ABSTRACT

Challenges faced by Indian electricity system are unending as the energy demand within the
next decade is expected to grow rapidly. India should reduce dependency on fossil fuels for
electrification as there is high emission of greenhouse gases. To reduce its dependency on fossil
fuels it should improve the power generation through renewable energy resources. One of the
best renewable sources is Solar energy as it is Eco-friendly. It is available abundant in nature
and it is free of cost. In this study we identify the barriers for implementation of solar energy
in India and possible solutions. Relationship between the barriers is identified by using
structural modeling technique (ISM). Further classification of barriers is based upon MICMAC
analysis.

Key words: solar energy, ISM technique, MICMAC analysis, Barriers

 CONTENTS

Chapter-1 Introduction
1.1 Solar energy ---------------------------------------------------------------------03
1.2 Power sector in India-----------------------------------------------------------03
Chapter-2 Problems for solar installations

2.1 Barriers for implementation of solar installations-----------------------04

2.2 Possible solutions for implementation of solar installations-----------06

Chapter-3 Analysis of barriers using ISM technique

3.1 ISM methodology to find the level of barriers -----------------------------08

3.2 Structural self-interaction matrix----------------------------------------------09
3.3 Reachability matrix--------------------------------------------------------------10
3.4 Level of barriers-----------------------------------------------------------------13

Chapter-4 Analysis of barriers using MICMAC analysis

4.1 Introduction to MICMAC analysis--------------------------------------------15

4.2 classification of barriers using MICMAC analysis-------------------------15

Chapter -5 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------16

References

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 LIST OF TABLES

3.1 Structural self-interaction matrix-------------------------------------------------10

3.2 Initial reachability matrix----------------------------------------------------------11

3.3 Final reachability matrix-----------------------------------------------------------12

3.4 Iteration number 1------------------------------------------------------------------13

3.5 Iteration number 2------------------------------------------------------------------13

3.6 Level of barriers---------------------------------------------------------------------14

4.1 classification of barriers using MICMAC analysis-----------------------------15

4.2 classification of barriers of solar using MICMAC analysis-------------------15

LIST OF FIGURES

3.1 Flow chart indicating the procedure of ISM technique------------------------08

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 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 SOLAR ENERGY

Solar power is the electric energy obtained by conversion of solar energy. The conversion is
done using photovoltaic cells. Solar energy is one of the inexhaustible resources. It is one of
the renewable resources.

Depending upon the conversion solar power is classified into Active solar and passive power.
If we convert using PV cells, concentrated solar and solar water heaters it is called active power.
Otherwise if we use thermal mass it is called passive solar.

Photovoltaic means light energy. PV panels are made of silicon materials which absorb the
light energy and convert it in to electricity. The produced electricity is DC in nature which can
be stored in batteries and can be used for further.

As the solar has more importance in future in this we discuss some problems regarding the
installation of solar in India and some possible solutions for those problems.

1.2 POWER SECTOR IN INDIA

India is world’s third largest producer and consumer. The installed capacity of India as per 31
July 2018 was 345.5GW. The major portion of energy is from thermal power plants.

India the total installed capacity of renewable energy is 71. 325GW. The total capacity of
solar power in India as per 2018 is 3311.53GWH. Installed hydroelectric capacity was
44,594 MW. Small hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4,380 MW

Government of India launched a scheme “power for all” to provide continuous and un
interrupted power supply for all and set an aim to increase the capacity of renewable energy.

As our country is a tropical country, solar energy is boon for us. The country solar installed
capacity is 23GW as per 30 July 2018.Karnataka is state with high installed capacity of 5,000
MW.

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 2.Problems for solar installations

2.1 Barriers for Implementation of Solar Energy in India

Although the government of India introduced many policies like JNNSM, MNRE, IREDA
etc for implementation of solar energy, there are some barriers for implementation of solar
energy in India. There are 13 barriers identified in India to implement solar power.

1. High Initial Investment

As the solar PV panels manufacturing cost is high due to lack of research and development,
dependency of India on imports of silicon and solar wafers. Although there are many programs
under going in research and development to reduce the cost of PV module there is need to
further reduction in the price for development of solar energy.

2.High return period

The time for payback period of solar installations depends on the place of installation, because
the energy production depends on the amount of solar radiation at that place. We also know
that initial capital cost for installation of solar panels is high the time for pay back is also high.
Less efficiency of solar energy is also one of the factors for high payback period.

