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I_ . HAKKI AKÇAY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Suleyman Demirel University
Isparta, Turkey
I_ DRI_S KAYNAK*
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Dokuz Eylul University
35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
KEY WORDS: composite pressure vessel, plane-strain case, thermal loading, composite cylinder.
INTRODUCTION
Journal of REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES, Vol. 24, No. 11/2005 1169
0731-6844/05/11 1169–11 $10.00/0 DOI: 10.1177/0731684405048840
2005 Sage Publications
ELASTIC SOLUTION
is based on Lekhnitskii’s theory. The strain–stress relation for the general case in a layer
is written as,
8 9 8 9
> "r > a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16 > r >
>
> >
> >> > >
>
> " >> a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 a26 > > >>
>
< >
= < >
> =
"z a a a a a a
¼ 31 32 33 34 35 36
z
ð1Þ
>
> z >
> a41 a42 a43 a44 a45 a46 > > z >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
>
> r >
> > a51 a52 a53 a54 a55 a56 > > r >
>
: ; a61 a62 a63 a64 a65 a66 : r ;
r
The strain–stress relation for the axially symmetric case in an orthotropic layer, as
shown in Figure 1, can be written as (r ¼ 1, ¼ 2, z ¼ 3),
where,
1, 2, and 3 are the thermal expansion coefficients in the 1, 2, and 3 directions,
respectively.
Plane-strain Case
For the plane strain case, "z is zero. From this relation, z can be written as,
φ
z
θ
Figure 1. Multilayered fiber glass–epoxy cylinder.
When z is substituted into the other strain relations "r and " become:
du
"r ¼ ¼ 11 r þ 12 þ 1 T
dr ð4Þ
u
" ¼ ¼ 12 r þ 22 þ 2 T
r
where,
Using Lekhnitskii’s theory, and following Equation (1), a stress function (F ) under axial
symmetry can be written as:
1 @F 1 @2 F 1 dF
r ¼ þ ¼
r @r r2 @2 r dr ð5Þ
@2 F d 2 F
¼ 2 ¼ 2
@r dr
Writing "r ¼ du/dr and " ¼ u/r for an axially symmetric case gives the compatibility
equation as:
d"
"r ¼ " þ r ð6Þ
dr
When the compatibility equation is used between "r and ", an ordinary differential
equation is obtained for the stress function F as:
d3F d2F dF dT
r3 22 þ r 2
22 r11 ¼ Tr2 ð1 2 Þ þ 2 r3 ð7Þ
dr3 dr2 dr dr
where,
T0 0 11 1 2
A¼ k2 ¼ 0 ¼
2ð1 k2 Þ 22 22
1 dF T0 0
r ¼ ¼ ð1 þ kÞC1 rk1 þ ð1 kÞC2 rk1 þ
r dr 1 k2
d2F T0 0
¼ 2
¼ kð1 þ kÞC1 rk1 kð1 kÞC2 rk1 þ
dr 1 k2
a13 þ ka23 a13 þ ka23 a13 þ a23 3
z ¼ ð1 þ kÞC1 rk1 þ ð1 kÞC2 rk1 2A T0
a33 a33 a33 a33
ð9Þ
u
" ¼ ¼ 13 r þ 22 þ T0 2
r ð10Þ
u ¼ ð12 þ k22 ÞC1 ð1 þ kÞrk þ ð12 k22 ÞC2 ð1 kÞrk þ 2Að12 þ 22 Þr þ T0 2 r
r ¼ 0 at r ¼ a and r ¼ b ð11Þ
where a and b are the inner and outer surfaces of the cylinders. If the cylinder is subjected
to internal pressure p with no pressure at the outer surface, then:
r ¼ p at r¼a
ð12Þ
r ¼ 0 at r ¼ b
Both the radial stress component and the radial displacement, are in the normal direction
of the surface, and must be equal for different layers at their boundaries.
Therefore, 2 n 2 more boundary conditions can be written for the radial stress
and displacement at the boundaries of layers. Their summation reaches 2 n. The stresses
and displacements in each layer can be calculated by using the known integration
constants.
When both ends of the cylinder are closed, the thermal stresses are obtained by using a
parameter, C.
In this case, "z ¼ C, i.e.,
C a13 a23 3
z ¼ r T ð13Þ
a33 a33 a33 a33
Substituting z in Equation (2) gives new relations for the strain components:
C
"r ¼ 11 r þ 12 þ 1 T þ a13
a33
ð14Þ
C
" ¼ 12 r þ 22 þ 2 T þ a23
a33
Under the compatibility condition (Equation (6)), a new differential equation is obtained:
d3F d 2F dF dT
r3 22 3
þ r2 22 2 r11 ¼ Tr2 ð1 2 Þ þ 2 r3 þ Cr2 0 ð15Þ
dr dr dr dr
where:
a13 a23
0 ¼
a33
where:
T0 0 þ Cc0
A¼
2ð1 k2 Þ
0 and 0 are defined in Equations (8) and (15), respectively and c0 ¼ 0 =22
The stress components can be written as:
1 dF
r ¼ ¼ ð1 þ kÞC1 rk1 þ ð1 kÞC2 rk1 þ 2A
r dr
d 2F
¼ 2 ¼ kð1 þ kÞC1 rk1 kð1 kÞC2 rk1 þ 2A
dr ð17Þ
C a13 þ ka23 a13 þ ka23
z ¼ ð1 þ kÞC1 rk1 þ ð1 kÞC2 rk1
a33 a33 a33
a13 þ a23 33
2A T0
a33 a33
Radial displacement,
u ¼ ð12 þ k22 Þð1 þ kÞC1 rk þ ð12 k22 Þð1 kÞrk þ 2ð12 þ 22 ÞAr
ð18Þ
þ 2 T0 r þ ða23 =a33 ÞCr
The result of z for the closed end condition is equal to the axial force at the ends.
