Modelling and Simulation of A 4 Storey Cold-Formed Steel Frame Building With Straw-Bale Infill Panel Under Seismic Loading Using ETABS 2016

14-Abdulrazzaq USEP: Journal of Science and Engineering Production, Vol. 1, No.
1,
and Raji pp14-45, 2019 Tech Publications, Nigeria
Modelling and Simulation of a 4 Storey Cold-

Formed Steel Frame Building with Straw-Bale Infill
Panel Under Seismic Loading using ETABS 2016
J. K. Oyeleke2 and A. A. Adedeji2
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin,
Nigeria
1
boltsengine@gmail.com, 2gaiadeji@gmail.com
Abstract: This research aims to Modelling and Simulation of a 4 storey

Cold-formed Steel (CSC)Frame Building with Straw-bale Infill Panel under
Seismic Loading using ETABS 2016.The objectives were to: (i) model a 4
storey CSC frame symmetric building with strawbale infill panel; (ii)
perform simulation on model and analysis of the CSC frame building with
strawbale infill panel; (iii) determine the building response to seismic
loadings using Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) and Time History (TH)
data; and (iv) compare the building response of the two methods to the model
of conventional (CV) frame building with sandcrete block masonry infill
panel. Modelling and simulation of the CSC frame building with strawbale
infill panels was done and subjected to seismic load using RSA and 5 TH
data. The findings of the study were that: the CSC frame building with infill
panel offered an appreciable amount of resistance to external forces;
response of building model under RSA revealed that maximum displacement
occurred at the top of the building while the maximum drift occurred on the
first storey with values of 127.85 mm and 0.016 respectively; and TH
analysis showed that the maximum displacement occurred at the roof level
for all five earthquake data used, with Petrolia earthquake data having the
highest displacement value of 50.35 mm, and a maximum storey drift value
of 0.0068; safety verification of building response in accordance with
Eurocode 8 revealed that the CSC frame building with straw-bale infill panel
under the RSA and TH earthquakes data were safe; and in comparison, CSC
frame building with straw-bale infill panel under seismic load has a lower
storey drift value of 0.0068 compared to CV frame building with drift value
of 0.00912. The study concluded that the maximum displacement and drift
of CSC frame building with strawbale infill panel under seismic load
14
14-Abdulrazzaq USEP: Journal of Science and Engineering Production, Vol. 1, No. 1,
occurred along the longitudinal axis of the building. The study recommended
that CSC building with straw bale infill panel be incorporated in the
standards, as this composition is more stable under earthquake than CV
frame building.
Keywords: Cold-formed Steel, Straw-bale, Infill Panels, Time History

Analysis
1. Introduction
Earthquake is among the most damaging events caused by the earth itself, in
order to reduce the risk and insuring the resilience of building structure
against high seismic events, nowadays various methods are being used to
strengthen building structures against earthquake. According to Azizian
(2015), one of the new methods which can be used in improving the seismic
behaviour of building structures is the use of light steel framing (LSF). LSF
such as cold formed steel structure is a structural system which is employed
in the construction of buildings which are mostly low and medium rise
buildings at most five stories. The conventional and traditional method of
anti-seismic technique is to increase the stiffness of structures by enlarging
the section of columns, beams, shear walls, or other elements, which will
accommodate the seismic load because of the added mass to structures.
Emmanuelle (2013) observed that the conventional anti-seismic technique
causes an increase in the cost of the structure while the safety level of such
structures is little improved. Another disadvantage of the traditional anti -
seismic technique is that it focuses on the protection of the structure but
neglects the facilities inside the structure. Hence, it cannot be used in some
structures. The construction of cast in place concrete beams and columns
requires the installation and removal of formworks and shoring, which
amounts and constitute a considerate part of their costs. However, the cost of
construction can be significantly reduced if the conventional and traditional
reinforcing steel bar is replaced by a thin-walled cold-formed steel channel
section as formworks to carry the wet concrete during their construction. The
thin-walled cold-formed steel channels also function as reinforcement in
composite reinforced concrete beams and columns. Nguyen (1988) posited
that replacing standard reinforcement with thin-walled cold-formed steel
sections of equal cross sectional maintains the strength of beam. The use of
cold formed steel as a construction material began from the 1850s but it was
not widely used until the first dissipation of American association of iron in
15
1946 (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2002). Today, due to its
high quality of construction, high speed, and high resistance against
superlative earthquake movements, it is used in developed countries in
buildings (Azizian, 2015).
Research into and use of alternative building systems in construction practise
has come about as a result of a number of factors, including the depletion of
forest resources, and concerns about energy efficiency and construction costs.
The need has arisen in the construction industry to focus on creating building
structures that require fewer non-renewable resources, both for their
construction and maintenance. One of the construction practices which has
shown great assurance in meeting this new focus is construction using straw
bale. Straw has been used for thousands of years as a building material.
Traditionally straw was mixed with clays in earth construction techniques
such as wattle and daub, cob and adobe in order to reinforce the earth (King,
2006). During the late 1800s, baling machines were invented in the USA
which allowed farmers to store their straw more easily. At the same time
communities were starting to populate and farm areas of Nebraska.
Conventional building materials were in very short supply within these new
communities so farmers started to use the bales produced from their crops to
build houses. These buildings had load-bearing straw bale walls which were
then rendered both inside and out. This type of straw bale construction has
since become known as Nebraskan style and some of these buildings survive
to this day (Jones, 2002). Straw bales can be used in both infill non-
loadbearing and modest loadbearing wall applications. Non-loadbearing
straw bale walls are mainly used for external infill above the damp-proof
course level in moderate or sheltered environments. They can be constructed
either on site or as prefabricated panels delivered to site already enclosed in a
protective outer finish, such as lime render. Detailing requirements for both
approaches are similar, although construction sequences are different (Suton,
Black and Walker, 2011). Straw bale buildings are of special value in areas
where earthquakes are common since straw bales have good width to height
ratio and can be easily reinforced (Ashour, 2003).
In their study, comparative study of seismic analysis of reinforced concrete

