CH7 PDF

C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System .....................................464
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space ................................................................................471
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables ..........................................................477
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives ..............................................................................484
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables ...........................................496
Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................507
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers ..........................................................................511
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis ...................................................525
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane .............................................529
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals .......................................................537
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................543
Test Yourself .............................................................................................................556
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 7
Functions of Several Variables
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System
Skills Warm Up
1. (5, 1), (3, 5) 5. ( − 5, 4), ( − 5, − 4)
(3 − 5) + (5 − 1)
2 2 2
 5 − ( − 5) + ( − 4 − 4)
2
d = d = −
= 4 + 16 = 0 + 64
= 20 = 8
= 2 5  − 5 + ( − 5) 4 + ( − 4) 
Midpoint =  ,  = ( − 5, 0)
5 + 3 1 + 5  2 2 
Midpoint =  ,  = ( 4, 3)
 2 2 
6. ( −3, 6), ( − 3, − 2)
2. ( 2, 3), ( −1, −1) 2
 3 − ( − 3) + ( − 2 − 6)
2
d = −
(−1 − 2) + ( −1 − 3)
2 2
d =
= 0 + 64
= 9 + 16 = 8
= 25  − 3 + ( − 3) 6 + ( − 2) 
= 5
Midpoint =  ,  = ( − 3, 2)
 2 2 
 2 + ( −1) 3 + ( −1)   1 
Midpoint =  ,  =  , 1 7. Center: ( 2, 3), r = 2
 2 2  2 
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 22
2 2
3. ( −1, − 2), (3, 2)

(x − 2) + ( y − 3) = 4
2 2
2 2
d = 3 − ( −1) + 2 − ( − 2)
 4 + ( −2) 0 + 8 
= 16 + 16 8. Center =  ,  = (1, 4)
 2 2 
= 32
1
= 4 2 r = (−2 − 4)2 + (8 − 0)
2
2
 ( −1) + 3 ( − 2) + 2  1
= 36 + 64
Midpoint =  ,  = (1, 0) 2
 2 2 
1
= 100
4. ( − 4, 3), ( 2, −1) 2
= 5
2
2 − ( − 4) + ( −1 − 3)
2
( x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 52
2 2
d =
( x − 1) + ( y − 4) = 25
2 2
= 36 + 16
= 52
= 2 13
 − 4 + 2 3 + ( −1) 
Midpoint =  ,  = ( −1, 1)
 2 2 
464 © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System 465
1. z 12. (8, − 2, 2), (8, − 2, 4)
(8 − 8) + ( − 2 + 2) + ( 4 − 2)
2 2 2
4
(− 2, − 3, 0)
(1, 3, 4) d = = 2
2 −4
−2 (− 3, 0, − 1)
2
13. (6, − 9, 1), ( − 2, −1, 5)
x 4 y
(0, − 1, − 4)
− 6) + ( −1 − ( − 9)) + (5 − 1)
2
(− 2
2 2
−4 d =
= 64 + 64 + 16
2. z
(−3, −1, 3)
= 144
(4, 0, 5) 4 = 12
2 −4
−2 14. ( −4, −1, 1), ( 2, −1, 5)
2
(−1, 12 , 0(
( 2 + 4) + ( −1 + 1) + (5 − 1)
4 2 2 2
x 4 y
d =
−4
(0, 1, −5) = 52
3. z = 2 13
(3, −2, 5)
4 15. ( 4, 0, − 6), (8, 8, 20)
(2, 1, 3) 2
 4 + 8 0 + 8 −6 + 20 
 = (6, 4, 7)
(−1, 2, 1)
Midpoint =  , ,
 2 2 2 
2
4 −2
x y 16. (0, − 2, 5), ( 4, 2, 7)
( 32, 4, −2)
 0 + 4 −2 + 2 5 + 7 
Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 2, 0, 6)
4. z
 2 2 2 
(− 5, −2, 2)
4
17. (6, − 4, 2), ( − 2, 1, 3)
−4 −4  6 + ( − 2) − 4 + 1 2 + 3 
(1, 3, 1)
Midpoint =  , , 
 2 2 2 
2 2
 3 5
4 −2 4 =  2, − , 
x
(5, − 2, − 2) (− 2, 4, − 3)
y
 2 2
18. ( − 9, − 2, 5), ( 2, 3, − 7)
5. x = −3, y = 4, z = 5: ( −3, 4, 5)
 − 9 + 2 3 + ( − 2) − 7 + 5 
6. x = 7, y = −2, z = −1: (7, − 2, −1) Midpoint =  , , 
 2 2 2 
 7 1 
7. y = z = 0, x = 10: (10, 0, 0) =  − , , −1
 2 2 
8. x = 0, y = 3, z = 2: (0, 3, 2)
 x + ( −2) y + 1 z + 1 
19. ( 2, −1, 3) =  , , 
 2 2 2 
9. The z-coordinate is 0.
x − 2 y +1 z +1
10. The y-coordinate is 0. 2 = −1 = 3 =
2 2 2
11. ( 4, 1, 5), (8, 2, 6) 4 = x −2 −2 = y + 1 6 = z +1
x = 6 y = −3 z = 5
(8 − 4) + ( 2 − 1) + (6 − 5)
2 2 2
d =
( x, y, z ) = (6, − 3, 5)
= 18
= 3 2
466 Chapter 7 Functions of Several Variables
 x + 0 y + ( −2) z + 1  24. Let A = (5, 3, 4), B = (7, 1, 3), and C = (3, 5, 3).
20. (1, 0, 0) =  , , 
 2 2 2  Then you have
d ( AB ) = (7 − 5) + (1 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
x y −2 z +1 = 3
1= 0 = 0 =
2 2 2
d ( AC ) = (3 − 5) + (5 − 3) + (3 − 4)
2 2 2
= 3
0 = y −2 0 = z +1
d ( BC ) = (3 − 7 ) + (5 − 1) + (3 − 3)
2 2 2
x = 2 y = 2 z = −1 = 4 2.
( x, y, z ) = ( 2, 2, −1) Because d ( AB ) = d ( AC ), the triangle is isosceles.

The triangle is not a right triangle because
3   x + 2 y + 0 z + 3
21.  , 1, 2  =  , ,  d 2 ( AB ) + d 2 ( AC ) = (3) + (3)
2 2
 2   2 2 2 
3 x+2 y z +3 = 18
= 1= 2 =
( )
2
2 2 2 2 ≠ 4 2 = 32 = d 2 ( BC ).
3 = x + 2 4 = z + 3
x = 1 y = 2 z = 1 25. Let A = ( −1, 0, − 2), B = ( −1, 5, 2), and
( x, y, z ) = (1, 2, 1) C = ( − 3, −1, 1). Then you have
2
d ( AB) =  1 − ( −1) + (0 − 5) + ( − 2 − 2)
2 2
 x + 3 y + 3 z + 0 −
22. (0, 1, 1) =  , , 
 2 2 2  = 41
x+3 y +3 z
0 = 1= 1= d ( AC ) =
2 2
−1 − ( − 3) + 0 − ( −1) + ( − 2 − 1)
2
2 2 2
0 = x +3 2 = y +3 = 14
x = −3 y = −1 z = 2 2 2
d ( BC ) =  1 − ( − 3) + 5 − ( −1) + ( 2 − 1)
2
−
( x, y, z ) = ( −3, − 1, 2)
= 41.
23. Let A = (0, 0, 0), B = ( 2, 2, 1), and C = ( 2, − 4, 4). Because d ( AB ) = d ( BC ), the triangle is isosceles.
Then you have The triangle is not a right triangle because
( ) +( )
2 2
d ( AB ) = (2 − 0)
2
+ ( 2 − 0) + (1 − 0)
2 2
= 3 d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 41 41
= 82
d ( AC ) = ( 2 − 0) + ( −4 − 0) + ( 4 − 0)
2 2 2
= 6
( )
2
≠ 14 = 14 = d 2 ( AC ).
d ( BC ) = ( 2 − 2) + ( −4 − 2) + ( 4 − 1)
2 2 2
= 3 5.
The triangle is a right triangle because 26. Let A = (5, 0, 0), B = (0, 2, 0), and C = (0, 0, − 3).
d ( AB ) + d ( AC ) = (3) + (6)
2 2 2 2
Then you have
= 45 d ( AB ) = (0 − 5)
2
+ ( 2 − 0) + ( 0 − 0)
2 2
= 29
( )
2
= 3 5 = d ( BC ).
2
d ( AC ) = (0 − 5) + ( 0 − 0 ) + ( −3 − 0 )
2 2 2
= 34
d ( BC ) = ( 0 − 0) + (0 − 2) + ( −3 − 0)
2 2 2
= 13.
The triangle is not a right triangle because
( ) +( )
2 2
d 2 ( AB) + d 2 ( BC ) = 29 13
= 42
( )
2
≠ 34 = 34 = d 2 ( AC ).
The triangle is neither right nor isosceles.
27. Each z-coordinate is decreased by 5 units: 35. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.
(0, 0, − 5), (2, 2, − 4), (2, − 4, −1)  − 3 + 1 6 + ( − 5) 1 + 2   1 3
Center =  , ,  =  −1, , 
 2 2 2   2 2
28. Each y-coordinate is increased by 3 units:
The radius is the distance between the center and either
(5, 6, 4), (7, 4, 3), (3, 8, 3) endpoint.
2 2
29. x 2 + ( y − 2) + ( z − 2) = 4
2 2 2  1  3
Radius = 1 − ( −1) +  − 5 −  +  2 − 
 2  2
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 1) = 9
2 2 2
30. 121 1
= 4+ +
4 4
31. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 138
=
 2 + 1 1 + 3 3 + ( −1)  3  2
Center =  , ,  =  , 2, 1
 2 2 2  2   1  3
2
69
2
(x − 1) +  y −  +  z −  =
2
The radius is the distance between the center and either  2  2 2

endpoint.
36. The midpoint of the diameter is the center.
2
 3
 2 −  + (1 − 2) + (3 − 1)
2 2
Radius =  2 + 2 9 + ( − 3) 11 + ( − 6)   5
 2 Center =  , ,  =  2, 3, 
 2 2 2   2
1
= +1+ 4 The radius is the distance between the center and either
4
endpoint.
21
= 2
2  5
Radius = (2 − 2) + (9 − 3) + 11 − 
2 2
2  2
 3 21
 x −  + ( y − 2) + ( z − 1) =
2 2
289
 2 4 = 0 + 36 +
4
32. The midpoint of the diameter is the center. 433
=
 −1 + 0 −2 + 3 1 + 3   1 1  2
Center =  , ,  =  − , , 2
 2 2 2   2 2  2
 5 433
(x − 2) + ( y − 3) +  z −  =
2 2
The radius is the distance from the center to either  2 4
endpoint.
2 2 37. The distance from ( − 4, 3, 6) to the xy-plane is the radius
 1  1 
 − − 0  +  − 3 + ( 2 − 3)
2
Radius = r = 6.
 2  2 
(x + 4) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 6) = 36
2 2 2
1 25
= + +1
4 4
38. The distance from (1, 2, 0) to the yz-plane is the radius
30
= r = 1.
2
( x − 1) + ( y − 2) + z 2 = 1
2 2 2 2
 1  1 15
 x +  +  y −  + ( z − 2) =
2
 2  2 2
39. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 12 x = 0
(x − 3) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 16
2 2 2
33. ( x2 − 12 x + 36) + y 2 + z 2 = 36
34. (x − 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 1) = 25
2 2 2 (x − 6) + y 2 + z 2 = 0
2
(x − 6) + ( y − 0) + ( z − 0) = 36
2 2 2
Center: (6, 0, 0)
Radius: 6
40. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 y = 0
(
x 2 + y 2 − 8 y + 16 + z 2 = 16 )
(x − 0) + ( y − 4) + ( z − 0) = 16
2 2 2
Center: (0, 4, 0)
Radius: 4
41. x2 + y2 + z 2 + 4x − 2 y + 8z − 4 = 0
( x2 ) ( ) (
+ 4 x + 4 + y 2 − 2 y + 1 + z 2 + 8 z + 16 = 4 + 4 + 1 + 16 )
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z + 4) = 25
2 2 2
Center: ( − 2, 1, − 4)
Radius: 5
42. x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 6 z + 4 = 0
( ) (
x 2 + y 2 − 4 y + 4 + z 2 + 6 z + 9 = −4 + 4 + 9 )
(x − 0) + ( y − 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2
Center: (0, 2, − 3)
Radius: 3
43. 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 4 x − 12 y − 8 z + 3 = 0
3
( x2 − 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 − 6 y + 9) + ( z 2 − 4 z + 4) = −
2
+1+9+ 4
25
(x − 1) + ( y − 3) + ( z − 2)
2 2 2
=
2
Center: (1, 3, 2)
5 5 2
Radius: =
2 2
(x − 1) + ( y + 3) + ( z − 2) = 29
2 2 2
44. 4 x 2 + 4 y 2 + 4 z 2 − 8 x + 16 y + 11 = 0 45.
x2 + y2 + z 2 − 2 x + 4 y + 11 = 0
4 To find the xy-trace, let z = 0.
(x 2
− 2 x + 1) + ( y + 4 y + 4) + z =
2 2
− 11
4
+1+ 4 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) + (0 − 2) = 29
2 2 2
(x − 1) + ( y + 2) + z 2 =
2 2 9
4 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) = 25
2 2
Center: (1, − 2, 0) z
3
Radius: 2
8
4
−6
−4
4
y
8
x
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + ( z − 2) = 20
2 2 2 z
46.
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 8
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) + (0 − 2) = 20
2 2 2 4 −8
−4
(x + 1) + ( y + 2) = 16
2 2
4 4
x y
47. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0 z
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 4

