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In addition, a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength
to form the rock-like mass known as concrete. And due to this reasons, concrete are
commonly used in constructions. However, it is just not the characteristic strength that
matters, even the cost of manufacture of concrete also has to be taken into
consideration. Most part of the cost manufacture of concrete of various grades
depends on the amount of cement to be used.
(S. Dan and S. V. Barai, "Sustainable concrete mix — Design: Evolutionary algorithm
approach," Data Science & Engineering (ICDSE), 2014 International Conference on,
Kochi, 2014, pp. 94-99.) - FOOTNOTES
The first step in making concrete is to prepare the cement. One type of cement
is Portland Cement which considered superior to natural cement because it is
stronger, more durable and of a more consistent quality.
To make it, the raw materials are crushed and ground into a fine powder and
mixed together.
Next, the material undergoes two heating steps which calcining and burning. In
calcining, the materials are heated to a high temperature but do not fused
together. In burning, however, the materials are partially fused together,
forming a substance known as clinker.
The clinker is then ground in a ball mill that consist a rotating steel drum filled
with steel balls that pulverize the material.
After the Portland cement is prepared, it is mixed with aggregates such as sand
or gravel, admixtures, fibers and water.
Next it is transferred to the work site and placed.
During placing, segregation of the various ingredients must be avoided so that
full compaction will do the work of elimination of air bubbles and can be
achieved.
Road pavement is the portion of the road located directly above the subgrade and
beneath any wiring surface. In urban areas it is often by channels and kreb while in
rural areas by road shoulders. Road surface or pavement is the durable surface
material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a
road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were
extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete
laid on a compacted base course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic.
Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways
and walkways.
All process as from feeding achieved raw material from stone quarry to crusher are
designed as complex and integrated facilities.
Asphalt and concrete aggregates are not stored outdoor. Quality will loss by storing
aggregate in the open field.
Conveyor belts covered and/or operating in a tunnel are used for local transport and
feeding the plant instead of using heavy duty equipment and trucks.
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2012 Simgemat
Fencing is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors and usually constructed
on posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails and netting. A fence differs from a
wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length.
Types of Fencing
Wood fencing
Vinyl fencing
Chain link fencing
Decorative metal fencing
Garden and utility fencing
Bamboo fencing
Composite fencing
Electric fencing
Electronic pet containment fencing
Farm fencing
Lattice
Types of roof
http://www.hgtv.com/remodel/outdoors/top-6-roofing-materials 2016
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