DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents 2

CHAPTER 1: Problem and Its Background 3-13

Introduction 3
Background of the Study 5
Theoretical Framework 7
Conceptual Framework 9
Statement of the Problem 11
Significance of the Study 13
Scope and Limitations 13
Definition of Terms 14

CHAPTER 2: Review of the Related Literature 16-23

Local Literature and Studies 16
Foreign Literature 20
Foreign Studies 22
Synthesis 22

CHAPTER 3: Methodology 24-28

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The ideal ordeal is that students who finished ROTC can be used as reserves

for the AFP or Armed Forces of the Philippines.

However this army training curriculum for students faced problems since

its creation, resulting to countless that aimed to finish the program.“Discontent over

ROTC - its content, conduct, the competence of its training staff and the corruption

that often plagued the individual units - had been well known for years. Casual

surfing of Filipino student websites often reveals short essays or articles about the

perceived pointlessness of the program. Student groups also occasionally took up

the matter in their roster of grievances." (ARESCOM, 2016) Not only was its

application deemed ineffective but students also suffer from unjust offices who

abuse their powers. The span of ROTC's life has been plagued with protests from

students and parents as well who wish to abolish this training.

The ROTC program was made optional and voluntary, and this led to a de

cline in the number of young men taking up the program in preparation for a

possible military career. It has resulted in the loss of

potential leaders for our military – young men

who would be interested in a military career without necessarily having to join the

Philippine Military Academy.

Changes were made and now that President Duterte promised more

changes, ROTC is pushed to be mandatory to all students. Dissent over this was

present in the form of contradictions that ROTC is not the way to make the students
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devoted to their country, and that the program brought more problems than

achieving the goal that it pursues to attain.

The question remains of whether ROTC is really necessary to reach the

hearts of the students to raise their sense of patriotism to the country. “To attain

effective changes, it is essential that a superior authority take the initiative and force

thoughtful action.” (Ringgold, 1959) Imperfections to the curriculum and

implementation of ROTC cannot be denied, and the harnessing of these aspects

should also be a part of the changes that the program should pursue before it can be

fully utilized by the students.

This research will determine whether the proposed mandatory

implementation of ROTC by President Duterte is a way to strengthen patriotism to

the students or a form of militarization through the perception of senior high

students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education has always been a priority for Filipino families as the

necessary weapon in establishing one's self in the platform of the world. It is the

conceived idea that attaining proper and formal education enables a person to be

competitive and to develop character as well as attitude. The field of education itself

has evolved to suit the learning needs of the youth today. The goal of learning is not

only limited to the concept of instilling lessons of Mathematics or Science to the

minds of students but also the development of a child's character and sense of self in
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order to pursue growth that can be a foundation to being a productive and responsible

citizen.

Long before education became available to all social classes in the

Philippines, a form of ROTC was already created during the Spanish occupation when

students from the University of Santo Tomas were made into a battalion to help in the

war against invading English troops. This shows how the need for people to fight was

the cause for the creation of what is now called ROTC.

"ROTC aims provide military education and training for students to

mobilize them for national defense preparedness. Its specific objectives include

preparation of college students for service in the Armed Forces of the Philippines in

the event of an emergency and their training to become reservists and into

commissioned officers of the AFP" (Wikipedia) In 1939, ROTC was made mandatory

by President Manuel L. Quezon, a move that was later rallied into abolishment over

the death of Cadet Sergeant Major Mark Welson Chua.

Revisions to make the program better were done by the Congress,

resulting to the creation of the National Service Training Program or NSTP. NSTP

removed ROTC as a prerequisite to graduate for the male students and the women

were also included to the change. They were now also required to participate in the

national service. NSTP became another option to take up in order to still continue the

point of harnessing a sense of patriotism in the students. The call for abolishing ROTC

was rekindled when students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines was

reported to have been tortured by ROTC officers. The program was once again put

into the spotlight, where protests started again.