2
x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 6 x − 10 y + 6(0) + 30 = 0
2
2
4
(x − 6 x + 9) + ( y − 10 y + 25) = −30 + 9 + 25
4 6
2 2 6 8
x
y
(x − 3) + ( y − 5) = 4
2 2
(x + 2) + ( y − 3) + z 2 = 13
2 2
48. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 y + 2 z − 60 = 0 50.
z
To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 4
x 2 + y 2 + (0) − 4 y + 2(0) − 60 = 0
2
(0 + 2) + ( y − 3) + z = 13
2 2 2 −4 −4
x 2 + y 2 − 4 y = 60
(y − 3) + z 2 = 9
2
4 4
x + ( y − 4 y + 4) = 60 + 4
x
2 2 −4 y
x 2 + ( y − 2) = 64
2
z 51. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
8 −12 To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.
(0) + y 2 + z 2 − 4(0) − 4 y − 6 z − 12 = 0
2
−8
4 4 y
( y2 − 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 12 + 4 + 9
12
x
(y − 2) + ( z − 3) = 25
2 2
49. x 2 + ( y − 4) + z 2 = 16
2 z
z
To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 4

−6 6
0 + ( y − 4) + z = 16
2 2 2 −4 2 −4
−2
(y − 4) + z 2 = 16
2 2 2
4 4
6 y
x
−6 4 4
x
y
52. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 x − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
To find the yz-trace, let x = 0.
( 0) + y 2 + z 2 − 6(0) − 10 y + 6 z + 30 = 0
2
( y 2 − 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 + 6 z + 9) = −30 + 25 + 9
(y − 5) + ( z + 3) = 4
2 2
2 −4
−2
2 4
4 6
x
8
−4
y
−6
(0, 5, −3)
z z
53. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25 54. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
15
(a) To find the trace, let z = 3. (a) To find the trace, let x = 5.
4
x 2 + y 2 + 32 = 25 2 52 + y 2 + z 2 = 169
10
5 15
x 2 + y 2 = 16 y 2 + z 2 = 144 10
y
20
x 25
6 6
x y
(b) To find the trace, let y = 12. z

(b) To find the trace, let x = 4. z
9
x 2 + 122 + z 2 = 169
42 + y 2 + z 2 = 25
8 6
−9
2 2 x 2 + z 2 = 25 −6
y + z = 9 4 3
6
6 9
9 12
x −6
−9 y
4 4
x 8 8 y
55. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 4 x − 6 y + 9 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 2. (b) To find the trace, let y = 3.
22 + y 2 + z 2 − 4( 2) − 6 y + 9 = 0 x 2 + 32 + z 2 − 4 x − 6(3) + 9 = 0
( y2 − 6 y + 9) + z 2 = −9 − 4 + 8 + 9 ( x2 − 4 x + 4) + z 2 = −9 + 18 − 9 + 4
(y − 3) + z 2 = 22 ( x − 2)
2 2
+ z 2 = 22
z
z
8
8
4
4
4
4
8 8 y
x 8 8 y
x
56. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 6 z + 16 = 0
(a) To find the trace, let x = 4. (b) To find the trace, let z = 3.
4 + y + z − 8( 4) − 6 z + 16 = 0
2 2 2
x 2 + y 2 + 32 − 8 x − 6(3) + 16 = 0
y 2 + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = −16 + 32 − 16 + 9 ( x2 − 8 x + 16) + y 2 = −9 + 18 − 16 + 16
y 2 + ( z − 3) = 9 (x − 4) + y 2 = 9
2 2
z
z
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
4 y 2
4 y
6
8 6
x 8
x
57. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = (1652 )
2
58. (a) (3, 3, 3)
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 6806.25 (b) (4, 4, 8)
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space 471
Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space
Skills Warm Up
1. 3x + 4 y = 12 3. −2 x + y = −2
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
3(0) + 4 y = 12 −2(0) + y = −2
y = 3 y = −2
y-intercept: (0, 3) y-intercept: (0, − 2)

Let y = 0 to find the x-intercept.
−2 x + 0 = −2
3x + 4(0) = 12
x =1
x = 4
x-intercept: (1, 0)
x-intercept: ( 4, 0)
4. 3 x − 2 y = 9
2. 6 x + y = −8
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept.
Let x = 0 to find the y-intercept. 3(0) − 2 y = 9
6(0) + y = −8 −2y = 9
y = −8 y = − 92
y-intercept: (0, − 8)
(
y-intercept: 0, − 92 )
6 x + 0 = −8
3x − 2(0) = 9
4
x = − 3x = 9
3
x = 3
 4  x-intercept: (3, 0)
x-intercept:  − , 0
 3 
5. 18 x 2 + 18 y 2 + 18 z 2 = 18
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
6. 9 x 2 + 9 y 2 + 9 z 2 = 36
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4
1. x + y + z = 3 2. x + 2 y + z = 4
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
x = 3 x + 2(0) + 0 = 4
To find the y-intercept, z x = 4
let x = 0 and z = 0. 3
(0, 0, 3)
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0.
y = 3 0 + 2y + 0 = 4
z
To find the z-intercept, 2y = 4
(0, 0, 4)
let x = 0 and y = 0. 3
3
y
y = 2
x
(0, 3, 0)
z = 3
(3, 0, 0)
To find the z-intercept,
let x = 0 and y = 0. 1
(0, 2, 0)
0 + 2(0) + z = 4
1
(4, 0, 0) 3 y
x
z = 4
3. 4 x + 2 y + 6 z = 12 7. z = 8 z
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. Because the coefficients 10

(0, 0, 8)
4 x = 12  x = 3 of x and y are zero, the only 6

z
intercept is the z-intercept 4
To find the y-intercept, of 8. The plane is parallel 2
let x = 0 and z = 0. to the xy-plane.
4 2 2
2 y = 12  y = 6 (0, 0, 2) 6
4 4
6
x y
To find the z-intercept, (3, 0, 0)
(0, 6, 0)
let x = 0 and y = 0. 4
6 8. x = 5
6 z = 12  z = 2 x y
z
Because the coefficients
4. 3x + 6 y + 2 z = 6 of y and z are zero,
the only intercept is the 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. x-intercept. The plane is −8
−6
3x = 6  x = 2 parallel to the yz-plane.
z (5, 0, 0)
To find the y-intercept, (0, 0, 3) 8
6 6
y
3
let x = 0 and z = 0. x 10
−6
6y = 6  y = 1
9. x + y = 6
(2, 0, 0) Note: There is no z-intercept since the plane is parallel to
let x = 0 and y = 0. 2 y
x 3
2 3
the z-axis. To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
2z = 6  z = 3
x +0 = 6 z
5. 2 x − y + 3 z = 4 x = 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. To find the y-intercept,
let x = 0.
2x = 4  x = 2 z 2
To find the y-intercept, 0+ y = 6

3
2 2
let x = 0 and z = 0.
(0, − 4, 0) y = 6 4 4
−4 2
( 4
0, 0, 3 ( x (6, 0, 0) (0, 6, 0) y
− y = 4  y = −4 −2
−1
To find the z-intercept,
1 10. x + 2 y = 4
let x = 0 and y = 0.
1 y
(2, 0, 0)
3 Because the coefficient of z is zero, there is no
4
3z = 4  z = 3 x
4 −2
z-intercept. z
To find the x-intercept, 4

6. 5 x − 2 y + 4 z = 10 let y = 0.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. x = 4
5 x − 2(0) + 4(0) = 10 To find the y-intercept,
(0, 2, 0)
5 x = 10 let x = 0.
4 3 y
x = 2 2y = 4  y = 2 x (4, 0, 0)
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0. The plane is parallel to the z-axis.
5(0) − 2 y + 4(0) = 10
11. x − 3 z = 3
− 2 y = 10
Because the coefficient of y is zero, there is no
y = −5 z
y-intercept.
To find the z-intercept, 3
To find the x-intercept, let z = 0.
(0, −5, 0) (0, 0, 52 ( z
let x = 0 and y = 0.
−3
x = 3 2
5(0) − 2(0) + 4 z = 10
1
−2 1 (0, 0, −1)
4 z = 10 (2, 0, 0) 1 1 let x = 0. x
1
1
2
y 4
−1 3
5
z = 2 x
3 −3 z = 3  z = −1
4
y
The plane is parallel to the y-axis.
12. 5 y − 3 z = 15 17. For the first plane, x + 3 y + z = 7, a1 = 1, b1 = 3,

Note: There is no x-intercept since the plane is parallel to and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 1,
the x-axis. To find the y-intercept, let z = 0. b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel
5 y − 3(0) = 15 because a1 = a2 and b1 ≠ b2 . The planes are not
z
perpendicular because
5 y = 15 4
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(1) + (3)(0) + (1)( −5)

y = 3
2
−2 −2
2 (0, 3, 0) =1−5
To find the z-intercept, 4
−2
2
let y = 0. x
4
y = −4 ≠ 0.
−4
5(0) − 3 z = 15 −6
(0, 0, −5) 18. For the first plane, 2 x − z = 1, a1 = 2, b1 = 0, and
− 3 z = 15 c1 = −1. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4,
z = −15 b2 = 1, and c2 = 8. So you have
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)( 4) + (0)(1) + ( −1)(8)
13. For the first plane, 5 x − 3 y + z = 4, a1 = 5, b1 = −3,
= 8−8
and c1 = 1. For the second plane, x + 4 y + 7 z = 1,
= 0.
a2 = 1, b2 = 4, and c2 = 7. So you have
The planes are perpendicular.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (5)(1) + ( −3)( 4) + (1)(7)
19. For the first plane, x + 2 y = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 2, and
= 5 − 12 + 7
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 4 x + 8 y = 5, a2 = 4,
= 0.
b2 = 8, and c2 = 0. So you have a2 = 4a1 , b2 = 4b1 ,
and c2 = 4c1. The planes are parallel.
14. For the first plane, 3x + y − 4 z = 3, a1 = 3, b1 = 1,
20. For the first plane, 2 x + y = 3, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, and
and c1 = −4. For the second plane,
c1 = 0. For the second plane, 3 x − 5 z = 0, a2 = 3,
−9 x − 3 y + 12 z = 4, a2 = −9, b2 = −3, and
b2 = 0, and c2 = −5. The planes are not parallel
c2 = 12. So you have a2 = −3a1 , b2 = −3b1 , and
because 3a1 = 2a2 and 3b1 ≠ 2b2 . The planes are not
c2 = −3c1.
perpendicular because
The planes are parallel.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = ( 2)(3) + (1)(0) + (0)( −5)
15. For the first plane, x − 5 y − z = 1, a1 = 1, b1 = −5, = 6 ≠ 0.
and c1 = −1. For the second plane,
21. For the first plane, x = 3, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and c1 = 0.
5 x − 25 y − 5 z = −3, a2 = 5, b2 = −25, and
For the second plane, z = −1, a2 = 0, b2 = 0, and
c2 = −5. So you have a2 = 5a1 , b2 = 5b1 , and
c2 = 1. So you have
c2 = 5c1.
The planes are parallel. a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(0) + (0)(1)
= 0.
16. For the first plane, x + 3 y − 2 z = 6, a1 = 1, b1 = 3,
and c1 = − 2. For the second plane,
− 2 x − 6 y + 4 z = −12, a 2 = − 2, b 2 = − 6, and 22. For the first plane, x = −2, a1 = 1, b1 = 0, and
c 2 = 4. The planes are parallel because a 2 = − 2a1 c1 = 0. For the second plane, y = 4, a2 = 0, b2 = 1,
and c2 = 0. So you have
and b 2 = − 2b1 , and c 2 = − 2c1.
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(0) + (0)(1) + (0)(0) = 0.
x2 y2 z2
23. + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 9
Matches graph (c).
24. 15 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 15 z 2 = −4 is a hyperboloid of two 26. y 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 z 2 is an elliptic cone.