frame in-filled with masonry and shape memory alloy wire, Adedeji and Ige
(2011), using Finite Element Methods (FEM) analysis to investigate and
compare the performance of a reinforced concrete bare frame, in filled with
and without straw bale and Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) diagonal wires,
subjected to Seismic loads and earthquake ground excitation using Elcentro.
16
The methods of equivalent lateral force (static), response Spectrum and time
history method of seismic analysis were employed. The result of the analysis
shows that with the concentric application of SMA diagonal wires, the
displacement of the frame under seismic loading and earthquake ground
excitation reduced drastically.
Elouali, 2004, also studied the Effect of infill Masonry panels on the Seismic
response of frame building, The results obtained show that the infill has an
effect on the seismic response of frame buildings and it should be considered
in the analysis of such a type of structures.
Iskhakov and Ribakov, (2008) in their study, Dynamic testing of full-scale
11-storey RC building and its 3-storey structural parts: Comparison of the
results and seismic resistance estimation, It was shown that, if the dynamic
parameters of both structures are rather close, it is possible to obtain the
seismic loads, acting on the real building, using the impulse forces, applied to
the structural part. This approach may be successfully used for estimation of
seismic resistance of real buildings designed for a given seismic zone.
Tehrani (2006) study, he compared the nonlinear static (pushover) and
nonlinear dynamic procedures in the determination of maximum
displacements of an existing steel structure retrofitted with different methods.
In Touqan (2008) a comparison of the Response spectrum analysis and
Equivalent Static Lateral Load with the more elaborate Response Spectrum
Method of analysis as they apply to a repertoire of different structural
models. Khan‟s (2010) performed a response spectrum analysis of 20 story
building and compare static and dynamic analysis and design results of
buildings up to 40 storeys.
In view of the available literatures, no study had been carried out on

Modelling and Simulation of a 4 storey Cold-formed Steel Frame Building
with Straw-bale Infill Panel under Seismic Loading using ETABS 2016.
2. Methodology
2.1 Modelling and Simulation of the Building
The materials and material properties used for modelling the building were
sourced from past literature. The material properties like density, modulus of
elasticity, Poisson‟s ratio, compressive strength (concrete), coefficient of
thermal expansion and shear modulus were used in modelling and analysis
in this research work.
17
Table 1 Material properties

Material Property Value Source
Cold Density (KN/m3) 76.97 ETABS (2016)
Formed Modulus of Elasticity 203396360
Steel (KN/m2)
Poisson Ratio 0.33
Concrete Density (KN/m3) 24.9926 Asiz and Ahmed
Modulus of Elasticity 31000 (2013)
(KN/m2)
Poisson Ratio 0.2
Compressive Strength 25
(N/mm2)
Straw-bale Density (KN/m3) 22.3 Bruce (2003)
Modulus of Elasticity 22990
(KN/m2)
Poisson Ratio 0.3
Cement Density (KN/m3) 19 Ashour (2003)
Plaster Modulus of Elasticity 20250
(KN/m2)
Poisson Ratio 0.2
The software used for modelling, simulation and analysis is Computers and
Structures Incorporation (CSI) ETABS, a building module of CSI SAP2000
which employs a Finite element method (FEM) in this research by assuming
a linear elastic behaviour of the building structure. Four types of forces will
be involved at any point/node „i‟ of a structure. These forces include; the
externally applied load pi (t) and the forces resulting from the motion, that is,
inertia fIi , damping fDi , and elastic fSi . Thus, for each of multiple degrees of
freedom, the dynamic equilibrium may be expressed as
(1)
The force vectors can be represented in matrix form,

