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Procediaonline
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at Science 00 (2017) 000–000
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ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 408–415

The 7th International Conference on Current and Future Trends of Information and
The 7th International Conference
Communication on Current
Technologies in and Future Trends
Healthcare of Information and
(ICTH 2017)
Communication Technologies in Healthcare (ICTH 2017)
IoT Based Low Cost Single Sensor Node Remote Health
IoT Based Low Cost Single Sensor Node Remote Health
Monitoring System
Monitoring System
Venkata Virajit Garbhapu*, Sundararaman Gopalan
Venkata Virajit Garbhapu*, Sundararaman Gopalan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita School
University, India of Engineering, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita
690525
University, India 690525

Abstract
Abstract
In developing countries, population increase is not sufficiently matched by increase in available health care resources. Inspite of
In developing
technology countries,
advances, population
proper medicalincrease
facilityisand
notresources
sufficiently
arematched
still not by increase
available to in available
a large health care
percentage resources. especially
of population, Inspite of
technology
those havingadvances,
low income proper
andmedical
living infacility
rural orand resources
remote areas.are still not
There is anavailable to a large
urgent need percentage of population,
for development a low cost and especially
highly
those having
reliable low income
technology and livinghealthcare
for monitoring in rural orforremote
those areas.
livingThere
in suchis an urgent
areas that need for development
provides of a of
rapid monitoring lowbasic
cost vital
and highly
health
reliable technology
parameters for largefor monitoring
numbers healthcare
of people, for those
and making thisliving in suchavailable
data readily areas that
to provides rapid monitoring
doctor present anywhere inofthe basic vitalA health
world. novel
parameters for large
and an efficient numbersdevice
biomedical of people,
has and
beenmaking
designedthis which
data readily available
can quickly to doctor
monitor the present anywhere
vital signs in the
of large world.ofApeople
number novel
and an efficientand
simultaneously biomedical
transmit device has been designed
that information wirelesslywhich
to thecan quickly
doctor monitorfacility
or medical the vital signsanywhere
present of large number of people
in the world. The
simultaneously and transmit
instrument is represented by that
a hubinformation
and spokewirelessly
model with to the doctor
spokes or medical
being facilitynodes
the sensor present anywhere
consisting of in the world. The
a microcontroller
instrument
MSP430G2553 is represented by a hub
and a wireless and spoke
transceiver model with
nRF24L01 (IEEEthe802.15.4).
spokes being the sensor
The hub consistsnodes
of a consisting
Raspberry ofPi a3 microcontroller
with the same
MSP430G2553
transceiver. The anddataareceived
wirelessattransceiver
the hub can nRF24L01 (IEEEto802.15.4).
be transmitted the doctorThe hub consists
through the inbuiltof IEEE
a Raspberry
802.11 Pi 3 with
(Wi-Fi the same
protocol) of
transceiver.
Raspberry PiThe datathat
3. All received at the hubneeds
the instrument can betotransmitted to the doctor
work is a Wi-Fi through the
or an Ethernet inbuilt IEEE
connection 802.11
and all (Wi-Finodes
the sensor protocol) of
can be
Raspberry
powered fromPi 3.
theAll
cointhat
cellthe instrument needs to work is a Wi-Fi or an Ethernet connection and all the sensor nodes can be
batteries.
powered from the coin cell batteries.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2017 The under
Peer-review Authors. Published by
responsibility of Elsevier B.V. Program Chairs.
the Conference
Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.
Keywords: Low Cost; Single Sensor; Rural Health care; Biomedical Device; Vital signs; MSP430G2553; Raspberry Pi 3;
Keywords: Low Cost;
nRF24L01(Wireless Single Sensor;
Transceiver); IEEE Rural
802.15.4;Health
IEEE care; Biomedical Device; Vital signs; MSP430G2553; Raspberry Pi 3;
802.11
nRF24L01(Wireless Transceiver); IEEE 802.15.4; IEEE 802.11

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +919959744933

E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding Tel.: +919959744933
virajitviru1995@gmail.com
E-mail address: virajitviru1995@gmail.com
1877-0509 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review
1877-0509 ©under
2017responsibility
The Authors. of the Conference
Published Program
by Elsevier B.V. Chairs.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.