sheets. Matches graph (b).
Matches graph (e).
27. 4 x 2 − 4 y + z 2 = 0 is an elliptic paraboloid.
2 2 2
25. 4 x − y + 4 z = 4 is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
Matches graph (d).
Matches graph (f ).
28. 4 x 2 − y 2 + 4 z = 0 is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
Matches graph (a).
29. z = x 2 − y 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): 0 = x2 − y 2

±x = y Lines
(b) Trace in plane x = 3: z = 9 − y2 Parabola
(c) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z = x2 Parabola

The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
30. y = x 2 + z 2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y = x2 Parabola
(b) Trace in plane y = 1: x2 + z 2 = 1 Circle
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y = z2 Parabola

The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
x2
31. + y2 + z2 = 1
4
x2
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): + y2 = 1 Ellipse
4
x2
(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): + z2 = 1 Ellipse
4
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle
The graph is an ellipsoid.
32. y 2 + z 2 − x 2 = 1
(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): y 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle

The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
x2 y2
33. z 2 − − =1
3 8
x2
(a) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − =1 Hyperbola
3
(2)
2
y2
(b) Trace in plane x = 2: z 2 − − =1
3 8
4 y2
z2 − − =1
3 8
y2 7
z2 − =
8 3
z2 y2
− =1 Hyperbola
7 56
3 3
x2 y2
(− 4)
2
(c) Trace in plane z = 4: − − =1
3 8
x2 y2
16 − − =1
3 8
x2 y2
− − = −15
3 8
x2 y2
+ =1 Ellipse
45 120
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
z2
34. y 2 + − x2 = 0
4
z2
(a) Trace in plane y = −1: − x2 = 1 Hyperbola
4
(b) Trace in plane z = 4: x2 − y 2 = 1 Hyperbola
2
z
(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + = 0 Point
4
The graph is an elliptic cone.
y2 y2
35. The graph of x 2 + + z 2 = 1 is an ellipsoid. 39. z 2 = x 2 + +1
4 64
z2 x2 y2
x2 Standard form: − − =1
36. z = y 2 − 1 1 64
9
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
x2
Standard form: z = y 2 −
9 40. 4 y = x 2 + z 2
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. x2 z2
Standard form: y = +
4 4
x2 y2
37. z = + The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
36 49
2 2
x y 41. x 2 − y 2 + z = 0
Standard form: z = +
36 49
Standard form: z = y 2 − x 2
The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
x2 y2 z2
38. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
9 16 16
42. 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 8 z 2 = 72 46. 4 z = 16 x 2 + 8 y 2
x2 y2 z2 z = 4x2 + 2 y2
Standard form: + − =1
8 18 9 x2 y2
z = +
The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet. 1 1
4 2
43. 2 x 2 − y 2 + 2 z 2 = −4
x2 y2
x2 y2 z2 Standard form: z = +
Standard form: − + − =1 1 1
2 4 2 4 2
The graph is a hyperboloid of two sheets. The graph is an elliptic paraboloid.
44. 3z = − y 2 + x 2 47. 25 x 2 + 25 y 2 − z 2 = 5
x2 y2 x2 y2 z2
Standard form: z = − Standard form: + − =1
3 3 15 15 5
The graph is a hyperbolic paraboloid. The graph is a hyperboloid of one sheet.
45. z 2 = 9 x 2 + y 2 48. z 2 = 2 x 2 + 2 y 2
y2 z2 x2 y2
Standard form: x 2 + − = 0 Standard form: + − z2 = 0
9 9 12 12
x2 y2 z2
49. 2
+ 2
+ =1
3963 3963 39502
50. (a) You are viewing the paraboloid from the x-axis: ( 20, 0, 0)
(b) You are viewing the paraboloid from above, but not on the z-axis: (10, 10, 20)
(c) You are viewing the paraboloid from the z-axis: (0, 0, 20)
(d) You are viewing the paraboloid from the y-axis: (0, 20, 0)
51. − 0.31x + 0.069 y + z = 6

z = 0.31x − 0.069 y + 6
(a)
Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
x 38.3 37.2 38.8 41.3 44.4 46.5
y 24.3 25.2 26.3 28.3 28.4 28.7
z (actual) 19.4 18.8 19.2 20.4 21.2 22.3
z (model) 19.3 18.8 19.4 20.4 21.4 22.2
The approximated values of z are very close to the actual values.

(b) According to the model, increases in expenditures of recreation types y and z will correspond to an increase in
expenditures of recreation type x.
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables 477
Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 5 − 2 x, x = −3 1 2
6. g ( x) = −
2x x+3
f ( −3) = 5 − 2( −3) = 11
Domain: ( −∞, − 3) ∪ ( −3, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
2. f ( x) = − x + 4 x + 5, x = −3
2
7. h( y ) = y −5
f ( −3) = −( −3) + 4( −3) + 5 = −16
2
Domain: [5, ∞ )
3. y = 4 x 2 − 3x + 4, x = −3
8. f ( y ) = y2 − 1
4( −3) − 3( −3) + 4 =
2
y = 49 = 7
Domain: ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
3
4. y = 34 − 4 x + 2 x 2 , x = −3
9. ( 476)
0.65
≈ 55.0104
3
34 − 4( −3) + 2( −3)
2
y = 3
= 64 = 4
10. ( 251)
0.35
≈ 6.9165
5. f ( x) = 5 x + 3 x − 2
2
Domain: ( −∞, ∞)
1. f ( x, y ) = 2 x − y + 3 3. f ( x, y ) = xe y
(a) f (0, 2) = 2(0) − 2 + 3 = 1 (a) f (5, 0) = 5e0 = 5
(b) f ( −1, 0) = 2( −1) − 0 + 3 = 1 (b) f (3, 2) = 3e2
(c) f (5, 30) = 2(5) − 30 + 3 = −17 2
(c) f ( 2, −1) = 2e −1 =
(d) f (3, y ) = 2(3) − y + 3 = 9 − y e
(d) f ( 4, y ) = 4e y
(e) f ( x, 4) = 2 x − 4 + 3 = 2 x − 1
(f ) f (5, t ) = 2(5) − t + 3 = 13 − t (e) f ( x, ln 6) = xeln 6 = 6 x
(f ) f (t , t ) = tet
2. f ( x, y ) = 4 − x − 4 y
2 2
4. g ( x, y ) = ln x + y
(a) f (0, 0) = 4 − 02 − 4(0) = 4
2
(a) g ( 2, 3) = ln 2 + 3 = ln 5
(b) f (0, 1) = 4 − 02 − 4(1) = 0
2
(b) g (5, 6) = ln 5 + 6 = ln 11
(c) f ( 2, 3) = 4 − 22 − 4(3) = −36
2
(c) g (e, 0) = ln e + 0 = ln e = 1
(d) f (1, y ) = 4 − 12 − 4 y 2 = 3 − 4 y 2
(d) g (0, 1) = ln 0 + 1 = ln 1 = 0
(e) f ( x, 0) = 4 − x 2 − 4(0) = 4 − x 2
2
(e) g ( 2, − 3) = ln 2 + ( −3) = ln 1 = 0
(f ) f (t , 1) = 4 − t 2 − 4(1) = −t 2
2
(f ) g (e, e) = ln e + e = ln ( 2e) = 1 + ln 2
5. h( x, y, z ) =
xy 7. V ( r , h) = π r 2 h
z
(a) V (3, 10) = π (3) (10) = 90π
2
(a) h( 2, 3, 9) =
(2)(3) = 2
(b) V (5, 2) = π (5) ( 2) = 50π
2
9 3
(b) h(1, 0, 1) =
(1)(0) = 0 n
1  r 
8. F ( r , n) = 5001 + 
 12 
y + z 60
6. f ( x, y, z ) =  0.09 
x (a) F (0.09, 60) = 5001 +  ≈ 782.84
 12 
5+ 4
(a) f (1, 5, 4) =
240
= 3  0.14 
1 (b) F (0.14, 240) = 5001 +  ≈ 8090.14
 12 
8 + ( −3) 5
(b) f (6, 8, − 3) = =
6 6
 r 
12 t
 12 
9. A( P, r , t ) = P 1 +  − 1 1 + 
 12    r 
 0.10 
120
 12 
(a) A(100, 0.10, 10) = 100 1 +  − 1 1 +  = $20,655.20
 12    0.10 
 0.0925 
480
 12 
(b) A( 275, 0.0925, 40) = 2751 +  − 1 1 +  = $1,397,672.67
 12    0.0925 
10. A( P, r , t ) = Pe rt
(a) A(500, 0.10, 5) = 500e(0.10)(5) = 500e0.5 ≈ 824.36
(b) A(1500, 0.12, 20) = 1500e(0.12)(20) = 1500e2.4 ≈ 16,534.76
y y 1
11. f ( x, y ) =  x (2t − 3) dt 12. g ( x, y ) = x dt
t
2
(a) f (1, 2) =  1 (2t − 3) dt 11 1
(a) g ( 4, 1) = 4 t dt = ln t  4 = ln 1 − ln 4 = −ln 4
2
= t 2 − 3t 
1 3 1
(b) g (6, 3) = 6 dt
= ( −2) − ( −2) = 0 t
4 3
(b) f (1, 4) = = ln t  6
 1 (2t − 3) dt
4 = ln 3 − ln 6
= t 2 − 3t 
1 1
= ln
= 4 − ( −2) = 6 2
= −ln 2
13. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 y
(a) f ( x + Δx, y ) = ( x + Δx) − 2 y = x 2 + 2 x Δx + ( Δx) − 2 y