(2)
18
Each of the resisting forces is expressed most conveniently by means of an

appropriate set of influence coefficients. Consider, for example, the elastic
force component developed at any point 1; this depends in general upon the
displacement components developed at all points of the structure
(3)
Similarly, the elastic force that corresponds to the degree of freedom v2 is
(4)
Also, in general,
(5)
The coefficients „kij’ are called stiffness influence coefficients
kij =a force corresponding to coordinate i due to a unit displacement of
coordinate j.
The complete set of elastic force may be written in matrix form as
(6)
Figure 1. Link element internal forces and moments acting at a joint.
Figure 2. Link/support element internal forces and moments acting at a joint
19
The Link/Support element internal forces, P, V2, V3, and the internal
moments, T, M2, M3, have the same meaning as for the Frame element.
 Axial: P = fu1
 Shear in the 1-2 plane: V2 = fu2, M3s = (d – dj2) fu2
 Shear in the 1-3 plane: V3 = fu3, M2s = (d – dj3) fu3
 Torsion: T = fr1
 Pure bending in the 1- 3 plane: M2b = fr2
 Pure bending in the 1- 3 plane: M3b = fr3
Where d is the distance from joint j. The total bending moment resultants M2
and M3 composed of shear and pure bending parts:: M2 = M2s + M2b; M3 =
M3s + M3b
The element internal forces and displacement at joint i,j for one joint element
is expressed as
(7)
Figure 3. This relationship also holds for a two joint element if all the
displacements at joint I are zero.
A 4-storey cold-formed steel concrete (CSC) frame building with strawbale
infill panel was modelled with the material properties as shown in Table
using ETABS 2016. The cold-formed steel has a depth of 450 mm and a
width of 225 mm. The gauge of the cold-formed steel has a thickness of 8
mm. The beams also have the same configuration as the columns by having a
cold-formed steel tube with concrete. The flange thickness is reduced to 4
mm for the beams. The composite slab comprises of concrete placed on a
cold-formed steel deck and held together by shear studs. The straw-bale
covers about 89% of the total volume of the wall (201 mm) while the cement
plaster which covers the straw bale on both sides is of 12 mm thickness on
20
both faces to make 24 mm (about 11% of the volume). The straw bale was
connected to the cold formed frame with a bar tie as shown in figure 1.
Figure 4. Cold-formed frame-Straw bale interaction
Figure 5. Plan View of the Modelled Building.
21
The defined structural members were used to create a 3D model of the cold-
formed steel concrete composite building with straw-bale walls using
nonlinear finite element analysis software ETAB 2016. Figure 5, shows the
plan view of a typical floor model. Likewise, the 3D view of the model is
shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. 3D View of the Modelled Building
The study model building under consideration was analysed based on the
load cases of dead load, live load, roof load and wind load in accordance to
the specifications of Eurocode 8. The model was then simulated using
ETABS 2016, the Haiti 2010 earthquake data was used for Response
Spectrum Analysis (RSA) and historical earthquakes data of El Centro
earthquake (Imperial Valley), Petrolia earthquake (Cape Mendocino),
Northridge (Lacc_Nor) earthquake, Lucerne Earthquake, and Sylmar
earthquake (San Fernando) was used for Time History Analysis.
2.2 Response Spectrum Analysis
Response spectrum analysis is typically used for performing seismic analysis.
It calculates the maximum response values in each mode of a structure from a
22
response curve and then combines these responses using modal

superposition. Since a building response is not made up of a single mode but
the response of many modes, the response from many modes must be
combined. Combining the modes takes statistical approaches like Square
Root Sum of the Square (SRSS), Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC),
Absolute sum, General Modal Combination (GMC). Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-
1:2005), Clause 3.2.2.2 gives the elastic response spectrum Se(T) of the
horizontal components of the seismic action as follows,
[ ] (8)
(9)
[ ] (10)
[ ] (11)
Where is the elastic response spectrum;, T is the vibration period of a

linear single-degree-of-freedom system;, is the design ground acceleration
on type A ground;, is the lower limit of the period of the constant spectral
acceleration branch;, is the upper limit of the period of the constant
spectral acceleration branch;, is the value defining the beginning of the
constant displacement response range of the spectrum;, S is the soil factor;,
is the damping correction factor with a reference value of η = 1 for 5%
viscous damping.
Figure 7. Eurocode 8 Design Response Spectrum (Se(T)) Showing a Plot of