1877-0509 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Conference Program Chairs.
10.1016/j.procs.2017.08.357
 Venkata Virajit Garbhapu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 408–415 409
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2015) 000–000

1. Introduction

Rural healthcare is one of the biggest challenges in world, especially in developing nations with more than
55% population living in rural areas and the low level of the health facilities add more to the problem1. An article in
India Today2 states that India has 48 doctors per 100,000 patients. The global deficit in rural coverage is 2.5 times
higher than that in urban areas3. There is a wide urban-rural inequity in the availability of medical services. The ILO
(International Labour Office) identifies that a minimum of 41 health workers are required per 10,000 population to
provide universal health coverage3. Not only are the number of doctors available in rural areas inadequate, there is
also a lack of proper infrastructure in these areas. In addition, the setup and maintenance of diagnostic equipment is
expensive and difficult.
Majority of the people die due to preventable and curable diseases like diarrhoea, measles and typhoid. The
approximate number of people without access to critical medicines is about 1.7 billion4. In developing nations like
India over 5 66% of rural people don’t have access to critical medicines. There is a challenge involved in travelling
large distances for normal health check-up. For example, in India 31% of population travels more than 30Kms to
seek healthcare in rural India. Rural healthcare centres are short of trained health medical persons. To control the
spread of any disease and reduce the growing rates of mortality due to lack of adequate health care facilities, special
attention needs to be given to health care in rural areas.
The key challenges in the rural healthcare sector are low income of village folks, lack of awareness and
limited access to facilities. For example in rural India 650 million people live on just ₹33 per day6. With this income
it would be difficult for an individual to have an access to good medical facilities. Hence there is a great need to
develop a large scale health monitoring system that is cheap, efficient and easy to use. Here, the emphasis on low
cost cannot be understated because we need to be provide the medical care for even the poorest section of society.
One of the first initiatives in rural health care was Telemedicine, which although enjoyed some success, has
had lot of problems as well. Diagnosis via video conferencing can be challenging especially when reception is poor.
In addition, high cost of infrastructure and maintenance, and difficulty in transporting and setting up large
equipment at remote areas have made telemedicine a viable option only to areas close to major cities where high
costs of investment can be justified. Whitten P et al 2003 carried out a case study of two rural telemedicine projects.
The comparison of two projects resulted in a simple conclusion that the crucial element in determining the success
of the telemedicine is the organization in which it is intended to launch. Each organization operates within a larger
environment, which is often constrained by fiscal, geographical and personnel factors. So for a better
implementation of telemedicine8 a detailed study becomes necessary.
There were several other innovations9 in past decade to monitor the vital signs of human body. Vital signs
are measurements of the body's most basic functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical
professionals and health care providers include Body temperature, Pulse rate, Respiration rate (rate of breathing),
Blood pressure where appropriate, and blood oxygen saturation level (Blood pressure is not considered a vital sign,
but is often measured along with the vital signs). In most hospitals, the patients will have had their vital signs
measured by a registered nurse or health care assistant before they can meet the doctor. Usually, these parameters
are monitored only when the patient is sick or as part of a monthly or annual check-up as the case may be. However,
these values are of such great importance that by regular monitoring of these parameters on a more frequent basis
can immensely help in prevention or early detection and cure of an ailment or condition. Brat Spruijt et al 2013 10
have determined that inclusion of vital signs such as heart rate and respiratory rate in the prediction models for
serious bacterial infections (SBI’s) in febrile children. It is believed that 80% of the health problems can be initially
diagnosed with the help of these vital signs.
V Kini et al 201511 have proposed a solution for this by collecting the vital signs using different
microcontroller for each sensor end. And a wireless transceiver is placed on the each microcontroller (sensor end) to
transmit the data. All the parameters required for the measuring of the vital signs are taken from the wrist itself. So
using multiple microcontrollers to measure the vital signs would increase the cost of building a sensor node and size
would also increase proportionally. The usage of booster pack transceiver CC310012 in Kini’s paper has limited
them with the number of pins available (CC3100 is a 20 pin on chip Wi-Fi network processor) and hence only a
single sensor could be embedded with the microcontroller. George Stoyanov et al 201513 have developed a compact
solution of Biomedical Wireless Sensor Network (BWSN) where a number of sensor nodes have to be placed on the
different locations of the body. It again increases the number of microcontrollers and the transceivers required.
Nevin Alex Jacob et al 2011 14 have developed a kit for low cost remote patient monitoring based on universal serial
410 Venkata Virajit Garbhapu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 408–415
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2015) 000–000 3