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Today ROTC is still present, but President Duterte wishes to make it

mandatory to all students as a form of instilling patriotism to the hearts of the Filipinos

at

a young age. This research aims to determine if the senior high students that

can be affected by this mandatory implementation also shares this perception or if this

move is a sign of invigorating the militarization of the Philippines.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Institutional arguments rely not on aggregations of individual action, or on

patterned interaction games between individuals, but on “institutions that structure

action” (Clemens and Cook 1999: 442). Institutions are emergent, “higher-order”

factors above the individual level, constraining or constituting the interests and

political participation of actors “without requiring repeated collective mobilization or

authoritative intervention to achieve these regularities” (Jepperson 1991: 145).

As the new administration sits after election, proposed reforms occur on the

certain programs such as the reinstatement of mandatory ROTC. But certain groups,

specifically Anakbayan and National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP)

already express their anti-sentiments due to some abuses and incidents that are

reported before or even at the present time that it is not mandatory.

Institutional arguments are not about aggregations of individual action, but

higher-order factors above the individual level that influence political processes and

outcomes and tend to produce regular patterns or stasis.

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Considering that the government as an institution with given power to provide

the welfare of its constituencies by means policies should consider the stance of any

persons or groups that will be affected by those policies. In the first place, the

institution must act in accordance with what’s for the betterment of the people who

elected them without any

authoritative intervention. The government should consider the rallies,

collective mobilizations and oppressions made by some youth organizations and other

groups who are fighting to stop the violence inside ROTC program. It should not just

look for the mandate of the higher officials hence; take those oppressions as a tool to

improve their policies.

Primarily, the national governments together with the ROTC as an institution

are the main concern here. The subsequent incidents and abuses inside the ROTC

program show that the government lacks in intervention to address those issues. The

only concern of the current administration is the instilling of nationalism and

patriotism thru mandatory ROTC without ratifying or reforming the ROTC Program.

In lieu with this, Anakbayan and NUSP now push for the abolishment of the said

program because they believe that making it mandatory will worsen the situation and

instilling patriotism and nationalism can be achieved by other means than the program

of ROTC.

If the government will listen to the people or use these mobilizations as a tool

to improve the ROTC Program, there will be no next mobilization that will happen or

if the government will improve and will give attention to the issues inside and address

it properly, most of the people will support the action of the government.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Present
System of
ROTC

Reinstatement Problems
Nature of
ROTC of Mandatory faced by
ROTC
ROTC

A means of
Instiliing
Nationalism or
Militarization?

The nature of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Program in the Philippines is to

provide additional arms to the military force in times of war in the form of the students

with proper military training as well as proper leadership and discipline.Alongside

with this, graduating from ROTC can heighten the quality of protection and discipline

that a student can have. One of the goals of ROTC is to promote nationalism and

patriotism, yet the problems arose as some officers’ abuse their powers. Problems

faced by ROTC can be seen inside the program, the incidents and violence revealed by

some students show that the program needs attention and reform and this problem is

the main reason why some youth organizations are totally against the reinstatement of

mandatory ROTC and push for the abolishment of the said program.
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CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

•Instilling patriotism
• Reserve Officers' and nationalism of
Training Corps citizens
Officers •Preparing for threats
of domestic and
• Senior High School international terrorism
Students •Maintaining public
• Boon and Bane of
ROTC
PROCESS safety and security.
•Strengthening disaster
and emergency
• State responses to the
people
• Bringing back •Strengthening disaster
mandatory and emergency
INPUT Reserve Officers'
Training Corps
responses to the
people

OUTPUT
Figure 1.Conceptual paradigm showing the possible effects of mandatory ROTC on

the respondents, senior high school students and the state.

This shows the possible outcomes if they pursue mandatory Reserve Officers’

Training Corps in the Philippines. The key players (senior high school students, ROTC

officers) are the first ones to be affected if ever the mandatory implementation of

ROTC comes to life. The effects may be positive (nationalism and patriotism) or

negative (abuse of powers by the officials) Either way, the state is the key factor to be

affected by all these.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

At the end of this study, the researchers aim to answer the following questions with

regards to the mandatory reinstatement of Reserved Officers’ Training Corps Program

by the Duterte Administration:

1. Is the proposed mandatory implementation of ROTC a move to promote

militarization among the youth or to simply revive their patriotism for the country?