Spectral Acceleration against Period
23
In this project, the Horizontal linear elastic response spectrum was used and
the ground type B (describing a soil with deposits of very dense sand, gravel,
or very stiff clay, at least several tens of metres in thickness, characterised by
a gradual increase of mechanical properties with depth.) response spectrum
parameters were used which corresponds to the Type I (stiff) soil which is the
soil dominant in Haiti. The values of the periods TB, TC and TD and of the soil
factor S describing the shape of the elastic response spectrum depend upon
the ground type. Therefore, according to Eurocode 8;
 Behavior Factor, q 1.5
 Damping Ratio 0.05
 Ground Acceleration, ag/g 0.5 g
 Ground Type B
 Spectrum Type 1
 S 1.5
 TB(S) 0.15
 TC(S) 0.5
 TD(S) 2
Figure 8, shows the interface of the response spectrum parameters definition
according to Eurocode standard. Figure 9, shows the interface of the load
case for response spectrum which describes the defined acceleration in U1
(x) and U2 (y) direction.
Figure 8. Interface of the Response Spectrum Definition According to

Eurocode 8
24
Figure 9. Interface for the Loadcase Definition for the Response Spectrum
2.2.1 Damage Limitations
The damage limitation requirement was verified in terms of the inter-storey
drift (dr) (EN 1998-1: 20004 / 4.4.3.2) using equation
(12)
Storey drift dr is evaluated as the difference of the average lateral

displacements ds at the top and bottom of the storey (EN 1998-1: 2004 /
4.4.2.2(2)). In EN 1998, it is not defined how the “average” value should be
calculated. Note, storey drifts have to be determined for each vibration mode
and combined according to a combination rule. For example, CQC. h is the
storey height. v is the reduction factor which takes into account the lower
return period of the seismic action associated with the damage limitation
requirement. It depends on the important class of the building.
The study building is classified as importance class III (EN 1998-1/Table
4.3) and the corresponding reduction factor v is 0.4 (EN 1998-1/4.4.3.2(2)).
is a factor which takes into account the type of the non-structural elements
and their arrangements into the structure is 0.005, 0.0075 and 0.01 (EN 1998-
1, equations 4.31, 4.32 and 4.33), this is shown in equation 13 to 15.
25
a) for buildings having non-structural elements of brittle materials attached

to the structure:
(13)
b) for buildings having ductile non-structural elements:
(14)
c) for buildings having non-structural elements fixed in a way so as not to
interfere with structural deformations, or without non-structural
elements:
(15)
2.3 Time History Analysis
There are many recorded historical earthquake data, but in this research, five
different earthquake data were used to analyse the modelled building. The
descriptions of the earthquake are given in 2.3.1 to 2.3.5 and the plots of the
accelerogram are also shown.
2.3.1 El Centro Earthquake
To understand the feature of ground motions in near-source regions, Kikuchi
et al. (2000) used series of El Centro Array and observed that the PGA of the
vertical motions of El Centro Array increases significantly in accordance
with approaching the fault. A PGA of 1490 Gal was recorded in Array No. 6
which was tremendously larger than the rest and thus, it was used in this
project. Figure 11 and 12 shows the time history plot for Array06 El Centro
earthquake in Imperial Valley for x (1) and y (2) direction respectively.
26
Figure 11. Time History Function for Array06 in x Direction
Figure 12. Time History Function for Array06 in y Direction

The Array06 functions in the x and y direction were combined in a load case
as shown in Figure 13 and used to analyse the building. The number of
output time steps was set to 120 and the output time step size set as 0.5. This
was done to set the total time of the earthquake occurrence/span at 60
seconds (multiplying 120 by 0.5).
27
Figure 13. Load Case Data Definition for the Array06 earthquake of El
Centro
2.3.2 Petrolia Earthquake
The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake (or 1992 Petrolia earthquake) an
intensity IX earthquake which occurred along the Lost Coast of Northern
California on April 25 1992 was also used in this study. Figure 14 and 15
shows the time history plot for the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake for x
(1) and y (2) direction respectively.
Figure 14. Time History Function for Petrolia Earthquake in x Direction
28
Figure 15. Time History Function for Petrolia Earthquake in y Direction

