Introduction

into
particle measurement
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 1
 Content - 1
1 What are particles?
2 Aims of measurements
3 Definition of the size of particles
3.1 Spheric shape
3.2 Equivalent diameter
3.3 Example for different results
3.4 Often used equivalent diameters
4 Presentation of results
4.1 Frequency attributes
4.2 Example for Number and Mass distribution
4.3 Primary result
4.4 Different displaying
5 How to display practically the results
5.1 Estimation of the number of classes
5.2 Important single Parameters of a (Normal-) Distribution: mean
5.3 Important single Parameters of a (Normal-) Distribution: standard deviation

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 2
 Content - 2
5.4 Mean error of a single measurand
5.5 Average error of the mean
5.6 Example for drawing a histogram / cumulative histogram
5.7 Hot points and conclusions
6 Measurement of fine dust
6.1 Euro standards and limits
6.2 Typical measurement principles
6.2.1 Gravimetric principles
6.2.2 Photometric principles
6.2.3 Condensation nucleus counters
6.2.4 Aerosol electrometer
6.3 PMG19-01
6.4 Results

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 3
 1 What are particles?
At least one material is distributed in another material
For the distributed matter (particles) as well as the connected matter are all
states of aggregation possible.
Examples:

Particles Distributed matter Connected matter

Dust Solid material gas

(Bath-) sponge gas Solid material

Fog Liquid material gas

Foam gas Liquid material

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 4
 2 Aims of measurements

● Particle size and size distribution

● Particle concentration, total and depending of size classes

● Particle speed

● Particle flow behaviour

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 5
 3 Definition of the size of a particle
Different kind of Pollen
What is the size of a particle?

Snow Fiber (waste)

hawkbit

Fir tree

Photo: Etienne Gaultier (LMM) poppy

Photos: Etienne Gaultier (LMM)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 6
 3.1 Spheric shape

To describe the size of a particle with only one parameter (the diameter) is
only possible for a completely spheric ball!

The ball: Diameter

In practice, this is nearly never the case!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 7
 3.2 Equivalent diameter

The size of a particle is defined according to a ball with the same behaviour:

● diameter of a ball with the same volume

● diameter of a ball with the same shadow
● diameter of a ball with the same light scattering
● diameter of a ball with the same sedimentation speed
and so on…..

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 8
 3.3 Example for different results
Every measurement principle is measuring according to a different
equivalent diameter
Example: particle: Cylinder Ø 100 µm, h=200 µm

Analysis by microscope Analysis by sieve

Primary measurand: Primary measurand:

Area of shadow = 20.000µm2 Mesh size = 100µm
Ball with the same area of shadow: d = 160µm Ball of the same mesh size: d = 100µm
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 9
3.4 Often used equivalent diameters

The diameter of a ball:

● equal scattered light (different scattering light measurement principles)

● equal shadow area (Extinction measurement principles, microscope)

● equal volume (Coulter principle)

● equal smallest through going

diameter (Sieve analysis)

● Equal sedimentation speed (sedimentation principles)

And so on!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 10
 4 Presentation of results
Particle size spectrum:

A used
frequency
Attribute
in %

A used equivalent diameter

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 11
 4.1 Frequency attributes

Dimen- Name Distribution Meaning

sion
0 Number Number distribution How many of the particles
(in %) are in this range
1 Line Line distribution How many of the lines (in %) are
in this range
2 surface Surface distribution How many of the surface (in %)
are in this range
3 Volume Volume distribution How many of the volume (in %)
are in this range

Mostly used are the number distribution and the volume distribution

The volume distribution is equal to the mass distribution, if the

density of the material is equal
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 12
 4.2 Example for number and mass
distribution of the same result
Number distribution Mass distribution

What it show: What it show:

How many % of the total number of How many % of the total mass of the
particles are in the different classes particles are in the different classes

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 13
 4.3 Primary result
The primary result is depending from the measurement method:

Single particle counting measurements (e.g. scattering light, light blockade) determine
the total number and the number per class by counting.

A calculation into a mass distribution is only possible with the assumption of a spheric
shape of all particles and a equal density. Both is mostly not given.

Gravimetric measurement methods (e.g. sieve analysis) determine the total mass and
the masses per class, e.g. by a balance after separation.