2 2
f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )  x 2 − 2( y + Δy ) − ( x 2 − 2 y ) x 2 − 2 y − 2 Δy − x 2 + 2 y 2 Δy
(b) =  = = − = −2, Δy ≠ 0
Δy Δy Δy Δy
14. f ( x, y ) = 3 xy + y 2
(a) f ( x + Δx, y ) = 3( x + Δx) y + y 2
3x( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy )2  − (3 xy + y 2 )
f ( x, y + Δy ) − f ( x, y )
(b) =  
Δy Δy
3 xy + 3 x Δy + y 2 + 2 y Δy + ( Δy ) − 3xy − y 2
2
=
Δy
3 x Δy + 2 y Δy + ( Δy )
2
= = 3 x + 2 y + Δy, Δy ≠ 0
Δy
15. f ( x, y ) = 16 − x 2 − y 2 23. z = 9 − 3x 2 − y 2
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the The domain is the set of all points inside and on the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 because 16 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. ellipse 3x 2 + y 2 = 9 because 9 − 3 x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0.
The range is [0, 4]. The range is [0, 3].
16. z = 4 − x2 − y 2 24. z = 4 − x2 − 4 y2
The domain is the set of all points inside and on the The domain is the set of all points inside or on the
circle x 2 + y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0. ellipse x 2 + 4 y 2 = 4 because 4 − x 2 − 4 y 2 ≥ 0.
The range is [0, 2]. The range is [0, 4].
17. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 y
25. z =
x
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane.
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is [0, ∞).
above or below the y-axis because x ≠ 0. The range
is ( −∞, ∞).
18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 1
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. x
26. f ( x, y ) =
The range is [−1, ∞). y
19. f ( x, y ) = e x y
above or below the x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range
The domain is the set of all points above or below the is ( −∞, ∞).
x-axis because y ≠ 0. The range is (0, ∞).
1
27. f ( x, y ) =
20. f ( x, y ) = e xy xy
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane. The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane
The range is (0, ∞). except those on the x-axis and y-axis because
x ≠ y ≠ 0. The range is all z ≠ 0, or
21. g ( x, y ) = ln (5 − x − y ) (− ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The domain is the half-plane below the line
y = − x + 5 because 5 − x − y > 0. 1
28. g ( x, y ) =
The range is ( −∞, ∞). x − y
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( 2 x + 3 y ) except those on the line y = x because x ≠ y.
The range is all z ≠ 0, or ( − ∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
The domain is the half-plane above the line y = − 23 x
because 2 x + 3 y > 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞).
29. h( x, y ) = x y 36. c = 0, 0 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 6
c = 2, 2 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 4
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane such
that y ≥ 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞). c = 4, 4 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 2
c = 6, 6 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2x + 3y = 0
30. f ( x, y ) = xy c = 8, 8 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −2
The domain is the set of all points in the xy-plane that c = 10, 10 = 6 − 2 x − 3 y, 2 x + 3 y = −4
lie in the first quadrant and the third quadrant, as well The level curves are parallel lines.
as the x-axis and y-axis because xy ≥ 0. The range y
is [0, ∞). 3
y2
31. f ( x, y ) = x 2 +
4 x
−2 c=0
The contour map consists of ellipses c=2
c = 10 c=4
y2 c=6
x2 + = C. c=8
4
Matches (b).
37. c = 0, 0 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 25
1− x 2 + y 2
32. f ( x, y ) = e 1= 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 24
c = 1,
2 + y2
The contour map consists of curves e1− x = C, c = 2, 2 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 21
or 1 − x 2 + y 2 = ln C , which are hyperbolas. c = 3, 3 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 = 16
Matches (d).
c = 4, 4 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 9
1− x 2 − y 2
33. f ( x, y ) = e c = 5, 5 = 25 − x 2 − y 2 , x2 + y2 = 0
The contour map consists of curves e1− x

2 − y2
= C , or The level curves are circles.
y
1 − x 2 − y 2 = ln C  x 2 + y 2 = 1 − ln C , circles. c=0
Matches (a). c=1

2
34. f ( x, y ) = ln y − x
1
2 c=5
x
−2 −1 1 2
c=4
−2
The contour map consists of curves ln y − x 2 = C , or
c=2
y − x 2 = eC  y = x 2 + eC , which are parabolas. c=3
Matches (c).
35. c = −1, −1 = x + y, y = −x − 1
c = 0, 0 = x + y, y = −x
c = 2, 2 = x + y, y = −x + 2
c = 4, 4 = x + y, y = −x + 4
The level curves are parallel lines.
y
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
c = −1 c=0 c=2 c=4
38. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 y 3 39. c = ±1, xy = ±1

c = ±2, xy = ±2
c = 0, 0 = x2 + 4 y 2 , point: (0, 0)
c = ±3, xy = ±3
2 2
x y c = ±4, xy = ±4
c = 2, 2 = x2 + 4 y 2 → + =1
2 1 c = ±5, xy = ±5
2
c = ±6, xy = ±6
2 x2 2
c = 4, 4 = x + 4y → + y2 = 1 The level curves are hyperbolas.
4
c=1
y c=2
2 x2 y2 2
c=3
c = 6, 6 = x + 4y → + =1 c=4
6 2 c=5
c=6
3
1
x2 y2
c = 8, 8 = x2 + 4 y2 → + =1 −1
x
8 2 −1
1
The level curves are ellipses and a single point

c = −6
(degenerate ellipse). c = −5
c = −4
y c = −3
c = −1 c = −2
c=0
3
c=2
2 c=4
c=6
c=8
x
−3 3
−2
−3
40. c = 1: 1 = e − xy , 0 = xy
ln 2
c = 2: 2 = e − xy , ln 2 = − xy → y = −
x
ln 3
c = 3: 3 = e − xy , ln 3 = − xy → y = −
x
ln 4
c = 4: 4 = e − xy , ln 4 = − xy → y = −
x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 2
c = : = e − xy , ln = − xy → y = − 2 → y =
2 2 2 x x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 3
c = : = e− xy , ln = − xy → y = − 3 → y =
3 3 3 x x
1
ln
1 1 1 ln 4
c = : = e− xy , ln = − xy → y = − 4 → y =
4 4 4 x x
The level curves are hyperbolas.
y
c=4
c=3
c=2
1
c=1
x
−1 1
−1 c=1
4
1
c=3
c=1
2
1 1 x 43. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2

( x − 1)
2
41. c = , = 2 , + y2 = 1
2 2 x + y2
f (1000, 2000) = 100(1000) (2000)
0.75 0.25
1 1 x
( x + 1)
2 2
c = − , − = 2 , + y =1 ≈ 114,870 units
2 2 x + y2
2
x  1 2 1 44. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.75 y 0.25
c = 1, 1 = , x −  + y =
x2 + y 2  2 4
f (1500, 1000) = 100(1500) (1000)
0.75 0.25
2
x  1 2 1
c = −1, −1 = , x +  + y = ≈ 135,540 units
x2 + y2  2 4
3 3 x  1 2 1
2
45. f ( x, y ) = Cx a y1 − a
c = , = 2 , x −  + y =
2 2 x + y2  3 9 1− a
f ( 2 x, 2 y ) = C ( 2 x ) ( 2 y )
a
2
3 3 x  1 1 = C 2a x a 21 − a y 1 − a
c = − , − = 2 , 2
x +  + y =
2 2 x + y2  3 9
= 2a 2 1 − aCx a y 1 − a
2
x  1 2 1 = 2Cx a y 1 − a
c = 2, 2 = , x −  + y =
x2 + y2  4 16
= 2 f ( x, y )
2
x  1 2 1
c = − 2, −2 = , x +  + y =
x2 + y 2  4 16 46. z = Cx a y1 − y
The level curves are circles. ln z = ln (Cx a y1 − a )
y
ln z = ln C + ln x a + ln y1 − a
−1
ln z = ln C + a ln x + (1 − a ) ln y
c= 2
2
c= 1
c = −1 2 c=1
ln z = ln C + a ln x + ln y − a ln y
−2 2
x ln z − ln y = ln C + a ln x − a ln y
c= 3
2
ln z − ln y = ln C + a(ln x − ln y )
c = − 23 c=2
−2 z x
c = −2 ln = ln C + a ln
y y
42. c = 0, ln ( x − y ) = 0, x− y =1
c = 1,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 1,
2
x − y = e1 2
c = − 12 , ln ( x − y ) = − 12 , x − y = e −1 2
c = 1, ln ( x − y ) = 1, x − y = e
c = −1, ln ( x − y ) = −1, x − y = e−1
c = 3,
2
ln ( x − y ) = 3,
2
x − y = e3 2
c = − 32 , ln ( x − y ) = − 32 , x − y = e −3 2
c = 2, ln ( x − y ) = 2, x − y = e2
c = −2, ln ( x − y ) = −2, x − y = e −2
The level curves are lines.
y
c=0
c = −2
x
6
c = − 32
c = −1
c = 12
c = − 12
c=1
−4
c = 32
−6 c=2
( ) (
47. P( x 1, x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − C1 ( x 1 ) − C 2 ( x 2 ) = 50( x1 + x 2 ) − 0.02 x 12 + 4 x1 + 500 − 0.05 x 22 + 4 x2 + 275 )
(a) P ( 250, 150) = 50( 250 + 150) − 0.02( 250) + 4( 250) + 500 − 0.05(150) + 4(150) + 275 = $15,250
2 2
   
(b) P (300, 200) = 50(300 + 200) − 0.02(300) + 4(300) + 500 − 0.05( 200) + 4( 200) + 275 = $18,425
2 2
   
(c) P (600, 400) = 50(600 + 400) − 0.02(600) + 4(600) + 500 − 0.05( 400) + 4( 400) + 275 = $30,025
2 2
   
1 1 + 0.10(1 − R ) 
10
48. w( x, y ) = 49. V ( I , R ) = 2000 
x − y 
 1+ I 
1 1
(a) W (15, 10) = hr = hr = 12 min
15 − 10 5 I
0 0.03 0.05
R
1 1
(b) W (12, 9) = hr = hr = 20 min 0 $5187.48 $3859.98 $3184.67
12 − 9 3
1 1 0.28 $4008.46 $2982.67 $2460.85
(c) W (12, 6) = hr = hr = 10 min
12 − 6 6 0.35 $3754.27 $2793.53 $2304.80
1 1
(d) W ( 4, 2) = hr = hr = 30 min
4−2 2
50. A( r , t ) = 5000e rt
Number of Years
Rate 5 10 15 20 25
0.02 $5525.85 $6107.01 $6749.29 $7459.12 $8243.61
0.03 $5809.17 $6749.29 $7841.56 $9110.59 $10,585.00
0.04 $6107.01 $7459.12 $9110.59 $11,127.70 $13,591.41
0.05 $6420.13 $8243.61 $10,585.00 $13,591.41 $17,451.71
0.06 $6749.29 $9110.59 $12,298.02 $16,600,58 $22,408.45
51. (a) C, highest pressure 53. z = 0.105 x + 0.339 y + 257

(b) A, lowest pressure (a) z = 0.105(1000) + 0.339(500) + 257
(c) B, highest wind velocity = 105 + 169.5 + 257
52. (a) No, the level curves are uneven and sporadically = $531.5 million
spaced.
(b) The y-variable
(b) Answers will vary.
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The
y-variable has a greater influence on shareholders’
equity because the value of its coefficient is greater
than that of the coefficient of the x-term.
P ⋅ r P ⋅ r
   
54. M =  12  55. M =  12 
12t 12t
 1   1 
1−   1−  
1 + ( r 12)  1 + ( r 12) 
 16,000 ⋅ 0.05  120,000(0.08) 
 
(a) M =  12  ≈ $479.53  
(12 ⋅ 3)  12 
 1  (a) M = 12( 20)
= $1003.73
1−    1 
1 + (0.05 12)  1−  
1 + ( 0.08 12) 
Total paid for $16,000 loan = 479.53 × 36
$1003.73 × 240 payments = $240,895.20
= $17,263.08
120,000(0.07) 
 16,000 ⋅ 0.035   
   12 
(b) M =  12  ≈ $357.70 (b) M = = $798.36
12(30)
(12 ⋅ 4)  
 1  1
1−   1−  
1 + (0.035 12)  1 + (0.07 12) 
Total paid for $16,000 loan = 357.70 × 48 $798.36 × 360 payments = $287,409.60
= $17,169.60 120,000(0.07) 
 
