19.

81 Calculate the value of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the following
reactions at 25 °C. (Refer to the data in Appendix C.2.)
(a) N2H4( g ) + 2O2( g ) ----2NO( g ) + 2H2O( g )
(b) N2H4( g ) + 6H2O2( g ) ----2NO2( g ) + 8H2O( g )

19.82 The reaction NO2( g ) + NO( g ) ---N2O( g ) + O2( g ) has DG °1273 = -9.67 kJ. A 1.00
L reaction vessel at 1000.0 °C contains 0.0200 mol NO2, 0.040 mol NO, 0.015 mol
N2O, and 0.0350 mol O2. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, in which direction will
the reaction proceed to reach equilibrium?


19.83 The reaction CO(g) + H2O(g) ---HCHO2(g) has ∆G°673 = +79.8 kJ mol-1. If a mixture
at 673 K contains 0.040 mol CO, 0.022 mol H2O, and 3.8 × 10-3 mol HCHO2 in a 2.50
 L container, is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, in which direction will the reaction
proceed spontaneously?


19.84 A reaction that can convert coal to methane (the chief component of natural gas) is
C(s) + 2H2(g) ---- CH4( g )
for which DG ° = -50.79 kJ mol-1. What is the value of Kp for this reaction at 25 °C?
Does this value of Kp suggest that studying this reaction as a means of methane
production is worthwhile pursuing?


19.85 One of the important reactions in living cells from which the organism draws energy is
the reaction of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with water to give adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) and free phosphate ion.
ATP + H2O -----ADP + PO43

The value of DG °310 for this reaction at 37 °C (normal

human body temperature) is -33 kJ mol-1. Calculate the value of the equilibrium
constant for the reaction at this temperature.


19.86 What is the value of the equilibrium constant for a reaction for which DG ° = 0? What
will happen to the composition of the system if we begin the reaction with the pure
products?
 Jika G ° = 0, Kc = 1. Jika kita mulai dengan produk murni, nilai Q akan menjadi
tak terbatas (ada nol reaktan) dan, karena Q> Kc, kesetimbangan akan bergeser ke
arah reaktan, yaitu, murni produk akan terurai menjadi reaktannya.
19.87 Methanol, a potential replacement for gasoline as an automotive fuel, can be made
from H2 and CO by the reaction CO( g ) + 2H2( g ) CH3OH( g ) At 500.0 K, this
reaction has Kp = 6.25 × 10-3. Calculate DG °500 for this reaction in units of kilo
joules.
 Go 500 = –RT Dalam Kp
Go 500 = - (8.314 J K – 1 mol – 1) (500 K) ln (6.25 × 10–3)
Go 500 = 2.11 × 104 J = 21.1 kJ

19.88 Use the data in Table 19.4 to compute the approximate atomization energy of NH3
 Ini membutuhkan pemecahan tiga ikatan tunggal N-H:
NH3: N + 3H
Hf [C2H4 (g)] = 52.284 kJ / mol
Karena Hf o diberikan sebagai -235,3 kJ ... –235,3 = 2989,85 + x
x = -3225.2 kJ
Atom H adalah reaksi balik, jadi tanda akan berubah:
H atom = 3225,2 kJ
Jumlah semua energi ikatan dalam molekul harus sama dengan energi atomisasi:
H atom = 1 (ikatan C-C) + 5 (ikatan C-H) + 1 (ikatan O-H) + 1 (C– Obligasi O)
Kami menggunakan nilai energi ikatan:
3225.2 kJ = 1 (348 kJ) + 5 (412 kJ) + 1 (463 kJ) + 1 (ikatan C – O)
Energi ikatan C – O = 354,2 kJ / mol

19.89 Approximately how much energy would be released during the formation of the bonds
in one mole of acetone molecules? Acetone, the solvent usually found in nail polish
remover, has the structural formula
 Energi yang dilepaskan selama pembentukan 1 mol aseton sama dengan jumlah
semua energi ikatan dalam molekul:
untuk delapan ikatan C-H: 412 kJ / mol × 8 mol C — H obligasi
untuk dua ikatan C-C: 348 kJ / mol × 2 mol C-C obligasi
untuk satu ikatan C = O: obligasi 743 kJ / mol × 1 mol C = O
untuk dua ikatan C-O: 360 kJ / mol × 2 mol C-O obligasi
Menambahkan kontribusi di atas kita mendapatkan 5.46 × 104 kJ dirilis per mol
aseton terbentuk.

19.90 The standard heat of formation of ethanol vapor, CH5OH( g ), is -235.3 kJ mol-1. Use
the data in Table 19.3 and the average bond energies for C-C, C-H, and O-H bonds to
estimate the C-O bond energy in this molecule. The structure of the molecule is

19.91 The standard heat of formation of ethylene, C2H4( g ), is +52.284 kJ mol-1. Calculate
the C = C bond energy in this molecule.
∆Hfº [C2H4 (g)] mengacu pada perubahan entalpi dalam kondisi standar untuk
reaksi berikut:
2C(g) + 2H2(g) C2H4(g), f H∆ [C2H4(g)] = 52.284 kJ/mol