A calculation into a number distribution is only possible with the assumption of a spheric
shape of all particles and a equal density. Both is mostly not given.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 14
 4.4 Different displaying
Histogram Cumulative Histogram

A used A used
frequency frequency
Attribute Attribute
in % in % 100

A used equivalent diameter A used equivalent diameter

The empirical cumulative histogram can be calculated by summation of the

relatively frequencies, starting with the lowest class.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 15
5 How to display practically the results
●
The range, in which are the measurands, is to divided in intervals with the
same width ΔY. This intervals (classes) i will dedicated the number of
measurands, which have a value of this range. This is the absolute
frequency Habsi, that means the number of measurands per class.
●
The absolute frequency of a class, divided through the total number of
measurements n is the relative frequency Hi:
ni
H i=
n
●
If the class widths are unequal, is the relatively frequency of the classes to
dividing through the width of each class. This leads to the relatively
frequency, standardised to the class width:
ni
H i=
nYi

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 16
5.1 Estimation of the number of classes
Recommended value for the number of classes: k≈ √ n
Example: It is to draw a histogram with 10.000 measurands.
The number of classes should be roughly: k≈  10.000=100

Histogram:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 17
 Cumulative histogram
The empirical cumulative histogram S can be calculated by summation of the
relatively frequencies, starting with the lowest class:
n
S (Y )  k i
i1 n

There fore is S (Y ) Y  Y 1
max

Thereby is k the class from Y.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 18
5.2 Important single Parameters of a
(Normal-) Distribution: mean
The mean of a sample is the estimation of the expected value of the mean

N→ꝏ

~
µ

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 19
 5.3 Important single Parameters of a
(Normal-) Distribution: standard deviation
Normal distribution (Gaussian distribution):

1 N
Mean: Y  *Y i
N i 1

1 N
Sample variance: s2  *  (Y i  Y ) 2
N 1 i  1

N
Experimental 1
standard deviation: s *  (Y i  Y ) 2
N  1 i 1

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 20
 Develop of the standard deviation
Squares of deviations:
2
Y
 Y 

 i 

Mean of the squared deviations:

1 N 2
2
S =  (Yi  Y )
N 1i  1
Root from the mean of the squared
deviations:
Explanation of N-1
5 1 N 2
Explanation of checking: 6 S=  (Yi  Y )
7
N 1 i  1
Y=6
S = 1.0

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 21
 5.4 Mean error of a single measurand
So as Y is the estimation of µ, so S is the estimation of σ

The single standard deviation σ means, that a single measurand is in the range of
μ + 1σ with a probability of 68,3%, or with other words:
68,3% of the measurands are in the range of μ + 1σ
95,5% of the measurands are in the range of μ + 2σ
99,73% of the measurands are in the range of μ + 3σ
For enough big N this context
is also nearly valid for S and Y :

Important remark regarding dot and comma:

Y
German English
68,3 = 68.3
11.000,2 = 11,000.2
Especially in drawings, I have not change it!

The presentation of a measurand together with his experimental standard

deviation is as following: Yi + s

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 22
 5.5 Average error of the mean
The Factor t:

Number of Statistical probability

measurands s
Y= t
N 68,3 % 95,5 % 99,7 % N
5 1,15 2,88 6,62
10 1,06 2,33 4,09
20 1,03 2,15 3,45
50 1,01 2,06 3,16
100 1,00 2,03 3,08
200 1,00 2,02 3,04
über 200 1,00 2,00 3,00

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 23
5.6 Example for drawing a histogram /
cumulative histogram
Measured particle Frequency With a device with a resolution of 1µm
size in μm was measured the diameter of 80
33 1 particles.
34
35
36 2 Please calculate and draw:
37 1
● The relatively frequency as empirical
38 7 histogram
39 6
40 7 ● The relatively frequency as empirical
41 11 cumulative histogram
42 14
43 12 ● The mean
44 4
45 13 ● The empirical standard deviation
46
47 2
48
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 24
 Decisions and calculations
j ≈ √ 80 ≈ 9 → better j = 8, because then 2 old classes = one new class, ∆xj = 2 µm

Determination of the borderline of the classes.

Aim: No particle placed directly on the borderline.
Solution: One decimal more as the resolution of the device:
Smallest class: 33 µm, starting with 32.5, next: 34.5, next: 36.5 and so on…..