2. How will the youth accept the program?

3. What changes are needed for ROTC to become successful in achieving its goals?

4. How can the government sustain the proposed changes in the program?

5. What are the other benefits of the ROTC program to the youth?

6. What are the other means that the government can use to revive the youth’s

patriotism and nationalism?

7. What is the government’s alternative plan if the mandatory implementation of

ROTC will not push through?

8. What problems can arise when ROTC will be implemented mandatorily?

Mark Welson Chua was a student of University of Santo Tomas and the first victim

of ROTC’s abuse of power after he exposed alleged irregularities inside the ROTC

department of the university. Chua, received death threats after his revelation. His

ROTC commandant advised him to undergo security training at Fort Bonifacio. Until

15 March 2001, he was able to meet the agent, but he was never seen alive. His body

was found floating in Pasig River, wrapped in a carpet, hands and feet were tied and

his face wrapped in cloth and packing tape.

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His death became the catalyst for the passage of Republic Act 9163 or the "National

Service Training Program Law", which removed completion of mandatory ROTC as a

precondition for graduation for male college students in the Philippines. As a result,

students were allowed to choose either ROTC or community service. But still, the

abuse made by some officers is inevitable. Last 2014, students from Polytechnic

University of the Philippines revealed their hazing experience inside the campus

performed by some ROTC officials.

The general problem in this study is the reinstatement of ROTC, per se. Given the

situations that happened before, why is it that the present administration still wants to

pursue it? Is this toinstill patriotism and discipline the youth of this nation or is this for

militarization?

Senator Win Gatchalian had already filed Senate Bill No. 200, the Mandatory Act, on

June 30. As a staunch supporter of ROTC, Gatchalian believes that this will stimulate

the love, patriotism and nationalism for the country.

But some youth organizations like National Union of Students of the Philippines

(NUSP) and militant group Anakbayan expressed their opposition against the actions

made by the government. They believe that there are other ways or programs that

youth can instill ‘discipline’ and ‘good citizenship.’ They’re pushing for the abolition

of ROTC as it never instilled nationalism, social responsibility, or discipline. Making

it mandatory again would result to an increase in the number of hazing and abuse

victims.
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

To the students. This research aims to raise awareness to the senior high students who
will be a part of the ROTC program if ever its mandatory implementation becomes a
reality or not. This can be used as a guide to students as a basis if they decide to join
ROTC or not.
To the ROTC officers. This study can be used for them as a reading tool that can
heighten their knowledge concerning the problems of the program. As a part of the body
of the ROTC program, the officers have a huge role to the betterment and improvement
of the training.
To the future researchers. This research can be used as reference to the studies of the
same sphere of subjects to upcoming researchers.
To the society. This study can be utilized as a guide for the people whether or not they
find the proposed mandatory implementation of ROTC agreeable and a useful tool for
instilling patriotism to the students or a form of militarization.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focused on the perception of the Senior High School students in the
reinstatement of mandatory Reserve Officers’ Training Corps in the Philippines under
President Rodrigo Duterte Administration. The respondents of the study were composed
of 400 senior high school students (50 each from Science and Technology, Engineering,
Mathematics Strand1, Arts and Design Trace2, Accountancy, Business and Management
Strand- Business Administration3, Humanities and Social Sciences Strand4, and General
Academic Strand5 and 20 each under Technical-Vocational Tracks).
The researchers considered working on this study to find out how these high school
students view ROTC, if it intends to promote patriotism or if it only for militarization.
And to analyze the reasons why it should be reinstated after the series of corruption
scandals and youth protests against the course.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 ROTC - Reserved Officers Training Corps

 Militarization – to adapt for military use

 Patriotism – love for or devotion to one’s country

 Nationalism – a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others
and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to
those of other nations or supranational.
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 Fascism – a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by dictator

controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with
the government.