bus plug-in model to calibrate the vital signs, the data transfer would take place with the help of the User Datagram
Protocol (UDP). This universal serial bus model would require a laptop to collect the data and transmit it to the
doctor. This model cannot enable the simultaneous large scale monitoring as the data is stored in individual laptops
and not in a common data base.

2. Overview of the Proposed Design

The proposed design is a single wrist band that the patient has to carry to collect the information regarding
the vital signs of the patient hence limiting the number of transducers required per person to one. The motivation
and the advantage of this design is that it reduces the unnecessary data transfers as all the data would be transmitted
in a single fly. A simple wristband as shown in the Fig 1 is what the patient has to carry. Hence a composite
structure of Biomedical Sensor Network (BSN) is no longer absolutely essential. However if more parameters are to
be measured other than vital signs then we may need to add different senor nodes.

Fig 1 Simulation Model of Wrist Band

The transceiver module being used in the paper is nRF24L0115 which works on basic IEEE 802.15.4
protocol and consumes very less power compared to other propriety protocols like BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy),
ZigBee, etc. Not only nRF24L01 is a low cost transceiver chip but also a low power transceiver chip with data rate
2Mbps. Table 1 shows the comparison of the parameters of nRF24L01 vs the other protocols. It can be seen that
under all conditions, it consumes lower power, has a higher data rate, and is available at much lower cost. Most
importantly six data pipe Multiceiver capability of nRF24L01 helps to create mesh networks.

Table 1 Comparison between ZigBee, RF and BLE protocol

Criteria ZigBee nRF4L01 BLE
Cost(Unit Price) $6.4 $1.4 $5.4
Power Consumption(Tx/Rx active) 23-39mA 12.3mA 16.6mA
Standby Mode 2-3mA 20µA 2-5mA
Data Rate 250Kbps 2Mbps 1Mbps

The vital signs are continuously monitored by the sensors and the corresponding readings are transferred to
the MSP430G255316, which is an ultra-low-power microcontroller. The voltage reading from the sensors are
calibrated and converted into their corresponding units (for example temperature measurements have to be sent in
degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit) processed in a fashion understood by the doctor.
Once the data is available at MSP430 it needs to be sent to the doctor for the detailed study. The nRF24L01
transceiver chip which operates in 2.4GHz ISM serves this purpose. Now the important decision is whether to place
the other transceiver chip (which collects the data) on the MSP430 or on any other microcontroller. We have opted
for Raspberry Pi 3 (an ATM card sized processor to which memory can be added, and costing around $50) because
of its inbuilt Wi-Fi capability. In addition to having Wi-Fi capability, one could also add up to two nRF24L01
modules onto it which helps in communicating with the sensor nodes without additional hardware or protocol
conversion. If any other microcontroller has been used we will not be allowed to use the SPI as the nRF24L01 will
be sitting on it and hence constraining us from adding other modules.
The data from the Raspberry Pi 3 can be sent to the doctor present anywhere in the world with the inbuilt
 Venkata Virajit Garbhapu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 408–415 411
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2015) 000–000

802.11 protocol of Raspberry Pi 3. Thus the advantage of the proposed design is that vital signs can be monitored by
experts in any corner of the world having Wi-Fi. In case of absence of Wi-Fi the Raspberry Pi 3 can be turned to a
hotspot and the data stored in it can be transferred to any mobile connected as a client.

