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CONCRETE MIX

Concrete is a composite material composed coarse aggregate bonded together with


fluid cement which hardens overtime. Most concretes used are lime-based cements
such as Portland cement. Structural concrete normally contains one part cement, two
parts of fine minerals aggregates to four parts coarse mineral aggregate (1:2:4).
Through these proportions are often raised to achieve the strength and flexibility
required in particular settings.

In addition, a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength
to form the rock-like mass known as concrete. And due to this reasons, concrete are
commonly used in constructions. However, it is just not the characteristic strength that
matters, even the cost of manufacture of concrete also has to be taken into
consideration. Most part of the cost manufacture of concrete of various grades
depends on the amount of cement to be used.

(S. Dan and S. V. Barai, "Sustainable concrete mix — Design: Evolutionary algorithm
approach," Data Science & Engineering (ICDSE), 2014 International Conference on,
Kochi, 2014, pp. 94-99.) - FOOTNOTES

Manufacture Process of Concrete

 The first step in making concrete is to prepare the cement. One type of cement
is Portland Cement which considered superior to natural cement because it is
stronger, more durable and of a more consistent quality.
 To make it, the raw materials are crushed and ground into a fine powder and
mixed together.
 Next, the material undergoes two heating steps which calcining and burning. In
calcining, the materials are heated to a high temperature but do not fused
together. In burning, however, the materials are partially fused together,
forming a substance known as clinker.
 The clinker is then ground in a ball mill that consist a rotating steel drum filled
with steel balls that pulverize the material.
 After the Portland cement is prepared, it is mixed with aggregates such as sand
or gravel, admixtures, fibers and water.
 Next it is transferred to the work site and placed.
 During placing, segregation of the various ingredients must be avoided so that
full compaction will do the work of elimination of air bubbles and can be
achieved.

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Concrete.html 2016 Advameg, Inc.


ROAD PAVEMENT

Road pavement is the portion of the road located directly above the subgrade and
beneath any wiring surface. In urban areas it is often by channels and kreb while in
rural areas by road shoulders. Road surface or pavement is the durable surface
material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a
road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were
extensively used, but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete
laid on a compacted base course. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic.
Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways
and walkways.

Manufacture process of Road Pavement

All process as from feeding achieved raw material from stone quarry to crusher are
designed as complex and integrated facilities.

Asphalt and concrete aggregates are not stored outdoor. Quality will loss by storing
aggregate in the open field.

Conveyor belts covered and/or operating in a tunnel are used for local transport and
feeding the plant instead of using heavy duty equipment and trucks.
http://www.simgemat.com.tr/en/UretimGucumuz/GenelBilgi Copyright
2012 Simgemat

ROOFING & FENCING

Fencing is a structure that encloses an area, typically outdoors and usually constructed
on posts that are connected by boards, wire, rails and netting. A fence differs from a
wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length.

Types of Fencing

 Wood fencing
 Vinyl fencing
 Chain link fencing
 Decorative metal fencing
 Garden and utility fencing
 Bamboo fencing
 Composite fencing
 Electric fencing
 Electronic pet containment fencing
 Farm fencing
 Lattice

Roof is a part of building envelope. It is covering on an uppermost part of a building or


shelter which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain or snow but
also heat, wind and sunlight. The word also denotes the framing or structure which
support that covering. The characteristics of roof are dependent upon the purpose of
the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of
construction and wider concept of architectural design and practice and way also
governed by local or national legislation.

Types of roof

Type of roofs Pros Cons


Asphalt Shingle Asphalt comes in a variety Asphalt has a shorter life
Economical and easy to of colors, is widely span than other roofing
install. These shingles can available and is one of the materials, doesn’t provide
be reinforced with least expensive materials. the insulation other
fiberglass or organic materials offer, and the
materials (cellulose) quality varies
without changing the
appearance of the shingle.
Clay and Concrete Tiles Clay and concrete tiles are Clay and concrete tiles are
Clay and concrete tiles add long-lasting and expensive, heavy and
texture and elegance to a non-combustible, and usually require additional
roof. Genuine flat, ribbed concrete tiles are energy framing
or scalloped clay tiles are efficient.
extremely durable but also
very heavy, and must be
installed by a profesional.
Concrete tiles are versatile
and are less expensive
than genuine clay, but also
have a heavy weight.
Metal roofs Metal roofing is durable, Metal roofing is relatively
Metal roofs are resistant to lasts longer than asphalt or expensive.
extreme weather wood, and offers high solar
conditions. Available in two reflectance.
types, panels and shingles,
metal roofs come in
aluminium, copper,
stainless steel and zinc.
Slate Slate is very durable, Slate is expensive, heavy,
Offering lots of beauty and fire-resistant and a and requires extra framing
a distinctive elegant sustainable roof that can and profesional
appearance, slate colors be recycled. installation. The quality can
include shades of black, vary with imported slate.
green, grey, red and
purple.
Wood Shingles and Shake Wood shingles offer a Fire codes in some areas
Wood shakes are rustic look and are a prohibit use. Wood
handmade and natural product usually shingles can be a concern
rougher-looking than wood made from cedar, redwood in wet climates and can
shingles, which are usually and southern pine. mold, split or rot.
cut by machine.
Synthetic roofing Synthetic roofing is often Some of these products
Including rubber, plastic not as fragile, heavy or can absorb water and the
and polymer roofing, expensive as natural quality varies. Newer
developed to give the products. products aren’t as
color, look and texture of time-tested as traditional
natural materials like slate materials.
and wood. These type of
roof are designed to be
strong and easy to
maintain. Some of these
are fire-resistant.

http://www.hgtv.com/remodel/outdoors/top-6-roofing-materials 2016
Scripps Network, LLC.

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