 Military Courtesy – pertains to the wholesome relationships between juniors and

seniors, between young and old, with all persons. It includes an essential element of
a full and proper appreciation of the rights of others. It also includes special acts and
ceremonial procedures, which are prescribed in official regulations.

 Military Discipline –is a state of order and obedience existing within a command. It
involves the ready subordination of the will of the individual for the good of the
group. It is an extension and specialized application of the discipline that demands
habitual but reasoned obedience that preserves initiative and functions unfalteringly
even in the absence of the commander.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Presented in this chapter are foreign and local literatures and studies gathered from

books and online resources used by the researchers in the pursuit of this paper in

order to have a more accurate study. This helped the researchers have a better

understanding and a wider perspective on this study

LOCAL LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The establishment of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) primarily

focuses on its main goals: to instill the senses of nationalism and patriotism among

the youth, to prepare them for a noteworthy leadership and citizenship and utmost,

to develop leaders and militia of high-quality in the future ready to defend and

stand up for the betterment of the state and its people. The future of morale and

safety of a nation lies on the shoulders of our armed forces. It is vital even at a

young age, being able-bodied for such trainings to actively engage in our progress

and emancipating safety of the nation and the public’s development as well.

As a sub-field of Strategic Studies and Political Science, the study of civil-military

relations, focuses on the (Lovell, 1974) “threat posed by the military institution (the

existence of a large professional army) to the popular rule by a civilian government,

and to the individual citizen’s political and civil rights.”1

1John P. Lovell, “Civil Military Relations: Traditional and Modern Concepts Reappraised,”
Civil-Military Relations: Changing Concepts in the Seventies (New York; London: The Free
Press and Collier MacMillan Publishers, 1974). p. 11.
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The military program’s model was in parallel with that of the United States of America

which started in 1862 where it was instigated as an elective for college students.2

(Changco & Santiago, 2013)

The pioneer unit of the ROTC was the University of the Philippines ROTC Unit or

the UP Vanguards which was established in 19223. Followed by the founding of the

ROTC units in National University, Ateneo de Manila, Liceo de Manila, and Colegio

de San Juan de Letran, until number of schools nationwide adopted the military

program after the endorsement of the Commonwealth Act No. 1.

As cited in Article VI, Section 35 of the Commonwealth Act No. 1 or the National

Defense Act of 1935, the concept of ROTC came into its being with only schools and

institutions designated by the President to maintain and establish a Reserve Officers’

Training Units, mandatory for every physically fit student to pursue a course of military

instruction designed to qualify him for a commission as a Third Lieutenant of reserve

with a power to choose where would he want to render service.

During the Second World War, the army reserves produced by the ROTC program

were first put into action. The ROTC cadets from the 33 colleges and universities who

have active units took part and were first seen in action during the Second World War.

Cadets from different Metro Manila units took part in the defense of Bataan, while in

2
Data taken from “Reviving Mandatory ROTC”, The Lasallian, September 9, 2015. Retrieved
August 8, 2016
3 UP ROTC,The Vanguards, www.uprotc.org” , Retrieved August 7, 2016
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the Visayas,45 percent of the 75th Infantry Regiment of the US Armed Forces in the

Far East (USAFFE) were ROTC cadets of Silliman University.4

In 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Executive Order No. 59, making ROTC a

mandatory course in all colleges and universities with an enrollment of at least 250

male students. A noteworthy development during this period was a program called

“Rainbow Rangers-Sunday soldiers.” It provided an alternative to what was basically a

ceremony-centered ROTC training program. It exposed the cadets to small unit tactics,

unconventional warfare and home defense techniques.

The mandatory ROTC program was scrummed in the college level’s curriculum in year

2002, after the reported death of a ROTC cadet Mark Wilson Chua5, student of

University of Santo Tomas, allegedly killed by his co-cadets and upper-class men after

exposing corruption in the UST ROTC corps.