Answers may vary. Sample Answer: Option B, since the  12 
(c) M = 12(15)
= $1078.59
monthly payment is lower and the total paid back is  
1
lower; however, the borrower is responsible for making 1−  
payments for an additional 12 months. 1 + (0.07 12) 
$1078.59 × 180 payments = $194,146.20
Choices will vary, as well as explanations.
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = 6 x 2 − 9 x + 4 3. g (t ) = tet
3 +1
f ′( x) = 12 x − 9 = 3( 4 x − 3) g ′(t ) = tet
3 +1
(3t 2 ) + et + 1(1)
3
2. g ( x ) = (3 − x 2 )
3 3 +1 3 +1
= 3t 3et + et
g ′( x ) = 3(3 − x 2 ) ( −2 x) = −6 x(3 − x 2 )
2 2 = et
3 +1
(3t 3 + 1)
4. f ( x) = e 2 x 1 − e 2 x
1
f ′( x) = e 2 x  (1 − e 2 x ) ( −e 2 x )( 2) +
−1 2
1 − e 2 x e 2 x ( 2)
 2
e 2 x ( −e 2 x ) e2 x e2 x
=
1 − e2 x
+ 2e2 x 1 − e 2 x =
1 − e2 x
( −e 2x
)
+ 2(1 − e 2 x ) =
1 − e2 x
(2 − 3e2 x )
5. f ( x) = ln (3 − 2 x) 6. u (t ) = ln t 3 − 6t
−2 1 1 3
f ′( x) =
 (t − 6t ) (3t − 6)
−1 2
u′(t ) = 2
3 − 2x t − 6t  2 
3
3(t 2 − 2)
=
2t (t 2 − 6)
Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives 485
Skills Warm Up —continued—

5x2
7. g ( x ) =
(4 x − 1)
2
(4 x − 1) (10 x ) − 5 x 2 ( 2)( 4 x − 1)( 4) (4 x − 1)10 x − 40 x 2

2
10 x
g ′( x ) = = = −
(4 x − 1) (4 x − 1) (4 x − 1)
4 3 3
(x + 2)
3
8. f ( x) =
( x2 − 9)
2
( x2 − 9) (3)( x + 2) − ( x + 2) ( 2)( x 2 − 9)( 2 x)

2 2 3
f ′( x) =
( x2 − 9)
4
3( x + 2) ( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2) (x + 2) 3( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2) ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 8 x + 27)

2 3 2 2
= = = −
( x2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9) ( x 2 − 9)
3 3 3
9. f ( x) = x 2e x − 2
f ′( x) = x 2e x − 2 + e x − 2 ( 2 x) = x 2e x − 2 + 2 xe x − 2 = xe x − 2 ( x + 2)
At ( 2, 4), f ′( 2) = ( 2)e2 − 2 ( 2 + 2) = 2 ⋅ e0 ⋅ 4 = 8.
x 2 − x + 2 = x ( x 2 − x + 2)
12
10. g ( x) = x
1
g ′( x) = x ( x 2 − x + 2) ( 2 x − 1) + ( x 2 − x + 2) (1)
−1 2 12
 2
x( 2 x − 1)
+ ( x 2 − x + 2)
12
=
2( x − x + 2)
12
2
2 x2 − x + 2 x2 − 2 x + 4
=
2( x 2 − x + 2)
12
4 x 2 − 3x + 4
=
2( x 2 − x + 2)
12
4( 2) − 3( 2) + 4
2
14 7
At ( 2, 4), g ′( 2) = = = .
2( 2 − 2 + 2)
12
2 4 2
1. z = 3 x + 5 y − 1 3. z = 6 x − x 2 y + 8 y 2
∂z ∂z
= 3 = 6 − 2 xy
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= 5 = − x 2 + 16 y
∂y ∂y
2. z = x 2 − 2 y 4. z = 4 xy 2 − x 2 y 3 + 7
∂z
= 2x ∂z
∂x = 4 y 2 − 2 xy 3
∂x
∂z
= −2 ∂z
∂y = 8 xy − 3x 2 y 2
∂y
5. h( x, y ) = e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) 13. f ( x, y ) =
x4 y
3y + 2
hx ( x, y ) = −2 xe
(
− x2 + y2 ) 4 x3 y
f x ( x, y ) =
hy ( x, y ) = −2 ye
(
− x2 + y2 ) 3y + 2
(3 y + 2)( x 4 ) − ( x 4 y )(3)
6. g ( x, y ) = e x y f y ( x, y ) =
(3 y + 2)
3
1 xy
g x ( x, y ) = e 3x 4 y + 2 x 4 − 3x 4 y
y =
(3 y + 2)
2
x
g y ( x, y ) = − 2 e x y
y 2 x4
=
(3 y + 2)
2
7. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2
1 2 x xy
( x + y 2 ) ( 2 x) =
−1 2
f x ( x, y ) = 14. f ( x, y ) =
2 2
x + y 2 x2 + y 2
1 y ∂z
f y ( x, y ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y ) =
−1 2
= y
2 2 2 ∂x
x + y
∂z 1 x
= xy −1 2 =
∂y 2 2 y
2 x3 + 5 y = (2 x3 + 5 y )
13
8. z = 3
∂z 1 2x2 15. z = f ( x, y ) = 3 x + 2 y
= ( 2 x 3 + 5 y ) (6 x 2 ) =
−4 3
(2 x3 + 5 y )
43
∂x 3 ∂z 3( x + Δ x) + 2 y − (3 x + 2 y )
= f x ( x, y ) = lim
∂z 1 5 ∂x Δx → 0 Δx
= ( 2 x3 + 5 y ) (5) =
−4 3
3( 2 x + 5 y ) 3 + 3Δ x + 2 y − 3 x − 2 y
43
∂y 3 3
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
9. z = y 2e 2 xy 3Δ x
= lim
∂z Δx → 0 Δx
= y 2e 2 xy ( 2 y ) = 2 y 3e 2 xy
∂x = 3
∂z
= y 2e 2 xy ( 2 x) + e 2 xy ( 2 y ) = 2 xy 2e2 xy + 2 ye 2 xy z = f ( x, y ) + 3 x + 2 y
∂y
∂z 3 x + 2( y + Δy ) − (3x + 2 y )
= 2 ye 2 xy ( xy + 1) = f y ( x, y ) = lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy
10. z = xe x + y 3 + 2 y + 2Δy − 3 x − 2 y
= lim
∂z Δy → 0 Δy
= xe x + y + e x + y = ( x + 1)e x + y
∂x 2Δy
= lim
∂z Δy → 0 Δy
= xe x + y
∂y = 2
(
11. g ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 )
2x
g x ( x, y ) = 2
x + y2
2y
g y ( x, y ) = 2
x + y2
x + y
12. z = ln = ln ( x + y ) − ln ( x − y )
x − y
∂z 1 1 2y
= − = − 2
∂x x + y x − y x − y2
∂z 1 1 2x
= + = 2
∂y x + y x − y x − y2
16. z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
∂z ( x + Δ x) − 2( x + Δ x) y + y 2 − ( x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
2
= f x ( x, y ) = lim
∂x Δx → 0 Δx
x 2 + 2 xΔ x + Δ x 2 − 2 xy − 2Δ xy + y 2 − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
2 xΔ x + Δ x 2 − 2Δ xy
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
Δ x( 2 x + Δ x − 2 y )
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx
= lim ( 2 x + Δ x − 2 y )
Δx → 0
= 2x − 2 y
z = f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2
x 2 − 2 x( y + Δy ) + ( y + Δy ) − ( x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 )
2
∂z
= f y ( x, y ) = lim
∂y Δy → 0 Δy
x 2 − 2 xy − 2 xΔy + y 2 + 2 yΔy + Δy 2 − x 2 + 2 xy − y 2
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
− 2 xΔy + 2 yΔy + Δy 2
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
Δy ( − 2 x + 2 y + Δy )
= lim
Δy → 0 Δy
= lim ( − 2 x + 2 y + Δy )
Δy → 0
= − 2x + 2 y
17. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + xy − y 2 18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 − 3 xy + y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + y, f x ( 2, 1) = 13 f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 y, f x (1, −1) = 5
f y ( x, y ) = x − 2 y, f y ( 2, 1) = 0 f y ( x, y ) = − 3 x + 2 y, f y (1, −1) = − 5
19. f ( x, y ) = e x y 2
f x ( x, y ) = e x y 2 , f x (ln 3, 2) = e ln 3 ( 2) = 3 ⋅ 4 = 12
2
f y ( x, y ) = 2e x y, f y (ln 3, 2) = 2eln 3 ( 2) = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12
20. f ( x, y ) = 3e xy
f x ( x, y ) = 3e xy ⋅ y = 3 ye xy , f x (1, ln 5) = 3(ln 5)e1⋅ ln 5 = 3 ln 5(ln 5) = 3(ln 5)