The Petrolia earthquake functions in the x and y direction were also
combined in a load case and used to time history analysis of the building. The
number of output time steps was also set to 120 and the output time step size
set as 0.5. This was done to set the total time of the earthquake
occurrence/span at 60 seconds (multiplying 120 by 0.5).
2.3.3 Lacc_North Earthquake
The 1994 Northridge earthquake an intensity IX, which occurred on January
17 was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North
America was also used. The interface of ETABS for the 1994 Northridge
earthquake definition are shown in Figure 16 and 17 for x and y direction
respectively.
29
Figure 17. Time History Function for LACC_NOR Earthquake in y-

Direction
The x and y direction functions of the LACC_NOR earthquake were further
combined in a load case and also set to span for 60 seconds when used for the
time history analysis.
2.3.4 Lucerne Earthquake
The 1992 Landers earthquake, an intensity IX occurred on June 28 with an
epicentre near the town of Landers, California.
The interface of ETABS for the 1992 Landers earthquake definition are
shown in Figure 18 and 19 for x and y direction respectively.
The x and y direction functions of the Lucerne earthquake were also
combined in a load case. However, the time history functions were set to
span for 50 seconds as given by Figure 18 and 19. This was achieved by
setting the number of output time steps to 100 and the output time step size to
0.5.
Figure 18.Time History Function for Lucerne Earthquake in x- Direction
30
Figure 19. Time History Function for Lucerne Earthquake in y- Direction

2.3.5 Slymarff Earthquake
The 1971 San Fernando earthquake, an intensity XI (also known as the
Sylmar earthquake) occurred in the early morning of February 9 in the
foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in southern California was used.
Figure 20 and 21 shows the time history plot for the 1971 San Fernando
earthquake for x (1) and y (2) direction respectively.
Figure 20. Time History Function for Slymarff Earthquake in x- Direction
31
Figure 21. Time History Function for Slymarff Earthquake in y- Direction

The x and y direction functions of the Slymarff earthquake were also further
combined in a load case and also set to span for 60 seconds when used for the
time history analysis.
In other to ascertain the safety of the building after earthquakes, the safety
verification of seismic resistance building in EN 1998-1/4.4.3.2 of limitation
of interstorey drift was used. Comparison between seismic response of CSC
Frame modelled building and that of conventional frame building carried
out.
3. Results and Discussions
Response Spectrum Analysis
After simulating the modelled building to response spectrum analysis in
accordance to Eurocode 8 using CSI ETABS, the response of the building to
the seismic load were recorded. The total weight of the building was
estimated using material list by section criteria. The building was taken as a
single unit and its response to deflection and drifts were observed. The storey
response plot for maximum displacement, drift and stiffness are shown in
Figure 22 to 24. The maximum displacement of the building is 127. 85 mm
and it occurs at the top of the building in the global y-direction as shown in
Figure 22.
32
Storey Displacement
15
Storey Height (m)
12
9
6 Global X-Dir
3 Global Y-Dir
0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Deflection (mm)
Figure 22. Storey response (displacement) of the

CSC building
For each storey, the maximum drift occurs at the 1 st storey for both the global
x and y-directions. The maximum drift of the building is at the 1 st storey and
has a value of 0.016 in the global y-direction as shown in Figure 23.
The structure has a maximum shear of 10967.91 KN at the base.
The overturning moment of the building, like storey shear, decreases as the
height of the building increases in both global x and y-directions. The
maximum overturning moment occurs at the base with a value of 109205 kN-
m in the y-direction.
33
Storey Drift
15
Storey Height (m)
12
9
6 Global X-Dir
3 Global Y-Dir
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Drift (mm)
Figure 23. Storey response (drifts) of the CSC building

.
Storey Stiffness
15
Storey Height (m)
12
9
6 Global X-Dir
3
Global Y-Dir
0
0 200000400000600000800000
Stiffness (kN/m)
Figure 24. Storey response (stiffness) of the CSC building.
The stiffness of the building which depicts the resistance strength of the
building is shown in Figure 24. The building has a maximum stiffness value
of 645117 kN/m on the 2nd storey in the global x-direction. This shows that
the building is stiffer in the global x-direction than the global y-direction.
And that is why more drift and displacement are experienced in the y-
direction
34
The response of the CSC frame building with strawbale infill panel under
seismic analysis has been studied. The response under various earthquake
loads can be compared for further study. The building has its maximum drift
on storey one in both global x and y-direction. The response spectrum has
maximum drift values of 0.0098 in the global x-direction and 0.016 in the
global y-direction.
In verification of the damage limitation according to Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-

1/4.4.3.2), It can be seen that the most severe drift limit ( ),
for a building having non-structural elements of brittle materials attached to
the structure) is not exceeded in any storey. For the maximum storey drift in
first storey, 0.0064 is less than 0.015. This shows that the maximum
displacement and drift of the CSC building is safe from damage under Haiti
(response spectrum) earthquake data.
Time History Analysis