Absolute frequency per class: 1/2/8/13/25/16/13/2 (Sum 80)

Relative frequency per class: 1.2/2.5/10/16.3/31.2/20/16.3/2.5 (Sum = 100)

Empirical cumulative histogram: 1.2/3.7/13.7/30/61.2/81.2/97.5/100

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 25
 Calculated histogram

H(Y)
30

25

20

15

10

103,25
32.5 103,65
36.5 104,05
40.5 104,45
44.5 104,8548.5 d/um
34.5
103,45 38.5
103,85 42.5
104,25 46.5
104,65

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 26
 Calculated cumulated histogram

S(Y)

100
90
80
70
60
Y = 41.68 µm 50
40
30
20
S = 2.68 µm 10

103,25
32.5 103,65
36.5 104,05
40.5 104,45
44.5 104,85
48.5 d/um
34.5
103,45 38.5
103,85 42.5
104,25 46.5
104,65

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 27
 5.7 Hot points and conclusions
● Every particle measurement device is measuring according to a special principle.
The principles are very different.

● With the principle is fixed, according to which size criteria (equivalent diameter)
the size of the particles will be determined.

● Measurement devices, which work according to different principles leads to

different results. This are not errors.

● Calculations from results from one principle to results, received with another
principle are only possible with some assumptions (e.g. fixed form factor, equal
density and so on). This is normally not the case in practise.

● Different presentations of the results (e.g. Number distribution or Mass

distribution) has to be explained.

Based on this is it necessary, measurement results from the field of particle

measurement to explain, how they are get and processed, evaluated and
presented. Especially at comparing of results, this is absolutely compulsory.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 28
 6 Measurement of fine dust
Sizes of particles:

Nebel
fog Sprüh-
mizzle
Farbnebel
colour fog regen
smoke
Rauch Regen-
rain
toba- tropfen
Tabak- drops
cco
rauch
smoke Coarse dust
Grob-Staub
Fine dust
Fein-Staub
(Lungengängig)
(respirable)
sand
Sand
Viren Bakte-
bacil-
virus
rien
lus Kies
grit
Macro-
Makro- flour
Mehl
molecules
moleküle Farb-
colour
pigmente
pigments

(Licht!)
(light)

1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 1 mm 10 mm 100 mm

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 29
 Examples for fine dust
Examples: ● Fog
● Pollen
● Laser printer toner
● Smoke (tobacco and other sources)
● Viruses
● Bacillus
● Soot
● Dust from streets
● Abrasion from tires (rubber) ...

Traffic is not the only one source of fine dust. Further sources are:

● Agriculture (fertilizer, ventilation in buildings for livestock)

● Industry, power plants
● heating equipment …

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 30
 Dangerousness of fine dust
Not all particles are dangerous! Its depending from material, shape and so on.
Three examples:
● Salt or salty water drops in the air at the coast line have a positive
influence to many peoples health.
● The smallest pollen from flower are also in the range of fine dust. That´s no problem for
the most of the people, but not for people with pollen allergy!
● Fine dust from combustion processes are mostly harmful to health. Cars produce not
only this particles – they produce also fine dust as abrasion from rubber and swirl dust
from the street. Many other sources (mostly human made) produce also harmful fine dust.
Lung respirable dangerous particles can be the reason for:
● Different kinds of lung diseases
● Cardiac infarction
● Cancer
● Stroke ...

Ultra fine particles (less than 0.1 µm) are cell respirable! The mass plays nearly no role.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 31
 6.1 Euro standards and limits
For cars in mass per km:
Euro 1 (1993): 140 mg Particle / km
Euro 2 (1997): 80/100 mg Particle / km (80 at no direct injection, 100 at direct injection)
Euro 3 (2001): 50 mg Particle / km
Euro 4 (2005): 25 mg Particle / km
Euro 5 (2009): 5 mg Particle / km
Euro 6 (2014): 4,5 mg Particle / km

A proposal of the introduction of a Particle – number(!) limitation at 6 × 1011 for Euro 6

was rejected as to “hard” for the practise in 2011.

Maximum values at the public areas in the EU:

For PM10: Limit of the day is 50 µg/m3, not allowed to exceed more than 35 times per year
Limit for the mean over the year is 40 µg/m3
For PM2.5: Limit for the mean over the year is 25 µg/m3, from 2020: 20 µg/m3

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 32
 Problems at filtering
without filter

→ Mass

→ Number

→
→
→
with filter

Mass ↓

p↑ Number ↑

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 33
 6.2 Typical measurement principles

● Gravimetric principles

● Photometric principles

● Condensation nucleus counters

● Aerosol-electrometer

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 34
 6.2.1 Gravimetric principles
input

bigger then 10µm

(Cascade-) impactor
0.0 0 0 µg

filter balance

output

- maybe with drying

- maybe automated
- partly with a Beta dust meter

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 35
 6.2.2 Photometric principles
receiver

Can be:
Photo Multiplayer
Phototransistor
Photo diode ...