2
f y ( x, y ) = 3e xy ⋅ x = 3 xe xy , f y (1, ln 5) = 3(1)e1⋅ ln 5 = 3(ln 5) = 3 ln 5
21. f ( x, y ) = ln (3 x + 5 y ) 1 1
22. f ( x, y ) = ln ( xy )
12
= ln x + ln y
3 2 2
f x ( x, y ) = , f x (1, 0) = 1 1 1
3x + 5 y f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( −1, −1) = −
2x 2
5 5
f y ( x, y ) = , f y (1, 0) = 1 1
3x + 5 y 3 f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( −1, −1) = −
2y 2
xy
23. f ( x, y ) =
x − y
f x ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) y − xy(1)
= −
y2
, f x ( 2, − 2) = −
1
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
4
f y ( x, y ) =
(x − y ) x − xy( −1)
=
x2
, f y ( 2, − 2) =
1
(x − y) (x − y)
2 2
4
4 xy
24. f ( x, y ) =
x2 + y 2
1
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 y ) − 4 xy ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 x)
−1 2
f x ( x, y ) =  2 ( x2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 x2 y = 4 y3 , f 1, 0 = 0
= x( )
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
32 32
x2 + y 2
1
x 2 + y 2 ( 4 x) − 4 xy  ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( 2 y )
−1 2
f y ( x, y ) =
2
  ( x2 + y 2 )(4 x) − 4 xy 2 = 4 x3 , f 1, 0 = 4
= y( )
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
2 2 32 32
x + y
∂z ∂z 2z
25. (a) = y (1, 2, 2) = 2 31. w =
∂x ∂x x + y
(b)
∂z
= x
∂z
(1, 2, 2) = 1 wx =
(x + y )(0) − 2 z (1)
= −
2z
∂y ∂y ( x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
∂z x ∂z 3 ( x + y )(0) − 2 z(1) 2z
26. (a) = − (3, 0, 4) = − wy = = −
( x + y) ( x + y)
2 2
∂x 25 − x − y 2 2 ∂x 4
∂z y ∂z 2
(b) = − (3, 0, 4) = 0 wz =
∂y ∂y x+ y
25 − x 2 − y 2
xy
∂z ∂z 32. w =
27. (a) = −2 x (1, 1, 2) = −2 x + y + z
∂x ∂x
(b)
∂z
= −2 y
∂z
(1, 1, 2) = −2 wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy (1)
=
y 2 + yz
∂y ∂y
(x + y + z) (x + y + z)
2 2
∂z ∂z (x + y + z ) x − xy (1) x 2 + xz
28. (a) = 2x (−2, 1, 3) = −4 wy = =
∂x ∂x (x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
∂z ∂z (x + y + z )(0) − xy(1)
(b) = −2 y ( −2, 1, 3) = −2 wz = = −
xy
∂y ∂y
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
29. w = xy 2 z 4 + 9 xy − z
33. w = 2 xz 2 + 3xyz − 6 y 2 z
2 4
wx = y z + 9 y
wx = 2 z 2 + 3 yz , wx (1, −1, 2) = 2
wy = 2 xyz 4 + 9 x
wy = 3 xz − 12 yz , wy (1, −1, 2) = 30
wz = 4 xy 2 z 3 − 1
wz = 4 xz + 3 xy − 6 y 2 , wz (1, −1, 2) = −1
30. w = x3 yz 2 + xy − 4 yz
34. w = 3 x 2 y − 5 xyz + 10 yz 2
wx = 3x 2 yz 2 + y
wx = 6 xy − 5 yz , wx (3, 4, − 2) = 112
wy = x 3 z 2 + x
wy = 3 x 2 − 5 xz + 10 z 2 , wy (3, 4, − 2) = 97
3
wz = 2 x yz − 4 y
wz = − 5 xy + 20 yz , wz (3, 4, − 2) = − 220
35. w = x2 + y2 + z 2 40. w = ln x2 + y 2 + z 2
x 2 1
wx = , wx ( 2, −1, 2) = w = ln x2 + y2 + z 2 =ln ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
x2 + y2 + z 2 3 2
x 3
wy =
y
, wy ( 2, −1, 2) = −
1 wx = 2 , wx (3, 0, 4) =
3 x + y2 + z2 25
x2 + y 2 + z 2
y
z 2 wy = , wy (3, 0, 4) = 0
wz = , wz ( 2, −1, 2) = x2 + y2 + z 2
x2 + y2 + z 2 3
z 4
wz = , wz (3, 0, 4) =
36. w = 3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 25
3x 3 5
wx = , wx (1, − 2, 1) = 41. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 xy + y 2 − 4 x + 16 y + 3
3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 4 y − 4 = 0  − 4 x − 8y = −8
y 2 5 f y ( x, y ) = 4 x + 2 y + 16 = 0  4 x + 2y = −16
wy = , wy (1, − 2, 1) = −
3x 2 + y 2 − 2 z 2 5 −6y = − 24
− 2z −2 5 y = 4
wz = , wz (1, − 2, 1) = x = −6
2
3x + y − 2 z 2 2 5
Solution: ( −6, 4)
3 2 2 x2
37. w = y z e
42. f ( x, y ) = 3 x3 − 12 xy + y 3
wx = 4 xy 3 z 2e2 x , wx
2
( 12 , −1, 2) = − 8 e 3 2
f x ( x, y ) = 9 x 2 − 12 y = 0  y = x
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = 12 e
2
wy = 3 y 2 z 2 e 2 x y 4
2
wz = 2 y ze 3 2 x2
, w ( 12 , −1, 2) = − 4 e f y ( x, y ) = −12 x + 3 y 2 = 0  −12 x + 3
 3x 2 
z
 = 0
 4 
3
38. w = xye9 z 27 4
−12 x + x = 0
3 16
wx = ye9 z 3
x(9 x3 − 64) = 0
( )
3
wx 2, 3, − 13 = (3)e9(−1 3) = 3e −1 3 16
43 3
wy = xe9 z
3 x = 0 or x =
3
( )
3
wy 2, 3, − 13 = ( 2)e9(−1 3) = 2e −1 3 43 9
y = 0 or y =
3
3
(
wz = xye9 z 27 z 2 = 27 xyz 2e9 z ) 3
43 3 43 9
Solutions: (0, 0),  , 
3 
( ) ( )
2
 3
3
wz 2, 3, − 13 = 27( 2)(3) − 13 e9(−1 3) = 18e −1 3
1 1
(
39. w = ln 5 x + 2 y 3 − 3z ) 43. f ( x, y ) =
x
+
y
+ xy
5 1
wx = , wx ( 4, 1, −1) = 1 
3
5 x + 2 y − 3z 5 f x ( x, y ) = − + y = 0  x 2 y = 1
x2 
6 y2 6 1  x = y =1
wy = , wy ( 4, 1, −1) = f y ( x, y ) = − 2 + x = 0  y x = 1
2
3
5 x + 2 y − 3z 25 y 
wz = −
3
, wz ( 4, 1, −1) = −
3 Solution: (1, 1)
5 x + 2 y 3 − 3z 25
(
44. f ( x, y ) = ln x 2 + y 2 + 1 )
2x
f x ( x, y ) = = 0  x = 0
x2 + y2 + 1
2y
f y ( x, y ) = 2 = 0  y = 0
x + y2 + 1
Solution: (0, 0)
45. z = x3 − 4 y 2 47. z = x 4 − 2 xy + 3 y 3
∂z ∂z
= 3x 2 = 4 x3 − 2 y
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= −8 y = − 2x + 9 y2
∂y ∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 6x
∂x 2 = 12 x 2
2
∂x 2
∂ z
= 0 ∂ 2z
∂x∂y = −2
∂x∂y
∂ 2z
= 0 ∂ 2z
∂y∂x = −2
∂y∂x
∂ 2z
= −8 ∂ 2z
∂y 2 = 18 y
∂y 2
46. z = 2 x 3 + y 5 48. z = y 3 − 6 x 2 y 2 − 1
∂z ∂z
= 4x = −12 xy 2
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
= 5 y4 = 3 y 2 − 12 x 2 y
∂y ∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 4 = −12 y 2
∂x 2 ∂x 2
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 0 = − 24 xy
∂x∂y ∂x∂y
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 20 y 3 = − 24 xy
∂y 2 ∂y∂x
∂ 2z ∂ 2z
= 0 = 6 y − 12 x 2
∂y∂x ∂y 2
49. z = (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
3
∂z
( ) (12 x3 ) ( )
2 2
= 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3 = 36 x 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3
∂x
∂z
( ) (− 6 y 2 ) ( )
2 2
= 3 3x 4 − 2 y 3 = −18 y 2 3x 4 − 2 y 3
∂y
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 ) + (3x 4 − 2 y 3 ) (108 x 2 ) = 108 x 2 (3x 4 − 2 y 3 )(11x 4 − 2 y 3 )
2
∂x 2
∂ 2z
= 36 x3 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 ) = − 432 x3 y 2 (3x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂y
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )( − 6 y 2 ) + (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 ) ( − 36 y ) = − 36 y (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(3 x 4 − 8 y 3 )
2
∂y 2
∂ 2z
= −18 y 2 2(3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )(12 x3 ) = − 432 x3 y 2 (3 x 4 − 2 y 3 )
∂y∂x
50. z = 9 − x2 − y2
∂z 1 x
= (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x) = −
−1 2
∂x 2 9 − x2 − y2
∂z 1 y
= (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y ) = −
−1 2
∂y 2 9 − x2 − y2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − x (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
2
∂ z  2 y2 − 9
= − =
(9 − x 2 − y 2 )
32
∂x 2 2
9− x − y 2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − x (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
−1 2
∂2 z  2 xy
= − = −
(9 − x − y 2 )
32
∂x∂y 9 − x2 − y 2 2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (0) − y  (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 x)
−1 2
∂2 z 2
  xy
= − = −
(9 − x − y 2 )
32
∂y∂x 9 − x2 − y 2 2
1
9 − x 2 − y 2 (1) − y (9 − x 2 − y 2 ) ( −2 y )
−1 2
∂2 z  2 x2 − 9
= − =
(9 − x 2 − y 2 )
32
∂y 2 9 − x2 − y2
x2 − y2 x
51. z = 52. z =
2 xy x + y
∂z 2 xy ( 2 x) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 y ) x2 + y 2 ∂z ( x + y )(1) − x(1) = y
= = =
( ) ( y)
2 2
∂x 2 2
4x y 2 x2 y ∂x x + y x +
∂z 2 xy( −2 y ) − ( x 2 − y 2 )( 2 x) x2 + y2 ∂z
= −
x
= = −
∂y 2 2
4x y 2 xy 2 ∂y ( x + y )2
∂2 z 2 x 2 y( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) y ∂2 z 2y
= = − 3 = −
∂x 2 4x4 y2 x ∂x 2
( x + y )3
∂2 z 2 x 2 y( 2 y ) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 x 2 ) x2 − y 2 ∂2 z ( x + y ) (1) − y(2)( x + y )(1) = x − y
2
= 4 2
= − =
∂x∂y 4x y 2x2 y 2 ∂x∂y ( x + y )4 ( x + y )3
∂2 z 2 xy 2 ( 2 x) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 2 y 2 ) x2 − y 2
= − 2 2
= − ∂2 z
= −
( x + y) (1) − x( 2)( x + y )(1) = x − y
2
∂y∂x 4x y 2x2 y 2
( x + y) ( x + y)
4 3
∂y∂x
∂2 z 2 xy 2 ( 2 y ) − ( x 2 + y 2 )( 4 xy ) x
= − = 3 ∂2 z 2x
∂y 2 4x2 y4 y =
( x + y)
3
∂y 2
53. f ( x, y ) = x 4 − 3 x 2 y 2 + y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 4 x3 − 6 xy 2 , f y ( x, y ) = −6 x 2 y + 2 y
f xx ( x, y ) = 12 x 2 − 6 y 2 , f xx (1, 0) = 12
f xy ( x, y ) = −12 xy, f xy (1, 0) = 0
f yx ( x, y ) = −12 xy, f yx (1, 0) = 0
f yy ( x, y ) = −6 x 2 + 2, f yy (1, 0) = −4
54. f ( x, y ) = x3 + 2 xy 3 − 3 y 56. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x − y )
1 1 −1
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 2 y 3 , f y ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2 − 3 f x ( x, y ) = (1) = = ( x − y)
x − y x − y
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f xx (3, 2) = 18 1 1 −1
f y ( x, y ) = ( −1) = − = − ( x − y)
x − y x − y
f xy ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f xy (3, 2) = 24
−2 1
f xx ( x, y ) = ( −1)( x − y ) = −
f yx ( x, y ) = 6 y 2 , f yx (3, 2) = 24 ( x − y) 2
f yy ( x, y ) = 12 xy, f yy (3, 2) = 72 −2 1
f yy ( x, y ) = ( −1)( −1)( x − y ) =
(x − y)
2
3 x2
55. f ( x, y ) = y e −2 1
f xy ( x, y ) = ( −1)( x − y ) ( −1) =
(x − y)
2
3 x2 2 x2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy e , f y ( x, y ) = 3 y e
−2 1
f yx ( x, y ) = ( −1)( −1)( x − y ) (1) =
f xx ( x, y) = e x ( 4 x 2 y 3 + 2 y 3 ),
2
f xx (1, −1) = − 6e ( x − y) 2
f xy ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x ,
2
f xy (1, −1) = 6e 1 1
f xx (0, − 2) = − 2
=
0 − ( − 2) 4
2
f yx ( x, y ) = 6 xy 2e x , f yx (1, −1) = 6e
1 1
f yy (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2)
x2 4
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 ye , f yy (1, −1) = − 6e
1 1
f xy (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2) 4
1 1
f yx (0, − 2) = 2
= −
0 − ( − 2) 4
57. w = x 2 − 3 xy + 4 yz + z 3
wx = 2 x − 3 y , wy = − 3x + 4 z, wz = 4 y + 3 z 2
wxx = 2, w yx = − 3, wzx = 0
wxy = − 3, wyy = 0, wzy = 4
wxz = 0, w yz = 4, wzz = 6 z
58. w = x 2 y 3 + 2 xyz − 3 yz
wx = 2 xy 3 + 2 yz , wy = 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xz − 3 z , wz = 2 xy − 3 y ,
wxx = 2 y 3 , wyx = 6 xy 2 + 2 z , wzx = 2 y ,
wxy = 6 xy 2 + 2 z , wyy = 6 x 2 y , wzy = 2 x − 3,
wxz = 2 y , w yz = 2 x − 3, wzz = 0,
4xz
59. w =
x + y
wx =
(x + y )( 4 z ) − 4 xz (1)
=
4 yz
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
wy =
(x + y )(0) − 4 xz (1)
=
− 4 xz
( x + y) 2
( x + y) 2
4x
wz =
x + y
8 yz
wxx = 4 yz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3
= −
 (x + y)
3
4 z( x − y)
wxy = 4 yz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y) (4 z ) =
 (x + y)
3
4y
wxz =
(x + y)
2
4 z( x − y)
wyx = − 4 xz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y) (− 4 z ) =
 (x + y)
3
8 xz
wyy = − 4 xz − 2( x + y ) (1)
−3
=
 ( x + y)
3
4x
wyz = −
( x + y) 2
wzx =
(x + y )( 4) − 4 x(1)
=
4y
(x + y)
2
(x + y)
2
4x
wzy = 4 ( −1)( x + y ) (1)
−2
= −
 (x + y)
2
wzz = 0
xy
60. w =
x + y + z
wx =
(x + y + z ) y − xy(1)
=
y 2 + yz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
wy =
(x + y + z ) x − xy (1)
=
x 2 + xz
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
wz =
(x + y + z )(0) − xy (1)
=
− xy
(x + y + z)
2
(x + y + z)
2
2( y 2 + yz )
wxx = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
= −
 (x + y + z)
3
2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wxy = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (2 y + z) =
 (x + y + z)
3
xy − yz − y 2
wxz = ( y 2 + yz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( y) =
 (x + y + z)
3
2 xy + xz + yz + z 2
wyx = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (2 x + z) =
 (x + y + z)
3
− 2( x 2 + xz )
wyy = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
=
 (x + y + z)
3
xy − x 2 − xz
wyz = ( x 2 + xz ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( x) =
 (x + y + z)
3
xy − y 2 − yz
wzx = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) (− y) =
 (x + y + z)
3
xy − x 2 − xz
wzy = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3 −2
+ ( x + y + z) ( − x) =
 (x + y + z)
3
2 xy
wzz = ( − xy ) ( − 2)( x + y + z ) (1)
−3
=
 (x + y + z)
3
61. C = 10 xy + 149 x + 189 y + 675