3. Architecture Description

The architecture skeleton for monitoring a single patient is represented in Fig 2. The sensors, with the
microcontroller act as Data Acquisition Systems (DAQ) and collect the vital signs. The advantage of this design is
that, the data can be collected at very low intervals, up to a minimum of two minutes. The collected data is
transmitted over the standard 802.15.4 protocol to Raspberry Pi 3.

Fig 2 Architecture Skeleton for monitoring a single patient

3.1. Hardware Architecture

The Hardware architecture consists of sensors – Temperature sensor and the Pulse Oximeter.
Temperature Sensor: The normal human body temperature varies depending on the gender, recent activity, food
and fluid consumption, and in women, the stage of menstrual cycle. Normal body temperature for a healthy adult
ranges from 36.50C (97.70F) to 37.20C (98.960F).
While there are several body locations to measure the temperature, we have chosen the wrist because the target
accuracy of the age old ‘axillary’ location matches with that of the wrist. We have used the high precision centigrade
temperature sensor LM35 to measure the temperature. The LM35 is a monolithic integrated circuit that produces an
output voltage linearly proportional to the centigrade temperature. The datasheet of LM35 specifies that for every 0.
250C rise in temperature a change of 2.5mV is absorbed at the analog voltage reading. Neglecting the negative
temperatures we have chosen range of 00C to 1500C and the reference voltage used is 3.3V which corresponds to the
highest temperature. The resolution of the ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is 10 bit (for MSP430) and hence a
2.5mV/0.250C can be identified.
Let the temperature and the corresponding digital reading be indicated by T and x respectively then the value of
Temperature in Celsius can be calculated as shown in equation (1)
150  x
T C (1)
1024

In the cases where the patient’s condition requires more sensitivity, the ADC can be calibrated so that even
a 0.10C change in temperature can also be detected.
Pulse Oximeter: A pulse oximeter is a non-invasive device capable of monitoring the blood oxygen saturation
level and pulse rate of the person. For the pulse oximeter, we use a module which consists of an optical transmitter,
optical sensor with transimpedence amplifier embedded in it (TSL257 manufactured by Austria Microsystems
Semiconductor Inc.17) and a band pass filter to remove the unwanted frequencies.
The core theory behind the pulse oximetry is the variability of absorption coefficient of photons going through
human tissues at different wavelengths. At wavelength the oxygenated haemoglobin (Hb) and deoxygenated
412 Venkata Virajit Garbhapu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 408–415
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2015) 000–000 5

haemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) have different absorption coefficient. Wavelengths 650nm and 990nm have been chosen
based on availability and correspond to Red LED and Infrared LED. The ratio of absorption (R) (shown in equation
(2)) of Hb and deoxy-Hb at both these wavelengths can be used to determine the oxygen saturation level in blood by
standard methods18 which then gets stored in the Raspberry Pi 3.

AC 650 (2)
DC 650
R
AC 990
DC990

Based on the ratio of absorbance determined at the receiver SpO2 (saturated oxygen) can be picked out from
the existing comparison tables, stored at the Raspberry Pi 3. These tables have been calculated with the help of
theoretical concepts and the existing empirical formulae. To obtain an error free calibration, the comparison tables
can be generated by collecting the samples of healthy patients. The design of the pulse oximeter of the pulse
oximeter is represented in Fig 3.

Fig 3. Design of Pulse Oximeter

The transmitter is composed of 650nm (Red) LED and a 990nm (Infrared) LED which are controlled by the
MSP430. After the light passes through the body, it enters the receiver where the photodetector converts the light
signal to a current and the transimpedence amplifier converts the current signal to a voltage signal providing a small
gain. The photodetector and the transimpedence amplifier are embedded in the TSL257 IC that has an internal
resistance of 1MΩ and acts as an input buffer and hence will not sink the input signal. After passing through
TSL257, the signal contains lots of other undesired frequency components. A band-pass filter is needed to remove
the undesired signal, leaving the desired frequency. The receiver filter is set 0.8 Hz to 3 Hz as the pass band since
the gain is around 20dB in that region. The complete simulation model of the receiver circuit is shown in the Fig 4.