Kita dapat sampai pada reaksi bersih ini dengan cara yang setara, yaitu, dengan
menguapkan semua elemen yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan atom-atom gas,
dan kemudian membiarkan atom-atom gas membentuk semua ikatan yang sesuai.
Keseluruhan entalpi pembentukan oleh rute ini secara numerik sama dengan reaksi
di atas.
∆Hfº = jumlah ( f H∆ [atom gas]) – jumlah (energi ikatan rata-rata dalam molekul)
∆Hfº [C2H4(g)] = 52.284 kJ/mol = [2 × 716.7 + 4 × 218.0] – [4 × 412 + C=C]
C=C : 605 kJ/mol.
19.92

Ada dua ikatan ganda C = S yang harus dipertimbangkan:

f H∆ = jumlah (f H∆ [atom gas]) - jumlah (rata-rata energi ikatan dalam molekul)
f H∆ [CS2 (g)] = 115,3 kJ / mol = [716.67 + 2 × 276.98] - [2 × C = S]
Oleh karena itu, energi ikatan rangkap C = S diberikan oleh persamaan:
C = S = - (115.3 - 716.67 - 2 × 276.98) ÷ 2 = 577,7 kJ / mol

19.93 Gaseous hydrogen sulfide, H2S, has DH ° f = -20.15 kJ mol-1. Use the data in Table
19.3 to calculate the average S---H bond energy in this molecule.
jumlah (Hf [atom gas]) - jumlah (rata-rata energi ikatan dalam molekul)
Hf [H2S (g)] = –20,15 kJ / mol = [277,0 + 2 × 218,0] - [2 × H – S]
H – S = (20.15 + 277.0 + 2 × 218.0) ÷ 2 = 366.6 kJ / mol

19.94 For SF6(g) DH ° f = -1096 kJ mol-1. Use the data in Table 19.3 to calculate the average
S---F bond energy in SF6.
 Ada enam ikatan S-F dalam molekul:
Hf = sum (Hf [atom gas]) - jumlah (rata-rata energi ikatan dalam molekul)
Hf [SF6 (g)] = –1096 kJ / mol = [277.0 + 6 × 79.14] - [6 × S — F]
S — F = (1096 + 277,0 + 6 × 79.14) ÷ 6 = 308.0 kJ / mol

19.95 Use the results of the preceding problem and the data in Table C.3 of Appendix C to
calculate the standard heat of formation of SF4( g ). The measured value of DH ° f for
SF4( g ) is -718.4 kJ mol-1. What is the percentage difference between your calculated
value of DH ° f and the experimentally determined value?
 Hf = jumlah (Hf [atom gas]) - jumlah (rata-rata energi ikatan dalam molekul).
Hf [SF4 (g)] = [277,0 + 4 × 79,14] - [4 × 308,0] = –638,4 kJ / mol
Perbedaan% adalah [(718,4 - 638,4) ÷ 718,4] × 100% = 11%

19.96 Use the data in Tables 19.3 and 19.4 to estimate the standard heat of formation of
acetylene, H---C’’’C---H, in the gaseous state.
  Hf = jumlah (Hf [atom gas]) - jumlah (rata-rata energi ikatan dalam molekul)
Hf [C2H2 (g)] = [2 × 716,7 + 2 × 218,0] - [2 × 412 + 960] = 85 kJ / mol

19.97 What would be the approximate heat of formation of CCl4 vapor at 25 °C and 1
atm?
 Hf = jumlah (Hf [atom gas]) - jumlah (rata-rata energi ikatan dalam molekul)
Hf [CCl4 (g)] = [716.67 + 4 × 121.47] - [4 × 338] = –149 kJ / mol

19.98 Which substance should have the more exothermic heat of formation, CF4 or CCl4?
 Panas pembentukan CF4 harus lebih eksotermik daripada CCl4 karena lebih banyak
energi dilepaskan pada pembentukan ikatan C-F daripada pada pembentukan ikatan
C-Cl. Juga, lebih sedikit energi yang diperlukan untuk membentuk atom F berbentuk
gas daripada membentuk atom Cl berbentuk gas.

19.99 Would you expect the value of DH ° f for benzene, C6H6, computed from tabulated
bond energies, to be very close to the experimentally measured value of DH ° f ?
Justify your answer.
 Nilai yang dihitung untuk Hf untuk benzena cenderung lebih besar dari nilai yang
diukur secara eksperimental. Itu alasan untuk perbedaan adalah bahwa perhitungan
mengabaikan stabilisasi yang disediakan oleh tingkat tinggi konjugasi / resonansi.

19.100 If pressure is expressed in atmospheres and volume is expressed in liters, P DV has

units of L atm (liters × atmospheres). In Chapter 11 you learned that 1 atm = 101,325
Pa, and in Chapter 2 you learned that 1 L = 1 dm3. Use this information to determine
the number of joules corresponding to 1 L atm.
 Sekarang benar bahwa 1 dm = 0,1 m, jadi: 1 dm3 = (0,1 m)3= 1 × 10–3 m3.
Juga, 1 Pa = 1 N / m2
Dengan demikian :
P (Pa) × V (dm3) = (101,325 N / m2) (1 × 10-3 m3) = 101,325 N • m 101,325 N • m
× 1 J / 1 N • m = 101,325 J
Atau 1 L atm × 8.314 J/mol K = 101.325 J . 0,0821 L atm/ mol K