Following the passage of Republic Act 9163, an Act Establishing the National Service

Training Program (NSTP), unlike the ROTC, on the other hand, lets college students to

choose and complete at least one of its three components to be able to graduate for a

period of only two (2) academic semesters6: the ROTC program, which provides

military training; Literacy Training Service (LTS), which provides training on teaching

basic reading and math; and Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS), which involves

4Data taken from “Reviving Mandatory ROTC”, The Lasallian, September 9, 2015. Retrieved
August 8, 2016
5 Data taken from “Military men suspected in UST student’s slay” Inquirer News, March 28, 2001
6Section 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit, [REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9163] AN ACT

ESTABLISHING THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM (NSTP) FOR THE TERTIARY
LEVEL STUDENTS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7077
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1706, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSE
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students in activities contributing to community welfare, such as caring for the

environment, public safety, health, sports, and entrepreneurship, as defined in Section 3

of RA 9163.

“What is needed to support the Armed Forces is a citizen army of well-trained reserves

that can make life difficult for any invader. Just as the threat of war with Japan served

as an impetus for the build-up of our Armed Forces before World War II, let us use the

threats that come from bullies in the neighborhood to prepare our youth for the defense

of the homeland. It is time to restore the mandatory two-year basic ROTC military

training program that existed in the past. Whatever mistakes or abuses were committed

then should not be allowed to happen again.”7Said Brig. Gen. Rolando Jungco,

Commander, Armed Forces of the Philippines Civil Relations Service (CRS).

Several bills were filed at the House of Representatives but none of them reached

second reading. Movements coming from the uniformed sector have been blabbing

about the reinstatement of the ROTC, until President Rodrigo Duterte’s 1st State of the

Nation Address came where he mentioned his stand that ROTC must be put back in to

practice and should be held mandatory for all college students.

7In an interview with Ramon Farolan of the Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 8, 2013
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It was then Valenzuela City Congressman now Senator Win Gatchalian filed and

sponsored House Bill No. 2338, which seeks to make Reserve Officers' Training Corps

(ROTC) mandatory to every male student in the tertiary education. He said that the bill

aims to optimize the students for service through appropriate physical and mental

training. He also exposed that he was also a product of ROTC in college. “We need to

help them develop their national spirit, and promote self-confidence and camaraderie.

Our youth

should also be physically strong and alert without having to spend membership in a

gym,” 8Gatchalian said.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Establishment of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps or Student Military Training

Service in different countries has three foremost objectives namely: to allow students

to grasp basic military skills and theory, and enhance their understanding of defense

and consciousness of national security.

On an article by John Chan in World Socialist Web Site on the 10th day of May 2007-

Chinese government is imposing nationwide military training for students of the

country to achieve not only the three main goals of the latter but also to strengthen the

submission of students to “organization” and “discipline”, as well as to instill the values

of “patriotism”, “collectivism” and “revolutionary heroism”. On this article he

8
Retrieved from www.wingatchalian.com
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discussed why should a government call for a compulsory national military training for

students in high school and tertiary level and how will it effect on their educational

record.

Scholarship is one of the reasons why a student of the American government underwent

with this course. On the article written by David L. Leal, Students in Uniform: ROTC,

the Citizen-Soldiers, and the Civil-Military Gap, it tell in details how and when the

ROTC rooted in the country, what are the parallel benefit if a student will participate in

the said course and the equal responsibility as a student taking part of the program.

In the United States of America there was a time that this course was banned mainly

because of lack of academic standards and some instructor and students believed that

this is just a dummy for the military during the Vietnam War last 1960. University that

banned this program includes the most notable institutions in the United States like

Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Brown, Dartmouth, Stanford and Columbia, also known as

the elite schools in the higher education. In the article “The Pendulum Swing: The Fall

and Return of ROTC to Elite Campuses, and Why It Matters” by Donald Downs, the

author/writer give the good standing why the ROTC is needed to be reinstated in the

elite universities and how this program can be beneficial with the school and to the

students.
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Who will be best fitted to enter the ROTC in the America? Young fitted men or

women? This was the question answered in the book of Michael S. Neiberg entitled:

Making Citizen-Soldiers: ROTC and the Ideology of American Military Service. On

this book, it focuses the discussion on the history of ROTC in America; its creation and

evolution, who founded the program and where the concept came from. It also gives a

short review on the pathways that the course had gone through the years.

