Seminar HAKI 2015

Effects of Horizontal and Vertical

Earthquake Accelerations to
Rooftop Pool during Medium
Earthquake
by
Nathan Madutujuh
Engineering and Software Research Centre (ESRC)
 Background

● Fakta dari gempa Aceh 2004

(Lhokseumawe, kolam renang tumpah 50%)
● Fakta dari gempa Jogja 2006
(Kolam ikan kosong, ikan terlempar keluar)
● Fakta dari gempa Nepal 2015
(Air kolam terangkat sampai 2m)
● Trend pembangunan “Roof-top Continuous
Pool”
Roof-top Swimming Pool
(Continuous Pool)
 Swimming Pool on Ground during
Nepal's Earthquake (7.3R)

(Event on ground, water splash height can be twice of pool depth)

 Simplified Model - Preliminary Design

● Constant Horizontal and Vertical Acceleration

● Effect of Fluid Dynamics neglected
● Resonance effects neglected
● Continuum Building Model (Shearwall + Frame)
● Damping caused by water movement neglected
(Water weight must be more than 10% to have a
significant damping effect, hw = 2.0 to 6.0 m)
● Vertical acceleration is constant at top
● Peak horizontal acceleration at roof > Ground Accel.
 Simplified Water Model

● Constant Horizontal
and Vertical Accel-
eration
● Acceleration in one
direction (Monoton-
ic)
● Extreme condition if
maximum water
level = top of wall Tan(Theta) = ah/(g-av)
Relation between Theta, ah, av
 Methods to get ah,max

● Ah,max = PGA x Multiplier

● From Time history analysis of actual building
model
(get ah,max at roof-top)
● From Floor Spectra Analysis of actual building
model
● From Simplified Continuum Building Model
(Can be used for Parametric Study)
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
Simplified Continuum Building Model

● For parametric study

to get peak horizontal
acceleration at top
● Frame + Shearwall
2D Model
● Linear Time History
Analysis
● Multi-story Buildings
(1..20 Floors)
 Continuum Model

Governing dynamic equation of motion of the continuum system

with uniform lateral stiffness :

Ao = Lateral stiffness ratio of shear and bending:

0 – 1.5 for Shearwall
1.5 – 5.0 for Dual System
5.0 – 20.0 for SMRF
 Continuum Model

Using Modal Analysis, the absolute (total) horizontal acceleration

at x level can be calculated as:

After peak acceleration is computed, we can calculate the

various ratio of PFA/GFA by changing ao, To, height of the
model to create the following charts:
 PFA/GFA vs To

PFA/GFA is smaller for ao <= 6 or To > 1.0 seconds

 PFA/GFA vs ao

PFA/GFA is larger for ao <= 4 or To <= 1.0 seconds

Summary of PFA/GFA

Range of PFA/GFA is from 2.0 to 3.5

Summary of PFA/GFA

Range of PFA/GFA is from 2.0 to 3.5

Parametric Study: Small Pool
(Width=4.0m, Depth=1.2m, ah=0.1-0.3, av=0.1)
Parametric Study: Medium Pool
(Width=6.0m, Depth=1.2m, ah=0.1-0.3, av=0.1)
Parametric Study: Large Pool
(Depth=1.2-1.5m, ah=0.1-0.3, av=0.1-0.2)
 Design Procedure

1. Known : D (water depth), W (pool width), ah, av (earthquake

horizontal and vertical accelerations), NF (number of floors)
2. Find estimated building's Time Period To , modal damping ratio ξ,
lateral stiffness ratio α0
3. Using Table 2, with To and NF, find the PFA/PGA factor
4. Using PFA/PGA factor, find peak acceleration at roof-top, ahp
5. Vertical acceleration will be assumed same as on the ground, av
Using equation (5), find the estimated water surface angle
6. Compute max angle using Tan(theta), max = D/W
9. Check for safety status of the pool, and increase the side wall of the
pool to anticipate the water movement
 Conclusions

● PFA/GFA >= 2.0

● PFA/GFA >> for NF <= 5, constant for NF
>= 5
● Depth/Width ratio: Smaller → Higher risk
● Av >> → Higher risk
● Ah >= 0.15g → High risk
● Moment Frame, NF <= 5 → PFA/GFA = 3.5
→ Highest risk
 Recommendations

● Rooftop swimming pool must be checked for

water splash risk, especially for Moment Re-
sisting Frame Building with Floors <= 5
● Rooftop swimming pool (Continuous model)
is not recommended for Medium and High-
rise buildings
● Safety wall must be installed if Safety Level
is not achieved
● Further study: Fluid Dynamics, Pool shape,
Damping effects of water movement
 THANK YOU

● THANK YOU !