3.Less efficiency

The efficiency of the system changes by changing weather conditions and the orientation of
the system at that location. Generally, the efficiency of solar equipment is very low when
compared to other equipment.

4.Need for standby or storage

As the solar power depends on weather conditions and they are not same all the time and we
receive the solar radiation for limited time, it is necessary to have a backup to acquire
continuous power supply. Size of the backup increases with the increase in the size of the plant.
As batteries are not eco-friendly, its disposal is a serious issue.

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5.Unavalibilty of solar radiation data

As the climatic conditions depends on the movement of earth-sun, it is difficult to predict it.
But due to advancement in technology and science there is some scope for gathering of
information regarding the climatic conditions.

6.Lack of awareness on technology

Although there is high advancement in technology to reduce the cost of module and increase
the efficiency of the module people are unaware of it, usually people may think of high initial
capital cost but may not the importance of the solar power for present and future generations.

People in our country are not much aware of the consistency of solar power when combined
with another source.

7.Lack of skilled labour

Only few people are interested in this technology and there are very few trained people in this
field.so it is difficult to have skilled persons for development and installation of the system.

8.Lack of financing mechanism

As the capital cost is high it is very difficult for common people to bare it.so they require the
get the financial aid through loans or subsidies. Very few banks are ready to give loans at low
rate of interest for these projects as they are less aware of benefits.

Government is providing many schemes and programs to provide financial aid, but the people
are not attentive of it.

9.Lack of enough market base

There is very less scope of solar market base as the investment is high and the private investors
are discouraged. There are only few companies which work on the solar panel manufacturing.
They to meet the demand. This is also one of the factors for high initial cost.

10.Lack of local infrastructure

We require a large area to install the panels which are used to collect the solar radiation.so the
plants are usually in remote areas. The power generated in these plants are should transmitted
through long transmission lines which will further increase the initial cost.

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Government should give clearances for the owner to install the plant in that place, it takes very
long duration as the habitats of the place should approve it.

11.Lack of political commitment

Government should have a strong commitment for the development of solar power and should
develop certain programs which will increase the installation of solar.

By having strong political commitment one can educating the people regarding the benefits of
solar and create the interest in people use solar power instead of power generated from other
sources.

12.Lack of enough government policies

At present there are many policies by government for the development of solar power, but these
are not enough.

There is a problem with present policies i.e. terms and conditions of the project are difficult to
understand by the common people

So, government should take a step to develop policies which promote the solar installations.

13.Lack of research and development work

Lack of R&D leads to other barriers like high initial capital cost and less efficiency. There is
less progress in research and development programmes in solar technologies due to lack of
finical support.

2.2 Possible solutions for implementation of solar installations

1. Subsidy programs

To develop solar power generation in India government has initiated a program called JNNSM.
The target of mission is to achieve 40GW of solar installations by 2022. There are some other
agencies like SECI, SNA, MNRE etc.

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2.Single window clearance

we require large area to install the solar plant and the permission for the required area from the
government is one of the main issues and it take a lot of time which discourage the investors.so
single window clearance is one of the possible solutions to avoid this.

3.Solar energy park

Solar energy parks have additional benefits like job creations, Smart grid connections, as well
as new recreational, technology innovation and agricultural opportunities. They are ideal
example for public private investment.

4.Tariff rates and metering systems

There are two types of metering systems1.Grossmetering: In this total generated power is fed
to the grid Two different billings are generated, one indicates the total power fed to the grid
and other indicates the power consumed the owner from the grid.2.Netmetering: In this first
the generated power is consumed by the owners and then the remaining power is fed to the
grid. The bill indicates the total power which is fed to the grid and power utilized from the grid
and the difference is paid.

5.Consumer awareness camping

By creating awareness for the people about the importance and advantages there is a scope of
increase in the number of installations. By this camping’s we can explain about the government
policies and schemes we will encourage the investors.

6.Training institutions

we can increase the skilled labour and increase the research programmes by implementing more
training institutions. Government launched a training program “Surya Mithra” to train the
people and create skilled labour.

7.Integration of solar technology with hybrid technology

The efficiency of the solar plant is less due to its dependency on climatic conditions. Efficiency
can be improved by integrating solar plant with other plants like wind and thermal plant etc.
and such plants are called hybrid plants.