∂C 5y ∂C
(a) = + 149, (120, 160) ≈ 154.77 (b) Increasing the production of racing bikes increases the cost at a
∂x xy ∂x higher rate than increasing the production of mountain bikes.
∂C 5x ∂C Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The absolute value of
= + 189, (120, 160) ≈ 193.33 dC dy is greater than the absolute value of dC dx at (120, 160).
∂y xy ∂y
62. R = 200 x1 + 200 x2 − 4 x12 − 8 x1 x2 − 4 x2 2 63. f ( x, y ) = 200 x 0.7 y 0.3

∂R ∂f
0.3
(a) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2  y
∂x1 (a) = 140 x −0.3 y 0.3 = 140 
∂x  x
∂R When x = 1000 and y = 500,
When x1 = 4 and x2 = 12, = 72.
∂x1 0.3 0.3
∂f  500  1
∂R = 140  = 140  ≈ 113.72.
(b) = 200 − 8 x1 − 8 x2 ∂x  1000  2
∂x2
0.7
∂R1 ∂f  x
When x1 = 4 and x2 = 12, = 72. (b) = 60 x 0.7 y −0.7 = 60 
∂x2 ∂y  y
When x = 1000 and y = 500,
0.7
∂f  1000 
= 60( 2)
0.7
= 60  ≈ 97.47.
∂y  500 
64. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.75 y 0.25 68. z = 0.105 x + 0.339 y + 257
∂f
0.25 ∂z ∂z
 y (a) = 0.105; = 0.339
(a) = 75 x −0.25 y 0.25 = 75  ∂x ∂y
∂x  x
When x = 1000 and y = 500, (b) For every increase of $1 million in sales for
Skechers, the shareholder’s equity will increase by
0.25 0.25
∂f  500  1 $0.105 million or $105,000. For every increase of
= 75  = 75  ≈ 63.07.
∂x  1000   2 $1 million in total assets, the shareholder’s equity for
0.75
Skechers will increase by $0.339 million or $339,000.
∂f  x
(b) = 25 x 0.75 y −0.75 = 25 
∂y  y M
69. IQ( M , C ) = × 100
C
When x = 1000 and y = 500,
100
0.75 IQM =
∂f  1000  C
= 25( 2)
0.25
= 25  ≈ 42.04.
∂y  500  −100 M
IQC =
C2
∂x1 5
65. Complementary because = − < 0 and 100
∂p2 2 IQM (12, 10) = = 10
10
∂x2 3
= − < 0. −100(12)
∂p1 2 IQC (12, 10) = = −12
102
∂x1 For a child who has a current mental age of 12 years and
66. Substitute because = 1.8 > 0 and
∂p2 a chronological age of 10 years, the IQ is increasing at a
∂x2 rate of 10 IQ points for every increase of 1 year in the
= 0.75 > 0. child’s mental age. For a child who has a current mental
∂p1
age of 12 years and a chronological age of 10 years, the
IQ is decreasing at a rate of 12 IQ points for every
67. z = 0.391x − 0.069 y + 6
increase of 1 year in the child’s chronological age.
∂z ∂z
(a) = 0.391; = − 0.069
∂x ∂y 70. (a) f x ( 4, 1) < 0
(b) For every increase of $1 billion in expenditures (b) f y ( 4, 1) > 0

on amusement parks and campgrounds, the
expenditures for spectator sports will increase by (c) f x ( −1, − 2) < 0
$0.391 billion or $391,000,000. For every increase (d) f y ( − 1, − 2) > 0
of $1 billion in expenditures on live entertainment
(excluding sports), the expenditures for spectator
sports will decrease by $0.41 billion or
$410,000,000.
10
1 + 0.10(1 − R ) 
71. V ( I , R ) = 1000  
 1+ I 
10
1 + 0.10(1 − R)
9
1 + 0.10(1 − R)   1 + 0.10(1 − R) 
VI ( I , R) = 10,000  −  = −10,000 
(1 + I ) (1 + I )
2 11
 1 + I   
VI (0.03, 0.28) ≈ −14,478.99

9
1 + 0.10(1 − R )
9
1 + 0.10(1 − R )   0.10 
VR ( I , R ) = 10,000   −  = −1000 
(1 + I )
10
 1+ I   1 + I
VR (0.03, 0.28) ≈ −1391.17
The rate of inflation has the greater negative influence on the growth of the investment because
−14,478.99 > −1391.17 .
72. Since both first partials are negative, an increase in the charge for food and housing or tuition will cause a
decrease in the number of applicants.
73. U = − 5 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
z
(a) U x = −10 x + y
(b) U y = x − 6 y
y
(c) When x = 2 and y = 3, U x = −17 and U y = −16.
x
The person should consume one more unit of good y, since the rate
of decrease of satisfaction is less for y.
The slope of U in the x-direction is 0 when y = 10 x and negative when y < 10 x.
The slope of U in the y-direction is 0 when x = 6 y and negative when x < 6 y.
74. Answers will vary.
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables
Skills Warm Up
1. 5 x = 15 5.  x − 2 y = 4 Equation 1
 
3 x − 2 y = 5 5 x − 3 y = 13 Equation 2
5 x = 15 Multiply Equation 1 by − 5: − 5 x + 10 y = − 20
x = 3 Add the new equation to Equation 2:
Substitute in the other equation. − 5 x + 10 y = − 20
3(3) − 2 y = 5 
 5 x − 3 y = 13
−2 y = −4
Solve for y: 7 y = − 7
y = 2
y = −1
The solution is (3, 2).
Substitute y = − 1 in Equation 1:
2.  1y = 3
2 x − 2( −1) = 4

− x + 5 y = 19 x = 2
1
y = 3 The solution is ( 2, −1).
2
y = 6
Substitute in the other equation. 6. 2 x − 4 y = 14 Equation 1

− x + 5(6) = 19 3 x + y = 7 Equation 2
− x = −11 Multiply equation 2 by 4: 12 x + 4 y = 28
x = 11 Add new equation to Equation 1: 14 x = 42
Simplify: x = 3
Substitute 3 for x in Equation 2: 3(3) + y = 7
3.  x + y = 5 Simplify: y = −2

 x − y = −3 The solution is (3, − 2).
Adding the two equations gives 2 x = 2, so x = 1.
Substitute. 7.  x 2 + x = 0 Equation 1
1+ y = 5 
2 yx + y = 0 Equation 2
y = 4
Factor Equation 1: x ( x + 1) = 0
Solve equation 1 for x: x = −1 or x = 0
4.  x + y = 8 Substitute −1 for x in Equation 2: 2 y ( −1) + y = 0
 Solve for y: y = 0
2 x − y = − 2
Adding the two equations gives 3 x = 6, so x = 2. Substitute 0 for x in Equation 2: 2 y (0) + y = 0
Substitute. Solve for y: y = 0
2 + y = 8 The solutions are ( −1, 0) and (0, 0).
y = 6
Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables 497
8.  3 y 2 + 6 y = 0 Equation 1 12. z = 2 x 2 − 3 xy + y 2

xy + x + 2 = 0 Equation 2 ∂z ∂z
= 4 x − 3 y, = −3 x + 2 y
Factor Equation 1: y (3 y + 6) = 0 ∂x ∂y
Solve for y: y = 0 ∂2 z ∂z
= 4, = 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2
3y + 6 = 0
y = −2 ∂2z ∂2z
= −3, = −3
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
Substitute 0 for y in Equation 2: x (0) + x + 2 = 0
Solve for x: x = −2 13. z = ye xy
2
Substitute −2 for y in Equation 2: x ( −2) + x + 2 = 0

∂z
= y( y 2 )e xy = y 3e xy
2 2
Solve for x: x = 2 ∂x
The solutions are ( −2, 0) and ( 2, − 2). ∂z 2 2 2 2
= y( 2 xy )e xy + e xy (1) = 2 xy 2e xy + e xy
∂y
9. z = 4 x 3 − 3 y 2
∂2 z
= y 3 ( y 2 )e xy = y 5e xy
2 2
∂z ∂z
= 12 x 2 , = −6 y ∂x 2
∂x ∂y
∂2 z 2 2 2
∂2 z ∂2 z = 2 xy 2 ( 2 xy )e xy + e xy ( 4 xy ) + 2 xye xy
= 24 x, = −6 ∂y 2
∂x 2 ∂y 2 2 2
2 2
= 4 x 2 y 3e xy + 6 xye xy
∂ z ∂ z
= 0, = 0
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂2z 2 2
= 2 xy 4e xy + 3 y 2e xy
∂x∂y
10. z = 2 x 5 − y 3
∂2z 2 2 2 2
∂z ∂z = y 3 ( 2 xy )e xy + e xy 3 y 2 = 2 xy 4e xy + 3 y 2e xy
= 10 x 4 , = −3 y 2 ∂y∂x
∂x ∂y
∂2z ∂2 z 14. z = xe xy
= 40 x3 , = −6 y
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z
= xye xy + e xy = e xy ( xy + 1)
∂2 z ∂2 z ∂x
= 0, = 0
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂z
= x 2e xy
∂y
11. z = x 4 − xy + 2 y
∂2 z
∂z y xy = e xy ( y ) + ( xy + 1) ye xy = ye xy ( xy + 2)
= 4 x3 − = 4 x3 − ∂x 2
∂x 2 xy 2x
∂2z
= x3e xy
∂z x xy ∂y 2
= − + 2 = − +2
∂x 2 xy 2y
∂2 z
= e xy ( x) + ( xy + 1) xe xy = xe xy ( xy + 2)
∂2 z y 2 xy xy ∂x∂y
2
= 12 x 2 − + 2
= 12 x 2 +
∂x 4 x xy 4x 4 x2 ∂2z
= x 2 ye xy + e xy ( 2 x) = xe xy ( xy + 2)
∂2 z x xy xy ∂y∂x
2
= − + 2
=
∂y 4 y xy 2y 4 y2
∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂x∂y 4 x xy 4 xy
∂2 z x xy
= − = −
∂y∂y 4 x xy 4 xy
1. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 12 y − 3 4. f ( x, y ) = 7 x 2 + 2 y 2 − 7 x + 16 y − 13
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 8 The first partial derivatives of f,
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y − 12, are zero at the critical point f x ( x, y ) = 14 x − 7 = 7( 2 x − 1) and
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y + 16 = 4( y + 4),
(− 4, 6). Because
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, are zero at the critical point ( 12 , − 4). Because
it follows that f xx ( − 4, 6) > 0 and f xx ( x, y ) = 14, f yy ( x, y ) = 4, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
( )
2
f xx ( − 4, 6) f yy ( − 4, 6) −  f xy ( − 4, 6) = 4 > 0. it follows that f xx 12 , − 4 > 0 and
So, ( − 4, 6, − 55) is a relative minimum.
( 12 , − 4) f ( 12 , − 4) −  f ( 12 , − 4) = 56 > 0.
2
f xx yy xy
2. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 6 y + 6 So, ( 12 , − 4, − 741
16 )
is a relative minimum.
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x + 1)
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point 5. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + 1
( −1, 3). Because The first partial derivatives of f,

x
f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0, f x ( x, y ) = and
x + y2 + 1
2
it follows that f xx ( −1, 3) > 0 and y