Simulating the modelled building to time history analysis, the study building
response to historical earthquakes data were recorded. The building was
taken as a single unit and its response to deflection and drifts were observed.
a. El Centro Earthquake
Figure 25 shows the maximum storey deflection of the El Centro earthquake
with the maximum storey displacement of the building is at the roof with a
value of 24.57 mm in the y direction.
15
12
Storey Height (m)
9
6 Global X-Dir
3 Global Y-Dir
0
0 10 20 30
Displacement (mm)
35
Figure 25. Storey response (maximum displacement) of CSC building under

the El Centro earthquake
The maximum storey drift of the building which describes the deflection of
the building from floor to floor under the action of the El Centro earthquake
is shown in Figure 25. For each storey, the maximum drift occur at the top
for both the x and y direction. The maximum drift of the building is at the 1st
storey and has a value of 0.0031 in the global y direction.
15
12
Storey Height (m)
6 Global X-Dir
3 Global Y-Dir
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Drift
Figure 25. Storey response (maximum drifts) of the CSC building the El
Centro earthquake
b. Petrolia Earthquake
Figure 26 shows the maximum storey displacement of the CSC frame
building with strawbale infill panel under the Petrolia earthquake. The
maximum displacement of the building is observed at the roof with a value of
50.35 mm in the global y-direction.
36
15
12
Storey Height (m)
9
6 Global X-Dir
Global Y-Dir
3
0
0 20 40 60
Displacment (mm)
Figure 26. Storey response (maximum displacement) of the CSC building

under the Petrolia earthquake
The response of the building to drift under the Petrolia earthquake is shown
in Figure 27. For each storey, the minimum drift occurs at the top for both the
x and y direction. And also, the maximum drift of the overall building occurs
at storey one with a sway value of 0.0068 in the global y direction.
15
12
9
Storey Height (m)
6 Global X-Dir
3
0 Global Y-Dir
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
Drift (mm)
Figure 27. Storey response (maximum drift) of the CSC building under the
Petrolia earthquake
c. Lacc_North Earthquake
Figure 28 shows the maximum storey displacements of the CSC frame
building with strawbale infill panel under the Lacc_North earthquake in the
global x and y directions. The maximum storey displacement of the building
is observed at 12.37 mm in the y-direction.
37
15
12
9
Storey Height (m)
6 Global X-Dir
3
Global Y-Dir
0
0 5 10 15
Displacement (mm)

under the Lacc_North earthquake
The response of the building to drift under the Lacc_North earthquake is
shown in Figure 29. For each storey, the minimum drift occurs at the top for
both the global x and y direction. And also, the maximum drift of the overall
building occurs at storey one with a sway value of 0.0018 in the global y-
direction.
15
12
9 Global X-Dir
Storey Height (m)
6
3 Global Y-Dir
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Drift
Lacc_North earthquake
d. Lucerne Earthquake
The maximum displacement of the CSC frame building with strawbale infill
panel under the Lucerne earthquake is shown in Figure 30 with a maximum
displacement of 13.25 mm at the roof in the global y- direction.
38
15
12
Storey Height (m)
9
6 Global…
Global…
3
0
0 5 10 15
Displacement (mm)

under the Lucerne earthquake
The maximum storey drift of the CSCframe building with strawbale infill
panel under the Lucerne earthquake is shown in Figure 31 with a maximum
drift of 0.0017 at storey one in the global y direction.
15
12
9
Storey Height (m)
6 Global X-Dir
3 Global Y-Dir
0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002
Drift
Figure 31.Storey response (maximum drift) of the CSC building under the
Lucerne earthquake
Figure 32 shows the maximum storey displacement of the CSC frame
building with strawbale infill panel observed during the Slymarff
earthquake. The building has a maximum displacement of 31.37 mm at the
top in the global y-direction.
39
15
12
Storey Height (m)
9
6 Global X-
Dir
3
0
0 10 20 30 40
Displacement (mm)

under the Slymarff earthquake
15
12
Storey Height (m)
9
6 Global X-
Dir
3
0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Drift
Slymarff earthquake
The maximum drift of the CSC frame building with strawbale infill panel
that was observed under the Slymarff earthquake occurs at the top of storey
one with a value of 0.0035 in global y-direction as shown in Figure 33.
The maximum drift of the CSC frame building with strawbale infill panel
that was observed under the Slymarff earthquake occurs at the top of storey
one with a value of 0.0035 in global y-direction as shown in Figure 33.
40
The response of the Cold-formed Steel Concrete (CSC) building with

