Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
By,
Ajay Vishwakarma
Roll no -1516140015
Mechanical Engineering
4thyear, Section – D
Seminar
Presentation Overview
Robotics relevance to AI
Current implementations
Future of robotics
Definition of Robotics
A robot is…
– “An active artificial agent whose environment is the physical
world”
Artificial Intelligence
Alan Turing
Locomotion
– Statically stable vs. Dynamically stable
Manipulation
– Rotary vs. Prismatic motion
End Effector
Sensors
•Human senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell provide us
vital information to function and survive
•Robot sensors: measure robot configuration/condition and its
environment and send such information to robot controller as
electronic signals (e.g., arm position, presence of toxic gas)
•Robots often need information that is beyond 5 human senses (e.g.,
ability to: see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible
radiation, measure movement that is too small or fast for the
human eye to see)
Types of sensors
Force-sensing
Tactile-sensing
Sonar
Visual (camera)
Proprioceptive
Cognitive feature
Conceptual feature
Simple concept
Importance of Emotions
Emotions help prevent people from repeating their mistakes
(decisions that resulted in negative feelings)
Classification of Emotions
Continuous
– Emotions defined in multi-dimensional space of attributes
– Arousal-Valence Plane
Discrete
– Defines 5, 6, or more “basic” emotional states upon which
more complex emotions are based
Arousal-Valence Plane
Valence – whether emotion is positive or negative
Voice recognition
– 50 distinct commands
SPECIFICS
– 64-bit RISC processor
– 18 joints
– Touch sensor
– CCD color camera
– Infrared distance sensor
– Acceleration sensor
Cog – Brain
No central unit
– 4 nodes
Cog – Sensory Systems
Visual System
– Binocular
– Each eye has 2 gray scale cameras
Auditory System
– 2 microphones
– Stereo sampling @ 22.05 kHz with 8-bit resolution
– Sound localization has been achieved, currently working
on segregation of sound streams
Vestibular System
– 3 semi-circular canals mimicked by 3 rate gyroscopes
– 2 linear accelerometers
Tactile System
– 6x4 array of sensors on torso can detect position and force
of a touch
– Some implementation in hands
Roadblocks In Research:
Shift attention from manufacturing to design processes
Energy-related issues
– Bulky batteries with short lifespan
Problems
Sensing
– Cost of tactile sensors very high
– Range Limits
• Light – 2 meters
• Required(factory) – 10 meters
Vision
– Two methods
• Corner recognition
• Edge recognition
– Overlap of objects
– Visibility of local features
Mobility
– Growing need for AGV’s in outdoor applications
– Vision and laser ranging systems need development to
produce information at a faster rate
– Current bipeds are incapable of walking on uneven ground
Design
– Control of robot after construction
– Development of knuckles required to perform such tasks
as lifting and grasping well
– Actuators are often too big, slow, or difficult to control
Control
– Simulation is not accurate to real world interaction
– Based on mathematical and numerical computations
Reasoning
– AI (an essential component of robotics) has slowly been
introduced into industrial world
– Further refinement in this field before faster progress of
robotics
Future of Robotics
Design robots to recognize presence, posture, and gaze
Moral Dilemmas
Legal rights of autonomous beings
Summary
New technologies are promising us many upsides like enhanced
health, convenience, productivity, safety, and more useful data,
information and knowledge for people and organizations. The
potential downsides are challenges to personal privacy, over-hyped
expectations and increasing technological complexity that boggles us.
As presented in this article, robotics and AI with ongoing ubiquitous
r/evolution will have impacts on safety and health issues. Robotics is
not problem-free from this angle of human welfare. In this article a
list of key challenges of robotics and AI were presented. An
underlined issue was the demand European co-operation in meeting
these big challenges. The challenges of robotics and AI revolution
require scientific discussion from the viewpoint of management,
leadership and organizations – that is, it is time to discuss the meaning
of these challenges seriously also in terms of existing traditions of
management and safety sciences, bearing in mind their importance
already today. Digitalization, robotics, AI, IoT and Big Data are most
definitely key factors affecting societal development in the future.
Private and public organizations have begun to gain critical insights
from Big Data, robotics and ubiquitous technology through various
management systems. Basically, the issue at stake here is that it is not
just a question of how to manage and control the technological
possibilities. The development also concern leadership functions. A
robotized and automated society needs new kinds of management and
leadership styles and organizational culture. Education and training
need to be developed to meet these big challenges. Taking the
Internet of Things, robotics and ubiquitous technology seriously may
lead towards a revolution of digitalization which affects management
processes in organizations. The deployment of on-going key
processes call for strong leadership in the fields of safety and health.
Both the utilization and the development of technologies as well as
eliminating negative side effects of new robot applications are the key
challenges in ongoing technological transition period.
If the consequences of robotics and AI are taken seriously and
professionally, special attention must be paid to (1) technology
management, (2) user interfaces and experiences and (3) regulation
and good governance. These three critical themes will require many
European joint actions and development of good governance .
When we adopt new technologies, the elements of safety and health
triangle need more attention. There will be new technologies and
applications of robotics and AI. New technologies provide new
benefits, new costs, new possibilities and novel threats as history has
shown. The widely held notion is that change is speeding up and the
future will become weirder at a faster pace that we can easily track. It
does seem harder to keep up with new developments, especially in the
field of robotics and AI where new inventions and innovations are
introduced almost every week. One key question is to what extent
European citizens can trust themselves in managing big technological
transformations and how much support they can expect from public
institutions and governments. If governments take a very minimal role
in the management of big technology transformations this approach
leads to minimal state policy. If we adopt public-private partnership,
the other approach, as European Union has done in the European
robotics strategy, citizens can expect more from governments and
other agencies.