4 2 1 1 0 0 10 9 5 4 3 2 2 2 1
2 N20 only 12 10 6 3 2 1 1 0 0 11 9 6 4 3 2 2 2 1
290 2 N12 T&B 49 37 19 11 7 5 3 2 2 53 45 28 28 13 10 8 6 5
2 N16 T&B 50 35 18 10 7 4 3 2 1 56 48 32 20 15 11 9 7 6
2 N20 T&B 50 32 16 10 6 4 3 2 1 59 51 32 21 15 11 9 7 6
390 2 N12 T&B 88 71 36 22 14 10 7 5 4 75 64 42 27 19 15 11 9 8
2 N16 T&B 89 72 47 29 19 13 10 7 5 78 67 52 42 30 22 17 14 12
2 N20 T&B 91 73 45 27 18 13 9 7 5 82 70 55 43 30 22 17 14 12
101
490 2 N12 T&B 142 100 52 31 21 14 10 8 6 97 83 57 37 26 20 15 12 10
2 N16 T&B 143 111 76 53 35 25 18 14 11 100 86 67 55 43 32 25 20 17
2 N20 T&B 144 112 77 54 36 25 19 14 11 104 89 70 57 49 38 29 23 19
590 2 N12 T&B 200 130 68 41 27 19 14 10 8 119 103 71 46 33 24 19 15 13
2 N16 T&B 221 163 107 71 47 34 25 19 15 122 105 82 68 55 41 32 25 21
2 N20 T&B 222 165 108 80 60 42 32 24 19 126 108 85 70 59 52 44 35 29
© Standards Australia
AS 4773.1—2010
AS 4773.1—2010 102
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.4 Part 4: Earthquake actions
AS/NZS
1170 Structural design actions
1170.0 Part 0: General principles
1170.2 Part 2: Wind actions
2311 Guide to the painting of buildings
Lawrence, S., ‘The Use of Characteristic Strengths in Masonry Design’ Australian Journal
of Structural Engineering, V7, N3, 2007.
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103 AS 4773.1—2010
AS 4773.1—2010
CORRECTION
SUMMARY: This Amendment applies to Clauses 10.2 and 12.4, and Table 11.1(A).
Published on 8 September 2011.
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AS 4773.1—2010
104
NOTES
Standards Australia
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also supports excellence in design and innovation through the Australian Design Awards.
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