CE-106 Geomatics - I

Tacheometry
by

Jayanta Kumar Ghosh, Ph.D.

Geomatics Engineering Group
Civil Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee Uttarakhand 247667 INDIA
gjkfumfce@iitr.ernet.in
 Tacheometry
2 Uses of Tacheometry
3 Instrument
4 Systems of Tacheometric Measurement
4.1 Stadia Systems
4.1.1 Fixed-hair method or Stadia method
4.1.1.1 Principle of Stadia method
4.1.1.2 Determination of Tacheometric Constants
4.1.1.3 Anallactic Lens
4.1.1.4 Inclined Stadia Measurements
4.1.1.5 Uses of Stadia Method
4.1.1.6 Errors in Stadia Measurement
4.2 Non - stadia systems
4.2.1 Tangential Method
4.2.1.1 When Both vertical Angles are Angles of Elevation
4.2.1.2 When Both Vertical Angles are Depression Angles
4.2.1.3 When one of the Vertical Angles is Elevation Angle
and the other is Depression Angle

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 Principle of Stadia method

d = K.s --------------------- (1)

D = Ks + C ---------------------- (2)
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 Determination of Tacheometric Constants

Anallactic Lens

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 Inclined Stadia Measurements

H = (Ks cos q + C) cos q

Or H = Ks cos2 q + C cos q ----------------- (3)
V = (K s cos q + c) sin q
V = Ks sin q cos q + C sin q ----------------- (4)
• ------------ (5)

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 Uses of Stadia Method
• The stadia method of surveying is particularly useful for following cases:
• In differential leveling, the backsight and foresight distances are
balanced conveniently if the level is equipped with stadia hairs.
• In profile leveling and cross sectioning, stadia is a convenient means of
finding distances from level to points on which rod readings are taken.
• In rough trigonometric, or indirect, leveling with the transit, the stadia
method is more rapid than any other method.
• For traverse surveying of low relative accuracy, where only horizontal
angles and distances are required, the stadia method is a useful rapid
method.
• On surveys of low relative accuracy - particularly topographic surveys-
where both the relative location of points in a horizontal plane and the
elevation of these points are desired, stadia is useful. The horizontal
angles, vertical angles, and the stadia interval are observed, as each
point is sighted; these three observations define the location of the
point sighted.
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 Errors in Stadia Measurement
• Error in Stadia Interval factor
• Error in staff graduations
• Incorrect stadia Interval
• Error in verticality of staff
• Error due to refraction
• Error in vertical angle

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 Non - stadia systems
Tangential Method
• When Both vertical Angles are Angles of
Elevation
• When Both Vertical Angles are Depression
Angles
• When one of the Vertical Angles is
Elevation Angle and the other is
Depression Angle

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 When Both vertical Angles are Angles of
Elevation
V = D tan θ1
and V+s = D tan θ 2

• Thus, s = D ( tan θ 2 - tan θ 1 )

• -------------------- Equation (6)

• -------------------- Equation (7)

• R.L. of Q = (R.L. of P + h) + V – r -------------------- (8) where, h is the

height of the instrument, r is the staff reading corresponding to lower
vane.

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When Both Vertical Angles are Depression Angles

V = D tan θ 1 and V-s = D tan θ 2

Thus, s = D ( tan θ 1 - tan θ 2 )
----------------- (9)

-------------------- (10)
• R.L. of Q = (R.L. of P + h) - V – r --------- (11)
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 When one of the Vertical Angles is Elevation Angle and the other is
Depression Angle

V = D tan θ 1 and s - V = D tan θ 2

Thus, s = D ( tan θ 2 + tan θ 1 ) ------------------- (12)

R.L. of Q = (R.L. of P + h) - V – r ---------------- (14)

where, h is the height of the instrument, r is the staff reading
corresponding to lower vane.

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 SUMMARY & GLOSSARY
SUMMARY
In difficult terrain the horizontal distance and vertical
elevation between points are conveniently computed
through tacheometry. It may be based on either staff interrupt or
trigonometric principle. However, it provides not so accurate
measurement.

Glossary
Tacheometer : a transit theodolite fitted with stadia hairs.
Stadia Hairs : There are cross-hairs fitted additionally in the
diaphragm of telescope, parallel to original horizontal cross-
hairs.
Subtence Bar : is a rod of fixed length mounted horizontally on a
tripod stand.
Thanking You