Strawbale infill panel in terms of drift and deflection is studied and compared
in both x and y direction. Figure 34 and 35 shows the deflection of the
building under various earthquake loading data in the x and y direction
respectively.
15
Storey Height (m)
12
Elcentro
9
Petrolia
6
Lacc_North
3
0 Lucerne
0 10 20 30 40 Slymarff
Deflection (mm)
Figure 34. Deflection of the CSC building in the x- direction.
From the analysis, the Petrolia earthquake gives the highest deflection in the
as 50.35 mm in the global y-direction and 29.97 mm in the global x-
direction. Figure 36 and 37 shows the storey drift of the building in both
global x and y direction respectively. It shows that for all five time historical
earthquakes, the highest values of drift occur in the global y-direction and at
the first storey of the building.
41
Storey Height (m) 15
12
Elcentro
9
Petrolia
6
Lacc_North
3 Lucerne
0 Slymarff
0 20 40 60
Deflection (mm)
Figure 35. Deflection of the CSC building in the y- direction.
15
Storey Height (m)
12
El Centro
9
Petrolia
6
Lacc_North
3
Lucerne
0
Slymarff
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004
Drift
Figure 36.Drift of the CSC building in the x direction.
42
Storey Height (m) 15
12
El Centro
9
Petrolia
6
Lacc_North
3 Lucerne
0 Slymarff
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
Drift
Figure 37. Drift of the CSC building in the y- direction.

The Petrolia earthquake produced the highest storey drift among the other
earthquakes in both x and y directions. It has its maximum drift at the first
floor with a value of 0.0068 in the global y-direction and 0.0038 in the global
x-direction.
In verification of the damage limitation according to Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-
1/4.4.3.2), It can be seen that the most severe drift limit ( , for a
building having non-structural elements of brittle materials attached to the
structure) is not exceeded in any storey. The maximum storey drift of 0.0068
for Petrolia earthquake at the first storey, =0.00272 is less than 0.015.
This result verifies the safety of the cold-formed steel frame building with
straw-bale panels under the El Centro, Petrolia, Lacc_North, Lucerne and the
Slymarff earthquake.
CSC frame building with strawbale infill wall has a lower storey drift value
of 0.0068 under the Petrolia earthquake data compared to conventional RCC
frame building with a higher value 0.00912 under the same Petrolia
earthquake data.
4. Conclusions
The CSC frame building with strawbale infill panel offered an appreciable
amount of resistance to external forces; response of building model under
RSA revealed that maximum displacement occurred at the top of the building
43
while the maximum drift occurred on the first storey with values of 127.85
mm and 0.016 respectively; and TH analysis showed that the maximum
displacement occurred at the roof level for all five earthquake data used, with
Petrolia earthquake data having the highest displacement value of 50.35 mm,
and a maximum storey drift value of 0.0068;
Safety verification of building response in accordance with Eurocode 8

revealed that the CSC frame building with straw-bale infill panel under the
RSA and TH earthquakes data were safe; and in comparison, CSC frame
building with straw-bale infill panel under seismic load has a lower storey
drift value of 0.0068 compared to CV frame building with drift value of
0.00912.
The study concluded that the maximum displacement and drift of CSC frame
building with strawbale infill panel under seismic load occurred along the
longitudinal axis of the building. The study recommended that CSC building
with straw bale infill panel be incorporated in the standards, as this
composition is more stable under earthquake than CV frame building.
5. References
Abolarin, J., & Adedeji, A. (2016). Investigating Earthquake Magnitude by
Seismic Signals and Wavelet Transform in its Optimal Design. Application,
Websjournal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 305-322.
Akpan, O., & Yakubu, T. (2010). A review of earthquake occurrences and
observations in Nigeria. Journal of Earthquake Sciences, 23(3), 289-294.
Ashour, T. (2003). The use of Renewable agricultural by-products as
Building Materials. PhD Thesis, Zigzag University, Faculty of Agriculture,
Moshtohor, Benha.
Azizian, H. (2015). Constructional System of Cold Formed Light Steel
Framing (LSF). Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science, Science Journal
(CSJ), 36(3), 2135-2142.
BS EN 1998-1, Eurocode 8. (2005 ). Design of structures for earthquake
resistance. Part 1: General rules, Seismic action and rules for buildings.
Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization.
44
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). (2002). Alternative

