Rules of Differentiation

1. Derivative of a Constant If a = e:

𝑑 𝑑 1 1
𝑘=0 (log 𝑒 𝑥) = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ln 𝑒)𝑥 𝑥

2. Derivative of a Constant Multiple 6. Derivative of a Logarithmic Function

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1
[𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) log 𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ln 𝑎) 𝑥

3. Derivative of a Polynomial Function 7. Derivative of a Composite Function (Chain Rule)

𝑑 𝑛 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥

4. Derivative of a Sum (or Difference) 8. Derivative of a Product of Functions (Product Rule)

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. Derivative of an Exponential Function 9. Derivative of a Quotient of Functions (Quotient Rule)

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑑
𝑎 = (ln 𝑎) 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑔(𝑥)2 ]

If a = e:

𝑑 𝑥
𝑒 = (ln 𝑒) 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Rules of Integration
1. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 4. ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑎𝑥
2. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 ; 𝑛 ≠ −1 5. ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛+1 ln 𝑎

∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

3. ∫ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑎 𝑘𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑎𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶; 𝑘 ≠ 0
𝑘 ∙ ln 𝑎

𝑒 𝑘𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶; 𝑘 ≠0
𝑘

Derivative of Trig Functions

𝑑 𝑑
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 ∙ cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
tan 𝑥 = (sec 𝑥)2 cot 𝑥 = −(csc 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Derivative of Inverse Trig Functions

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
arcsin 𝑥 = arccot 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

𝑑 −1 𝑑 1
arccos 𝑥 = [−1, 1] arcsec 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1

𝑑 1 𝑑 −1
arctan 𝑥 = arccsc 𝑥 = ; |𝑥| > 1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 − 1