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 3.Analysis of barriers using ISM technique

3.1 ISM methodology to find the level of barriers

ISM means interpretive structural modelling technique, first suggested by J.WARFIELD.ISM

technique is used for summarizing the variables which define a problem or issue. It founds inter
relationships among the variables and identify the rank of the variable. It deals with complex
issues.

Steps involved in ISM technique:

Identification of variables

Contextual relationship among variables

Structural self-interaction matrix

Development of reachability matrix

Partitioning of levels from reachability

matrix

Develop graph based on relationships in reachability

matrix

Representations of relation among variables in frame work

Fig-3. 1 Flow chart indicating the procedure of ISM technique

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3.2 Structural self-interaction matrix

To develop contextual relation among barriers we assume following 4 variables:

U-barrier ‘x’ leads to barrier ‘y’

V- barrier ‘y’ leads to barrier ‘x’

W-barrier ‘x’ and ‘y’ leads to each other

X-barrier ‘x’ and ‘x’ are not related to each other

By assuming these variables, we compare the barriers. Number of comparisons in SSIM is

given by ((n)*(n-1)/2). Here ‘n’ represents the number of barriers.

Now let us compare

Barrier 1 and 2 as barrier1 leads to barrier2 so U is given in (1,2)

Barrier 1 and 13 as barrier13 leads to barrier1 so V is given in (1,13)

Barrier 5 and 13 as barrier5 and 13 leads to each other so W is given in (5,13)

Barrier 1 and 11 as barrier 1 and 11 does not relate to each other so X is given in (1,11)

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s.no Barrier name 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1. High initial investment V V X V V X X X X V X U

2. High return period V X X V X X X X X V V

3. Less efficiency V X X X X X V X V X

4. Need for standby or storage V V X V X X X X X

5. Unavailability of solar radiation W V X V X X X X

data

6. Lack of knowledge of technology X V W X U W U

7. Lack of skilled labour U V V X V V

8. Lack of subsidies X V V U W

9. Lack of enough market base X V V W

10. Lack of local infrastructure X V V

11. Lack of political commitment U U

12. Lack of enough government U

policies

13. Lack of R&D work

Table-3.1 Structural self-interaction matrix

3.3 Reachability matrix

Initial reachability matrix

Initial reachability matrix is developed from SSIM matrix. This reachability matrix is binary
matrix. The variables in SSIM are changed to 0 or 1by following rules:

For variable U-(x, y) tends to 1 and (y, x) tends to 0

For variable V-(y, x) tends to 0 and (x, y) tends to 1

For variable W- (x, y) (y, x) tends to 1

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 For variable X- (x, y) (y, x) tends to 0

Here let us consider (1,2) in SSIM it is assigned U, so we will give 1 in (1,2) of reachability
matrix and 0 in (2,1) of reachability matrix. In the same way the reachability matrix is
developed from SSIM

s.no Barrier name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1. High initial investment 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

2. High return period 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3. Less efficiency 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4. Need for standby or storage 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5. Unavailability of solar radiation data 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

6. Lack of knowledge of technology 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

7. Lack of skilled labour 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

8. Lack of subsidies 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

9. Lack of enough market base 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

10. Lack of local infrastructure 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

11. Lack of political commitment 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

12. Lack of enough government policies 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1

13. Lack of R&D work 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Table-3.2 Initial reachability matrix

Final reachability matrix

Final reachability matrix is developed by using transitivity to initial reachability matrix.

Law of transitivity If a, b, c are three variables. If a related to b and b related to c, then a is

indirectly related to c.

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s.n Barrier name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Driving
o power

1. High initial investment 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02

2. High return period 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01

3. Less efficiency 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02

4. Need for standby 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03

5. Unavailability of solar 1* 1* 1 1* 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 06
radiation data

6. Lack of knowledge on 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1 1 1 1 1* 1 1* 1* 13
technology

7. Lack of skilled labour 1* 1* 1 1* 1* 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 07

8. Lack of subsidies 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1 1 1 1 1 1* 1* 1* 13

9. Lack of enough market base 1 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1 1 1 1 1* 1* 1* 13

10. Lack of local infrastructure 1 1 1* 1 1 1* 1* 1* 1 1 1* 1* 1* 13

11. Lack of political commitment 1* 1* 1* 1* 1* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13

12. Lack of enough gov. policies 1 1* 1* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1* 1 1 13

13. Lack of R&D work 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 06

Dependence power 11 13 10 10 9 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 9 105/105