Fig 4 Simulation Model of Receiver Circuit Fig 5 Algorithm implementation for SpO2

The ratio which is determined from the receiver circuit by implementing the algorithm represented in Fig 5
is transferred to the Raspberry Pi 3 which then compares and determines the oxygen content in blood. The interrupt
sampling can be used to determine the heart rate by using an algorithm implemented in MSP430 as shown in Fig 6.
Two analog read pins A0 and A1 are being used respectively to collect the samples corresponding to Temperature
sensor and pulse oximeter. In general the ADC can process only a single channel at any instant, so a small delay is
required between two acquisitions. It’s a thumb rule to allow two or more cycles between acquisitions of the input
for an error free calibration. Hence a time delay of 10ms is chosen. The final implementation of the sensor node is
shown in the Fig 7
 Venkata Virajit Garbhapu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 408–415 413
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2015) 000–000

Fig 6 Algorithm Implementation for Heart Rate Fig 7 MSP430G2553 with LM35 and the optical transmitter

3.2. Protocol Architecture

The IEEE 802.15.4 is a technical standard which specifies the physical layer and the media access control for
low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs). It offers advantage of short-range communication at lower
power and lower cost compared to even Wi-Fi which offers more bandwidth but also consumes more power. The
basic framework involves a 10-meter communications range with a transfer rate of 250 Kbits/sec. The transfer rates
can be made as low as 20 and 40 Kbits/sec to reduce the power consumption. The nRF24L01 chip used along with
MSP430 and Raspberry Pi 3 enables the 802.15.4 protocol to transmit the data to the Raspberry Pi 3 which cannot
directly communicate with the 802.15.4 packet. The nRF24L01 is a single chip 2.4GHz (2.400 - 2.4835GHz)
transceiver with an embedded baseband protocol engine (Enhanced ShockBurst™), designed for ultralow power
wireless applications. The nRF4L01 can be accessed through the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) of any
microcontroller which makes the register map readily available to configure the frequency channel, air data rate and
the output power.
Once the data from the ADC is available in an understandable format it has to be transmitted to the Raspberry Pi
3. For this the transmission has to be initiated from the nRF24L01 of the MSP430. All the registers of the nRF24L01
can be accessed through the MSP430 via SPI communication. The new packet uploaded to the TX FIFO has to be
transmitted, the CE bit should be set high during the transmission period. It is important to note that the transmitter
and the receiver must be programmed with the same air data rate in order to communicate with each other. In this
paper we have used the 1Mbps data rate to minimize the current consumption of the transceiver. Both the
transceivers at the sensor node and at the hub end must be tuned in the same frequency to communicate with each
other. The PA (Power Amplifier) can be used to control the transmission current consumption and therefore the
power output from the nRF4L0. In the receiving mode, the steps followed are same as that of transmission mode
except that they have to be implemented at the Raspberry Pi 3 end. The nRF24L01 at the Raspberry Pi 3 end has to
be enabled as receiver by making the PRIM-RX bit of the CONFIG register high. Enhanced ShockBurst™ of
nRF24L01 is a packet based layer 2 (data link layer) of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model that enables
automatic packet handling, acknowledgement and re-transmissions of packets. It enables the significant
improvements of power efficiency for bi-directional and unidirectional systems. Enhanced ShockBurst™ packet
contains preamble field (1Byte), address field (3 to 5 Bytes), payload field (1 to 32 Bytes) and a CRC (Cyclic
Redundancy Check) field (1 to 2 Bytes).
Once the data is received by the Raspberry Pi 3 it can be stored as text files and with the help of inbuilt 802.11
(Wi-Fi) protocol it can be sent as an email to the doctor and the patient. In order to ensure that the transmission takes
place the Raspberry Pi 3 should be connected to an Ethernet or a working Wi-Fi. It can also be transferred to the
hospital data base which stores the patient information for further studies. In the case of absence of working Wi-Fi
or an Ethernet connection Raspberry Pi 3 can be converted as a hotspot using the DNSMASQ (Data Network Server
for Small Networks) and a mobile can be connected to it and the data can be pulled from the Raspberry Pi 3.
 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2015) 000–000 7
414 Venkata Virajit Garbhapu et al. / Procedia Computer Science 113 (2017) 408–415