During the time of the Pres. Roosevelt, those young boys aged 16 to 19 are put in

training with the compulsory in nature. There are several records showing the rise and

fall of the number of young boys who entered the said course. The best place to have

this training was in a public school. This was been justified in the article of Lewis Paul

Todd, “Does the Probability of Compulsory Military Training Pose a Problem for the

Public Schools?”

FOREIGN STUDIES

Luke Pereira, “The History and Impact of Army ROTC at Suny College at Brookport”

2003, the study gives a brief discussion on the history of the ROTC and how it evolved

in the United States. It also tackles the benefit of students in engaging in the military

course. It also shows how wide the influence of the training in the country. This study

could also give a glance on how this mandatory training or course affects the academic

status of the participants during the entire participation.

Tayfun Sonmez, “Bidding for Army Career Specialties: Improving the ROTC

Branching Mechanism”, this study gave a reasonable solution on how to increase the
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number of participants of the training corps. It tackles on modifying the merit and

incentives system so that it will encourage numbers of students and they will not doubt

to participate in the program of the institution. This study gave an emphasis on the

“priority based system” which is most effective in the said program.

Developing Leaders through High School Junior ROTC: Integrating Theory and

Practice of Robert C. Funk is a study that deals on how to develop a leadership in the

high school level. This study aims to maximize the participation of the high school

student in the leadership training dubbed as JROTC. The author viewed that it will

enhance the knowledge of the student in leadership skills, their understanding of their

part as a citizen of the country and their personal growth.

SYNTHESIS

The reason for ROTC’s establishment has always been about raising the sense of

patriotism and nationalism in the youth with the proper training in order for them to

become leaders and citizens with discipline that can be added to the militia for the

protection of the country. The history of ROTC in the country showed how the program

was created out of goals that serve the betterment of the students as citizens and the

heightened quality protection that they can provide. Even though problems arose

throughout its implementation before and in the present, the fact remains that the goals
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of ROTC are purely nationalistic in nature. However, the goals of other countries with

ROTC are more on the students to grasp the military skills and theory as well as raising

the awareness with defense and national security. In comparison, they are more

militaristic in nature and focus less on the benefits that ROTC can bring to the growth

of a student’s sense of self and leadership. Although American studies pursued the

ways on how to increase the students who will take up ROTC and suggested changes to

the way the program works in order for more students to participate and increase their

leadership skills. The literature and studies presented showed a comparison of the

reasons why ROTC is implemented in schools in different countries, whether they are

more militaristic in nature or patriotic and engages to the self-growth of the students.

Also, the literature gathered can be used as guidance on how to improve ROTC in the

Philippines for a better and more comprehensive application that can lessen the abuse

that sprout from improper implementation of the program.

 DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the research methodology used by the

researchers in the success of this study, highlighting the methods,

techniques and procedures of data gathering, the strategy of inquiry, the

population and sampling design, as well as the research instruments and the

statistical tools and mechanisms for the accuracy in data analysis.

RESEARCH METHOD AND DESIGN

The Descriptive method of research was used in the study. It is a fact

finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of the findings. 9

(Aquino, 1974) Descriptive research describes what is.10 (Manuel &Medel,

1976) It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist; practices that

prevail; beliefs, processes that are going on; effects that are being felt, or

trends that are developing.11 (Best, 1970) It describes with emphasis what

actually exist such as current conditions, practices, situations, or any

phenomena.

Since the study was concerned with the perception of Senior High Schools

students that would be most likely to be affected by the proposed

9Aquino, Gaudencio V. “Essentials of Research and Thesis Writing”. Alemars-Pheonix Publishing

House, 1974
10Manuel, Bienvenido B. and Medel, Paz C. “A Practical Guide in Methodology of Research and

Thesis Writing”. GIC Enterprises and Company, Inc., 1976

11Best, John W. “Research in Education.Second Edition”. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1970
 DR. YANGA’S COLLEGES, INC.

reinstatement of the mandatory ROTC program in the academe, the

descriptive method of research being the most appropriate method as it is

defined to be a purposive way of gathering, analyzing, classifying and

tabulating data about a prevailing condition and then making accurate

interpretation about the data gathered was the method used by the

researchers.