n Z
X riþ1
Pz ¼ 0 Pz ¼ z 2r dr ¼ a2 pi ð19Þ
i¼1 ri
where, pi and a are the inner pressure and the radius of the cylinder, respectively.
Equation (19) gives the parameter C that can be found by iterations.
The mechanical properties of a glass fiber–epoxy composite material [15] are given in
Table 1. As seen in this table, the composite material shows different properties in the
principal material directions. The inner radius of the cylinder is 40 mm. The thickness of
a layer is 0.25 mm. In this study, it is assumed that the material properties do not change at
high temperatures.
Plane-strain Case
The radial, tangential, and axial stresses for a uniform temperature distribution of 40 C
at the inner and outer surfaces are given in Table 2. In this solution, the sixteen layers
are oriented symmetrically, as [0 /0 ]8, [15 /15 ]8, [30 /30 ]8, [45 /45 ]8, [60 /60 ]8,
[75 /75 ]8, [90 /90 ]8, and antisymmetrically. As seen in this table, the magnitude of
is higher than those of r and z for all the orientation angles, and is tensile in all
the orientations. The magnitude of z becomes higher at high orientation angles. The
resistance of the material is greater in the axial direction at high orientation angles,
due to high thermal expansion coefficient of 2.
The stress components are the same for symmetric and antisymmetric cases. The failure
of the composite cylinders, due to the different strengths of the layers for the tensile and
E1 E2 G12 Xt Yt Xc Yc S 1 2
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) 12 (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (1/ C) (1/ C)
53,780 17,930 8620 0.25 1035.0 27.6 1035.0 138 41.4 6.3 E-6 20.52 E-6
Table 2. Stress components at the inner and outer surfaces for uniform temperature
(T0 ¼ 40 C and p ¼ 2 MPa) distribution in the cylinders of plane strain case.
compressive strength of the composite cylinders, is checked using the Tsai–Wu criterion
[14]. The failure of composite cylinders at 0 C is shown in Figure 2. As seen in this figure,
when the orientation angle at the point of failure is increased, the internal pressure also
increases. However, orientation angles of 0 and 90 are not so useful in the manufacturing
process of the cylinders. The failure of the cylinders are shown in Figures 3–7 at
temperatures of 20, 40, 50, 100, and 120 C. As seen in these figures, when the orientation
angle is increased the internal pressure causing failure of the cylinders increases. It is also
seen that the pressure increases for all the orientations at high temperatures. Since the
axial stress decreases at high temperatures and the thermal stress is high, the influence
of internal pressure on the axial stress of z decreases.
PLANE-STRAIN (T=0˚C)
40
30
PRESSURE
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE
40
PRESSURE
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE
Figure 4. Failure of pressure at T ¼ 50 C.
PRESSURE
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ORIENTATION ANGLE
For the closed end condition, the stress components at 20 C, for an internal pressure
of 2 MPa, are given in Table 3. Under internal pressure and the thermal loading
conditions, stress components are calculated interatively, provided that the resultant
Table 3. Stress components at the inner and outer surfaces under the both internal
pressure and uniform temperature distribution ( p ¼ 2 MPa, T0 ¼ 20 C) in the pressure
vessel.
of axial forces is zero at the free ends. As seen in this table, the magnitude of is
the highest for all the orientation angles. However, the axial stress ( z) gains high values,
due to the influence of the internal pressure at the closed ends. Especially, ( z) causes
the cylinders at lower internal pressures to fail, because the strength of the composite
layer in the matrix (transverse direction) has low values, as given in Table 1. The failure
pressures of the vessels for various temperatures are given in Table 4. They have
approximately the same pressure for all the temperatures in each orientation. As seen in
this table, it increases at high orientation angles. At different temperatures, the failure
pressure remains approximately constant in each orientation.
The manufacturing of 0 and 90 orientation angles may be impossible, but these
parameters are also investigated for considering thermal loadings.
CONCLUSION
In this study, a thermal stress analysis is developed for multilayered composite cylinders.
The solution is further subjected to plane-strain and closed-end conditions.
1. The magnitude of the tangential stress component ( ) is the highest for a uniform
temperature distribution.
2. When the temperature is increased, the internal pressure causing the failure of the
composite cylinder, decreases.
3. The internal pressure causing the failure increases at high orientation angles.
1. The failure pressure is nearly the same for all the temperatures in any of the
orientations.
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