Fig 8 nRF4L0 and MSP430 Fig 9 nRF4L01 and Raspberry Pi 3

3.3. Large Scale Architecture

A mesh network of nRF24L01 can be created with

the help of the 6 data pipe multiceiver capability of the
transceiver module as shown in Fig 10. The initial step
to form a network is to assign unique device
identification number ranging from 1 to 255 to sensor
nodes present in the network. The nRF24L01
configured at Person 6 (in Fig 10) in our case forms the
intermediate hub and hence the primary receiver that
can be receiving the data from six different addressed
data pipes (in our case person 1 to person 5) in the same
frequency channel. To begin with the reception all the
data pipes are searched simultaneously by enabling the
Enhanced ShockBurst™ of the nRF4L01. Fig 10 Mesh network of nRF4L01

4. Measurement Analysis

The readings collected every 3 minutes for two persons is shown in Table 2.a and 2.b. This data was stored in
the Raspberry Pi 3 which acts a temporary database till the data is being retrieved by the server (shown in Fig 11).
The results of the temperature tabulated demonstrate an accuracy of 98% when compared with the thermometer
readings whereas the Heart rate demonstrate an accuracy of 95% when compared with the standard pulse rate.
Table 2.a Readings of Temperature and Heart Rate Table 2.b Readings of Blood Oxygen Level
Temperature Sensor Sensor Sensor Thermometer Blood Sensor Sensor Sensor
Reading Reading Reading Reading Oxygen Reading Reading Reading
T=1min T= 4min T=7min level

Person 1 37.00C 36.90C 36.90C 36.90C Person 1 95% 97% 96%

Person 2 37.10C 37.00C 37.10C 37.10C Person 2 94% 94% 94%
Heart Rate Sensor Sensor Sensor Pulse Rate
Reading Reading Reading Fig 11 Data stored as .txt files in Raspberry pi 3
Person 1 60bpm 65bpm 67bpm 68bpm
Person 2 68bpm 69bpm 68bpm 70bpm
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8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2015) 000–000

5. Cost Analysis and Device Packaging

The circuits designed to measure the vital signs can be embedded into the shape of a wrist band as shown in Fig
1. The dimensions of the PCB simulations of transmitter and the receiver circuits of pulse oximeter, Surface Mount
Device (SMD) versions of the nRF24L01 and MSP430 are mentioned in Table 3 along with cost of the developing
a single sensor node. The evaluation board MSP430G2553 has been used in the working model, which would be
substituted by a programmed microcontroller in the real scenario. The Raspberry Pi 3 at the hub end costs around
$50 but the quantity required are far less when compared to the sensor nodes. The overall cost for building the
sensor node accounts to $8.4.
Table 3 Size and Cost of Building a Sensor Node
Component Dimension (Length * Breadth) in mm Cost (in USD)
LM35 1 × 3 (Through Hole) $2
Pulse Oximeter 7 × 4 (PCB) $2
MSP430G553 9.80 × 6.60 (SMD) $2.4
nRF4L01 33.1089 × 15.0622 (SMD) $2

Summary and Conclusion

A new design for a low cost IoT based Biomedical kit has been realised which can monitor the
vital signs with an accuracy of 98% and 95% for temperature readings and pulse rate respectively, for the people in
rural areas at a rapid rate for a larger number of people. The kit includes a temperature sensor, pulse oximeter,
MSP430 and nRF4L01 for the wireless transmission of the data to the hub which consists of Raspberry Pi 3. Hence
we conclude that the prosposed design can be definitely implemented on a larger scale in real life.

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