POLITICAL RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE

For the fact that this study will be dealing with perspective, the

researchers in order to know what is to know is an anti-foundationalist

position because interpretation will be based on socially constructed

realities and perceptions with shared positions with both interpretivism and

positivism using realist perspective as the main contention because the

state as the key actor is pursuing for national security.

MIXED-METHODOLOGY RESEARCH PARADIGM

The researchers based the study in a framework of a mixed method of

qualitative and quantitative research as qualitative research is defined to be

the framework analysis best suitable for the accuracy of the data since this

study will be dealing with perceptions of key informants and the use of

quantitative research to be able to gather the perceptions of the target

population, the Senior High School students of Dr. Yanga’s colleges Inc.
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The mixed-methodology is preferred by the researchers to be able to

provide bigger pictures. Qualitative data are in depth descriptions of

circumstances, people, interactions, observed behaviours, events, attitudes,

thoughts and beliefs and direct quotes from people who have experienced

or are experiencing the phenomenon. (Patton, 2002)

It is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or

groups ascribe to a social or human problem. In qualitative research the

qualitative data is collected by the researcher and analyzed using one of the

qualitative data analysis methods.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Given that under a descriptive method of research, there are three

research techniques: (1) the case study, (2) the survey and (3) the content-

analysis through key informants interview, the researches chose to use the

survey method or otherwise known as the normative survey, a fact-finding

study to be able to come up with adequate and accurate interpretation and

the key-informants interview from those who had a firsthand knowledge on

the issue and could give a wider angle through their responses. Knowing

the advantages of using a survey technique and key informants interview

technique in a descriptive research, the researchers decided to use both as

it reveals data which made it possible to easier formulation of

generalizations having a high degree of relativity due to proper sampling

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procedures and selection of samples as it is easier to obtain data and

responses from a survey and an interview.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT AND DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The survey technique or approach used by the researchers was a self-

constructed survey for data gathering on the quantitative level using mixtures of

closed questions that can be answerable by yes or no and the use of Likert

Scale where only a sample or portion of the population is involved, as defined

by Trecee and Trecee, Jr. This is concerned with looking into the similarity of

the elements the researchers wanted to find out. Since the study is about the

perception, being it as a descriptive design, it is the most appropriate method in

gathering data.

The researchers decided to execute a questionnaire method for data

collection simply because it is easy to construct and as students, the

researchers could not provide for ways that would cost them much, also data

gathered are easy to tabulate and it is not that time consuming for them to be

able to finish the study within the given time frame. Using a guided response

type of questionnaire, also called as the closed form or restricted type,

specifically a recognition type of guided response type of questionnaire survey

where respondent of the survey is guided in making his replies.

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The instrument used by the researchers in order to obtain and gather data

and information needed by the study in a qualitative level is a key informant

interview to 3 notable persons that are expert on the issue and will also answer

the questions on the questionnaires but with their own perspectives and

opinions.

RESPONDENTS’ POPULATION AND SAMPLING

The study “Reinstating Mandatory ROTC: A Means of Instilling

Patriotism and Nationalism or Pacing Towards Militarization?” would like to

determine the perception of students specifically that of the Senior High School

Students of the Dr. Yanga’s Colleges inc. in the issue of reinstating the

mandatory ROTC program for college students as mentioned by President

Rodrigo Duterte in his 1st State of the Nation Address, where the population

seemed to be the one to be affected if the bill will take into effect.

The respondents are a total of 100 randomly selected Senior High

School students in Dr. Yanga’s Colleges Inc. as the samples for data gathering.

The sampling size of the population was determined by pure random

sampling and was decided to have the total number of 100 respondents to

be able to obtain an equal representation among students’ perceptions.