Table-3.3 Final reachability matrix

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 3.4 Level’s partitioning

Barrier no Reachability set Antecedent set Intersection level

1. 1,2 1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 1
2. 2 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 2 1st
3. 2,3 3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 3
4. 1,2,4 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 4
5. 1,2,3,4,5,13 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 5,13
6. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
7. 1,2,3,4,5,7,13 6,7,8,9,10,11,12 7
8. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
9. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
10. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
11. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
12. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
13. 1,2,3,4,5,13 5, 6,8,9,10,11,12,13 5,13

Table-3.4 Iteration number 1

Barrier no Reachability set Antecedent set Intersection level

1. 1 1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 1 2nd
2. 1st
3. 3 3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 3 2nd
4. 1,4 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 4
5. 1,3,4,5,13 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 5,13
6. 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
7. 1,3,4,5,7,13 6,7,8,9,10,11,12 7
8. 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
9. 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
10. 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
11. 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
12. 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 6,8,9,10,11,12 6,8,9,10,11,12
13. 1,3,4,5,13 5, 6,8,9,10,11,12,13 5,13
Table-3.5 Iteration number 2

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We develop two sets from finial reachability matrix namely reachability set and antecedent set.
We compare these two sets and find the intersection. If intersection is equal to reachability,
then it is given as level1.In this way further iterations are continued, and levels are assigned for
barriers

By following above procedure, the barriers are identified in six levels. Which are listed as
follows:

s.no Level number Barriers

1. 1st High return period

2. 2nd • High initial investment

• Less efficiency

3. 3rd Need for standby or storage

4. 4th • Unavailability of solar radiation data

• Lack of R&D work

5. 5th Lack of skilled labour

6. 6th • Lack of knowledge of technology

• Lack of subsidies
• Lack of local infrastructure
• Lack of enough market base
• Lack of political commitment
• Lack of enough government policies

Table-3.6 Level of barriers

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 4.Analysis of barriers using MICMAC analysis

4.1 MICMAC analysis

MICMAC analysis is defined as Matriced' Impacts Croise's Multiplication Appliquée a UN

Classement analysis. By considering dependence and driving power barriers are classified into
four categories. They are

s.no Barrier classification Dependence power Driving power

1. Autonomous weak weak
2. Linkage strong Strong
3. Independent Weak Strong
4. Dependent Strong weak

Table-4.1 Classification of barriers based on MICMAC analysis

Through these analyses we can conclude that higher dependence means a greater number of
barriers should be removed for its removal and high driving power indicates a greater number
of barriers can be removed by removing it.

4.2 classification of barriers using MICMAC analysis

By using above analysis, barriers for implementation of solar installations are classified as
follows:

s.no Barrier classification Barrier number

1. Autonomous None

2. Linkage 7

3. Dependent 1,2,3,4,5,13

4. Independent 6,8,9,10,11,12

Table-4.2 Classification of barriers of solar based on MICMAC analysis

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 5.CONCLUSION

From the above analysis we can analyse the level and impact of barrier for the implementation
of solar installations in India. So, by taking proper measures we can improve the solar
installations in India.

Solar energy is one of important renewable resources for future generation as there are many
advantages like it is free energy resource, Eco friendly etc.,

The life time of solar plant is more than 20 years, so it is better to install solar plants even
though they require high initial investment. This problem can be sorted out up to some extent
by solar policies implemented by government, some of them are JNNSM, MNRE etc.,

Government of India is working to increase the energy production through solar energy by
creating awareness among people, providing subsidies.

By removing the barriers at level 6 can make a great impact on other barriers and make our
work easy. Also, by removal of dependent barriers can improve the installations to some extent.

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 REFERENCES

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[2] Varun Kumar, A.S. Pandey and S.K. Sinha “Grid integration and power quality
issues of wind and solar energy system: A review”2016 International Conference
on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronics and Sustainable Energy Systems
(ICETEESES–16)
[3] Pariksheet Ganguly, and Rasika Chougale “Solar Energy Potential Mapping of
India Using Artificial Neural Network” 2017 International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
[4] Al Badwawi, Rashid & Abusara, Mohammad & Mallick, Tapas. (2015). “A Review
of Hybrid Solar PV and Wind Energy System”. smart science. 3. 127-138.
10.6493/SmartSci.2015.324
[5] A. S. Anees, "Grid integration of renewable energy sources: Challenges,
issues and possible solutions," 2012 IEEE 5th India International Conference on
Power Electronics (IICPE), Delhi, 2012, pp. 1-6.
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