Collection system

projection system

Sample input

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 36
 Determination of spectrum

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 37
6.2.3 Condensation nucleus counters

For ultra fine particles (UFP, less then 0.1µm):

● Enlarging of the particles by use as condensation core.

● Condensation material: mostly alcohol

● After this: counting by one of the photometric principles

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 38
 Measurement of ultra fine particles
● Ultra fine particles (UFP) are defined as particles less than 0.1 µm
● They contribute nearly not to the mass, but contains a high number

● They are measured mostly with condensation nucleus counters

Different equivalent diameter in compare to gravimetric measurements

Different primary result (number distribution instead of mass / volume distribution

A reliable scientific evaluation and explanation of measurement results in the frame

of measurement principles and presentation of results is absolutely necessary in
the field of particle measurement!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 39
 6.2.4 Aerosol electrometer

Corona voltage
Aerosol input
Particle charger

Faraday cup electrometer

Mass flow controller

Volt meter
Air output

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 40
 6.3 PMG19-01
Measurement of:
● Date (deliver from an internal real time clock) in Y – M – D
● Time (deliver from an internal real time clock) in h : m : s
● Longitude
● Attitude
● PM10 in µg/m3
● PM2.5 in µg/m3 ● Minimal sample rate: 1 second
● Air Quality (in OHM) ● Running time with rechargeable battery: 18h
● Temperature in °C ● Displaying of the results in real time
● Air humidity in rel% ● Storage of the results as csv - file
● Air pressure in hPa

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 41
 Sensor SDS011

Air (particle) input

Air (particle) output

UART connection

Source: Modified from https://www.ebay.de/i/273286870331?chn=ps

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 42
 Sensor BME680

Original size: 3 mm x 3 mm x 1 mm, from Bosch

Measures:

● Air quality (VOC)

● Temperature
● Connection via I2C – Bus, at two
● Humidity selectable addresses
● Air pressure

Source: Modified from https://www.reichelt.de Source: Modified from https://www.watterott.com

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 43
 Internal wiring of PMG19-01 2 x frei
I2C
5 x I2C/UART Steckplätze
Display UART
I2C

SD011
UART
RTC

Cinch Cinch
Raspberry Pi Zero
5V
HDMI-mini µ-USB µ-5V
I2C BME680
µ-USB µ-USB
USB-A Stecker Stecker
GPS

Schalter:
- Akku USB-A Akku
- Aus
µ-USB
- Netz

Benötigte Stecker: Eingang

SDS011 Beschriftung auf d. Rückseite:
- (kurzen) Cinch-Stecker auf Löten RX
SDS011 RTC SDS011
TX I2C frei
- (kurzen) USB A Stecker auf µ-USB A Stecker UART frei SDS198
212986A-Y16-180713
- 2 x µUSB Stecker auf Löten (nur + und Masse) UART
+5V GND
SDA
- USB A Stecker auf Löten (nur + und Masse) I2C
- Einzelleitungen für I2C und UART VCC
GND +5V RX TX
SCL
Achtung:
UART: TX (Gerät 1) an RX (Gerät 2), RX (Gerät 1) an TX (Gerät 2) – kreutzen!
I2C: SDA (Gerät 1) an SDA (Gerät 2), SCL (Gerät 1) an SCL (Gerät 2) – nicht kreutzen! JMH 2019-02-08

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 44
 Device PMG19-01

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 45
 Further work,
replacement of the particle sensor
By the sensor SPS30 from Sensirion (Switzerland)
Original size: 40 mm x 40 mm x 12 mm
Front side Back side

Measures:
PM10 as mass concentration and number concentration
PM04 as mass concentration and number concentration
PM2.5 as mass concentration and number concentration
PM1.0 as mass concentration and number concentration
PM0.5 as number concentration (no mass concentration)
Minimum size is 0.3 µm
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 46
 Adaption of the SPS30 sensor

inlet

inlet

outlet

Source: modified, watterott

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 47
 Further work: software tasks
● Introduction of the calculation of an Air quality index
(That is currently the task for two students from UTHM)