wall systems for low-rise housing HOUSING TECHNOLOGY SERIES.
Canada.
Emmanuelle, O. (2013). Scaled Based Reinforced Concrete Framed in
Smart Structural Materials on Spectral Ordinate. Epistemics in Science,
Engineering and Technology, 3(1), 233-251.
Essel, I. (2018). Danger: Earthquake looms; but Geological Survey
Authority can’t predict when. Retrieved 09 29, 2018, from 3news:
http://3news.com/danger-earthquake-looms-but-geological-survey-
authority-cant-predict-when/
Narasimha, P., Kishor, K., & Ramya, T. (2014). A Novel Approach for
Seismic Signal Magnitude Detection Using Haar Wavelet. IEEE
International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation,
(pp. 324-329).
Ogunyemi, D. (2016, June 28). Earthquake alert: FG, states urged on
redemptive measures. Retrieved September 26, 2016, from Daily Trust:
http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/earthquake-alert-fg-states-
urged-on-redemptive-measures/152949.html
Oyeleke, J., & Adedeji, A. (2018). Numerical Modelling and Analysis of
Cold-Formed Steel Frame Building with Straw-Bale Infill Panel under
Seismic Loading. Epistemics in Science, Engineering and Technology, 8(1),
613-622.
Raju, G., Kishor, K., & Narasimha, P. (2015). Revealing of Earthquake
Magnitude Using Seismic Signals and Wavelength Transforms. The 2015
International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineering
(SCSE 2015) (pp. 619-627). Procedia Computer Science.
Tsalha, M., Lar, U., Yakubu, T., Kadiri, U., & Duncan, D. (2015). The
Review of the Historical and Recent Seismic Activity in Nigeria. IOSR
Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG), 3, 48-56.
45

Modelling and Simulation of A 4 Storey Cold-Formed Steel Frame Building With Straw-Bale Infill Panel Under Seismic Loading Using ETABS 2016

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Modelling and Simulation of A 4 Storey Cold-Formed Steel Frame Building With Straw-Bale Infill Panel Under Seismic Loading Using ETABS 2016

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14-Abdulrazzaq USEP: Journal of Science and Engineering Production, Vol. 1, No.

Modelling and Simulation of a 4 Storey Cold-

Abstract: This research aims to Modelling and Simulation of a 4 storey

Keywords: Cold-formed Steel, Straw-bale, Infill Panels, Time History

In their study, comparative study of seismic analysis of reinforced concrete

In view of the available literatures, no study had been carried out on

Table 1 Material properties

The force vectors can be represented in matrix form,

Each of the resisting forces is expressed most conveniently by means of an

Figure 1. Link element internal forces and moments acting at a joint.

Figure 2. Link/support element internal forces and moments acting at a joint

Figure 4. Cold-formed frame-Straw bale interaction

Figure 5. Plan View of the Modelled Building.

Figure 6. 3D View of the Modelled Building

response curve and then combines these responses using modal

Where is the elastic response spectrum;, T is the vibration period of a

Figure 7. Eurocode 8 Design Response Spectrum (Se(T)) Showing a Plot of

Figure 8. Interface of the Response Spectrum Definition According to

Storey drift dr is evaluated as the difference of the average lateral

a) for buildings having non-structural elements of brittle materials attached

Figure 11. Time History Function for Array06 in x Direction

Figure 12. Time History Function for Array06 in y Direction

Figure 14. Time History Function for Petrolia Earthquake in x Direction

Figure 15. Time History Function for Petrolia Earthquake in y Direction

Figure 17. Time History Function for LACC_NOR Earthquake in y-

Figure 18.Time History Function for Lucerne Earthquake in x- Direction

Figure 19. Time History Function for Lucerne Earthquake in y- Direction

Figure 20. Time History Function for Slymarff Earthquake in x- Direction

Figure 21. Time History Function for Slymarff Earthquake in y- Direction

Figure 22. Storey response (displacement) of the

Figure 23. Storey response (drifts) of the CSC building

Figure 24. Storey response (stiffness) of the CSC building.

In verification of the damage limitation according to Eurocode 8 (EN 1998-

Time History Analysis

Figure 25. Storey response (maximum displacement) of CSC building under

Figure 26. Storey response (maximum displacement) of the CSC building

Figure 28. Storey response (maximum displacement) of the CSC building

Figure 30. Storey response (maximum displacement) of the CSC building

Figure 32. Storey response (maximum displacement) of the CSC building

The response of the Cold-formed Steel Concrete (CSC) building with

Figure 34. Deflection of the CSC building in the x- direction.

Storey Height (m) 15

Figure 35. Deflection of the CSC building in the y- direction.

Figure 36.Drift of the CSC building in the x direction.

Storey Height (m) 15

Figure 37. Drift of the CSC building in the y- direction.

Safety verification of building response in accordance with Eurocode 8

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). (2002). Alternative

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