● Calibration of temperature

● Checking (if necessary calibrating) of humidity

measurement and pressure measurement

● Try to calibrate according to gravimetric results

(including humidity)

● Clean the software to a smaller, more efficient program

● Make touch screen sensitive only for buttons

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 48
 Further work: necessary
cooperations
Field of medicine Field of engineering science Field of politics

- What is harmful? - What should we measure? - Creating regulations and

- What is not harmful?
- Which parameters are
Important?
- Biological / chemical
Aspects
- What can we measure?
- Which results have which
Uncertainties?
- What further influences
affect the results?
limitations on the basis of
possible measurements
within acceptable
uncertainties (field of engi-
neering) and according to
the medical importance

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 49
 6.4 Results

● All following results are measured with PMG19-01

and PMG19-02

● Both devices are equal in construction

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 50
 2
Result: 2 candles in a 15m kitchen

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 51
Result: Fireworks from 2018 to 2019
Fine dust concentrationSilvester
Feinstaubbelastung at New Year 2018
2018 / 2019
/ 2019

atan
the position
der Position 52,247195 / 7,963868333
300

250
µg/m3

PM10
PM2,5
200
Fine dust concentrationin µg/m3 in

150
Feinstaubkonzentration

100

50

0
7 1 4 7 1 4 7 0 3 7 0 3 6 9 2 6 9 2 6 9 2 5 9 2 5 8 2 5 9 2 6 9 2 5 8 2
1:5 3:2 4:4 6:0 7:3 8:5 0:1 1:4 3:0 4:2 5:5 7:1 8:3 9:5 1:2 2:4 4:0 5:3 6:5 8:1 9:4 1:0 2:2 3:5 5:1 6:3 8:0 9:2 0:4 2:1 3:3 4:5 6:2 7:4 9:0 0:3
:1 :4 :1 :4 :1 :4 :2 :5 :2 :5 :2 :5 :2 :5 :3 :0 :3 :0 :3 :0 :3 :1 :4 :1 :4 :1 :4 :1 :5 :2 :5 :2 :5 :2 :5 :3
16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 00 00 01 01 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 05 06 06 07 07 08 08 09 09 10

Time from 2018-12-31 until 2019-01-01

Zeit vom 31.012.2018 in h:m:s
bis 01.01.2019

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 52
 Result: Zoom into fire work
Peakafter
Peak nachmidnight
Mitternacht

Time between 23:45

Zeit zwischen 23:45und
and00:30
00:30
300

250
in µg/m3

Mid night
Mitternacht PM10
PM2,5
200
Fine dust concentration
in µg/m3

150
Feinstaubkonzentration

100

50

0
04 16 28 41 53 05 17 30 42 54 06 19 31 43 56 08 20 33 45 57 09 22 34 46 59 11 23 35 48 00 12 24 37 49 01 13 26 38
45: 46: 47: 48: 49: 51: 52: 53: 54: 55: 57: 58: 59: 00: 01: 03: 04: 05: 06: 07: 09: 10: 11: 12: 13: 15: 16: 17: 18: 20: 21: 22: 23: 24: 26: 27: 28: 29:
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Time in h:m:s
Zeit

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 53
 Result: Air quality resistance in a
2
15m sleeping room (one person)
Air quality sleeping room VOC in OHM
9000000

8000000
Open the window
7000000

6000000

5000000
Air quality in OHM

4000000 Luftqualität

3000000

2000000

1000000

0
2 9 6 2 9 6 3 0 7 3 0 7 4 1 8 4 1 8 5 2 8 5 2 9 6 3 9 6 3 0 7 4 0 7 4 1
5:4 5:5 6:1 6:3 6:4 7:0 7:2 7:4 7:5 8:1 8:3 8:4 9:0 9:2 9:3 9:5 0:1 0:2 0:4 1:0 1:1 1:3 1:5 2:0 2:2 2:4 2:5 3:1 3:3 3:5 4:0 4:2 4:4 4:5 5:1 5:3
:0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :0 :1 :2 :3 :5 :0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :0 :1 :2 :3 :4 :5 :0
02 02 02 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 07 08

time

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 54
 That´s it!

Thank you very much

for your attention !

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jörg M. Hoffmann University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Slide 55