2
f y ( x, y ) = , are zero at the critical point
f xx ( −1, 3) f yy ( −1, 3) −  f xy ( −1, 3) = 4 > 0. x + y2 + 1
2
So, ( −1, 3, − 4) is a relative minimum. (0, 0). Because

y2 + 1
f xx ( x, y ) = ,
3. f ( x, y ) = − 3 x − 4 y − 6 x − 2 y + 9
2 2
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32
The first partial derivatives of f,

x2 + 1
f x ( x, y ) = − 6 x − 6 = − 6( x + 1) and f yy ( x, y ) = , and
( x2 + y 2 + 1)
32
f y ( x, y ) = − 8 y − 2 = − 2( 4 y + 1), are zero at the

− xy
( )
critical point −1, − 14 . Because f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(x + y 2 + 1)
32
2
f xx ( x, y ) = − 6, f yy ( x, y ) = − 8, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0 and
(
it follows that f xx −1, − 14 < 0 and ) f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 1 > 0.
2
( ) ( ) ( )
2
f xx −1, − 14 f yy −1, − 14 −  f xy −1, − 14  = 48 > 0. So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
 
So, ( −1, − 14 , 49
4)
is a relative maximum.
( )
14
6. f ( x, y ) = − 4 x 2 + y 2 + 1
2x
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = − ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)
−3 4
( 2 x) = − and
(x + y 2 + 1)
34
2
2y
f y ( x, y ) = − ( x 2 + y 2 + 1)
−3 4
(2 y ) = − , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
(x + y 2 + 1)
34
2
x2 − 2 y2 − 2 y2 − 2 x2 − 2 3 xy
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(x + y + 1) (x + y + 1) (x + y 2 + 1)
74 74 74
2 2 2 2 2
2
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 4 > 0.
So, (0, 0, − 4) is a relative maximum.
( )
13
7. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 8
1 2 2x
( 3x + 6 y 2 + 8) (6 x) =
−2 3
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = and
( y 2 + 8)
23
3 3 x 2
+ 6
1 2 4y
(3 x + 6 y 2 + 8) (6 y ) =
−2 3
f y ( x, y ) = , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
( y 2 + 8)
23
3 3 x 2
+ 6
− 2 x 2 + 12 y 2 + 16 12 x 2 − 8 y 2 + 32 −16 xy
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = ,
(3 x + 6 y + 8) (3x + 6 y + 8) (3x + 6 y 2 + 8)
53 53 53
2 2 2 2 2
2
it follows that f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 512 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 2) is a relative minimum.
10. f ( x, y ) = 9 − ( x − 3) − ( y + 2)
2 2
8. f ( x, y ) = 25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
The first partial derivatives of f ,

f x ( x, y ) = −2( x − 3) and f y ( x, y ) = −2( y + 2), are
2− x
f x ( x, y ) = and zero at the critical point (3, − 2). Because
25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
f xx ( x, y ) = −2, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and

−y
f y ( x, y ) = , f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (3, − 2) < 0 and
25 − ( x − 2) − y 2
2
2
f xx (3, − 2) f yy (3, − 2) −  f xy (3, − 2) = 4 > 0.
are zero at the critical point (2, 0). Because
y 2 − 25 So, (3, − 2, 9) is a relative maximum.
f xx ( x, y ) = 32
,
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y 2 
  11. f ( x, y ) = −5 x 2 + 4 xy − y 2 + 16 x + 10
( x − 2) − 25
2 The first partial derivatives of f,
f yy ( x, y ) = 32
, and f x ( x, y ) = −10 x + 4 y + 16 and
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y 2 
  f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 2 y , are zero at the critical point
f xy ( x, y ) =
( 2 − x) y , (8, 16).
32
25 − ( x − 2)2 − y2  Because f xx ( x, y ) = −10, f yy ( x, y ) = −2, and
 
f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (8, 16) < 0 and
1
it follows that f xx ( 2, 0) = − < 0 and
f xx (8, 16) f yy (8, 16) −  f xy (8, 16) = 4 > 0.
2
5
2 1
f xx ( 2, 0) f yy ( 2, 0) −  f xy ( 2, 0) = > 0. So, (8, 16, 74) is a relative maximum.
25
So, ( 2, 0, 5) is a relative maximum. 12. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 6 xy + 10 y 2 − 4 y + 4
9. f ( x, y) = ( x − 1) + ( y − 3)
2 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 6 y = 2( x + 3 y ) and
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2( x − 1) f y ( x, y ) = 6 x + 20 y − 4 = 2(3x + 10 y − 2),
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point are zero at the critical point ( −6, 2).
(1, 3). Because f xx ( x, y) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and Because f xx ( x, y ) = 2, f yy ( x, y ) = 20, and
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 3) > 0 and f xy ( x, y ) = 6, it follows that f xx ( −6, 2) > 0 and
2
f xx ( −6, 2) f yy ( −6, 2) −  f xy ( −6, 2) = 4 > 0.
2
f xx (1, 3) f yy (1, 3) −  f xy (1, 3) = 4 > 0.
So, (1, 3, 0) is a relative minimum. So, ( −6, 2, 0) is a relative minimum.
13. f ( x, y ) = − x 3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 + 4 y and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y, are zero at the critical points (0, 0)
and ( 43 , 43 ). Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = −4, and f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0

2
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −16 < 0.
So, (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point.
Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = −4, and f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx ( 43 , 43 ) < 0 and

( 43 , 43 ) f ( 43 , 43 ) −  f ( 43 , 43 ) = 16 > 0.
2
f xx yy xy
So, ( 43 , 43 , 59
27 )
14. f ( x, y ) = 2 xy − 1 x4
2
− 1 y4
2
+1
The first partial derivatives of f are f x ( x, y ) = 2 y − 2 x3 and f y ( x, y ) = 2 x − 2 y 3 .

Next, solve the system of equations:
2 y − 2 x3 = 0.

2 x − 2 y 3 = 0
The critical points (0, 0), (1, 1), and ( −1, −1) are obtained. Then find f xx ( x, y ) = − 6 x 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = − 6 y 2 , and
f xy ( x, y ) = 2.
2
At (0, 0), d = f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = − 4 < 0, so (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point.
2
At (1, 1), d = f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) −  f xy (1, 1) = 32 > 0 and f xx (1, 1) < 0, so, (1, 1, 2) is a relative maximum.
2
At ( −1, −1), d = f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) −  f xy ( −1, −1) = 32 > 0, and f xx ( −1, −1) < 0, so ( −1, −1, 2)
15. f ( x, y ) = 1 xy
2 17. f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )e1− x
2 − y2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 1y

2
and The first partial derivatives of f,
f x ( x, y ) = ( −2 x 2 − 2 xy + 1)e1− x
2 − y2
f y ( x, y ) = 1 x,
2
are zero at the critical point (0, 0). and
Because f xx ( x, y ) = 0, f yy ( x, y ) = 0, and f y ( x, y ) = ( −2 y 2 − 2 xy + 1)e1− x
2 − y2
, are zero at
f xy ( x, y ) = 1 , it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0 and
2
2
the critical points ( 12 , 12 ) and (− 12 , − 12 ).
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = − 14 < 0.
Because f ( x, y ) = ( 4 x + 4 x y − 6 x − 2 y )e
xx
3 2 1− x 2 − y 2
,
So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point.
f ( x, y ) = ( 4 y + 4 xy − 6 y − 2 x)e
yy
3 2 1− x 2 − y 2
, and
16. f ( x, y ) = x + y + 2 xy − x − y 2 2
f ( x, y ) = ( 4 x y + 4 xy − 2 y − 2 x)e
xy
2 2
,1− x 2 − y 2
f x ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 y − 2 x and f y ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 x − 2 y , it follows that f ( 12 , 12 ) = −3e < 0,
xx
12
are not zero at a specific point. Because the partial

f ( 12 , 12 ) f ( 12 , 12 ) −  f ( 12 , 12 ) = 0,
2
derivatives exist for all real values of x and y and are xx yy 

xy 
never both zero, f does not have any relative extrema. f ( − 2 , − 2 ) = 3e > 0, and
xx
1 1 12
f ( − 12 , − 12 ) f ( − 12 , − 12 ) −  f ( − 12 , − 12 ) = 0.
2
xx yy xy 
So, ( 12 , 12 , e ) is a relative maximum and
12
(− 12 , − 12 , − e ) is a relative minimum.
12
18. f ( x, y ) = 3e
(
− x2 + y 2 ) 26. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x 2 + 6 y 2 + 3 x + 12 y + 7
The first partial derivatives of f ,
f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 = 3( x 2 − 2 x + 1) = 3( x − 1)
2
f x ( x, y ) = −6 xe
( − x2 + y 2 ) and f y ( x, y ) = − 6 ye
( − x2 + y2 ),
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 + 12 y + 12 = 3 y 2 + 4 y + 4 ( )
are zero at the critical point (0, 0). Because
= 3( y + 2)
f xx ( x, y ) = 6e
( − x2 + y 2 ) (2 x 2 − 1), are zero at the critical point (1, − 2). Because
(
− x2 + y 2 ) (2 y 2 f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6, f xx (1, − 2) = 0,
f yy ( x, y ) = 6e − 1), and
f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y + 12, f yy (1, − 2) = 0,
f xy ( x, y ) = 12 xye
( − x2 + y2 ), it follows that f xy ( x, y ) = 0, the Second-Partials Test fails.
f xx (0, 0) = −6 < 0 and Note that f ( x, y ) = ( x − 1) + ( y + 2) .
3 3
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 36 > 0. By testing “nearby” points, you can conclude that
So, (0, 0, 3) is a relative maximum. (1, − 2, 0) is a saddle point.
27. f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
19. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (9)( 4) − 62 = 0
2
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy 2 and

Insufficient information
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 y, are zero at the critical points ( a, 0) and
20. f xx < 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( −3)( −8) − 2 > 0
2 2
(0, b) where a and b are any real numbers. Because
f has a relative maximum at ( x0 , y0 ). f xx ( x, y ) = 2 y 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 , and
f xy ( x, y ) = 4 xy , it follows that
21. f xx < 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( −9)(6) − 102 < 0
2
2
f xx ( a, 0) f yy ( a, 0) −  f xy ( a, 0) = 0 and
f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).
2
f xx (0, b) f yy (0, b) −  f xy (0, b) = 0 and the
22. f xx > 0 and
Second-Derivative Test fails. Note that f ( x, y ) = ( xy )
2
f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( 25)(5) − ( −11) = 4 > 0
2 2
is nonnegative for all ( a, 0, 0) and (0, b, 0) where a and

f has a relative minimum at ( x0 , y0 , f ( x0 , y0 )).
b are real numbers.
23. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = ( 4)(8) − 3 = 24 > 0
2 2 So, ( a, 0, 0) and (0, b, 0) are relative minima.
f has a relative minimum at ( x0 , y0 , f ( x0 , y0 )).

28. f ( x, y ) = x2 + y 2
24. f xx > 0 and f xx f yy − ( f xy ) = (8)(7) − 92 < 0 x

2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) =
x2 + y2
f has a saddle point at ( x0 , y0 ).
y
and f y ( x, y ) = , are undefined at the point
25. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 x2 + y 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 and (0, 0). Because
f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 , are zero at the critical point (0, 0). y2 x2
f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = ,
( x2 + y 2 ) ( x2 + y 2 )
32 32
Because
f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y , f xy ( x, y ) = 0, − xy
and f xy ( x, y ) = , it follows that f xx (0, 0)
(x + y2 )
2 32
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 0, the 2
Second-Partials Test fails. By testing “nearby” points, is undefined and the Second-Derivative Test fails.
you can conclude that (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point. Note that f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is nonnegative for
all real numbers. So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
29. f ( x, y ) = x 2 3 + y 2 3 34. The sum is

The first partial derivatives of f, x + y + z = 32
2 2 z = 32 − x − y
f x ( x, y ) = 3 and f y ( x, y ) = , are undefined
3 x 3 y
3
and the product is P = xy 2 z = 32 xy 2 − x 2 y 2 − xy 3 .
2
at the point (0, 0). Because f xx ( x, y ) = − 4 3 , The first partial derivatives of P are
9x
Px = 32 y 2 − 2 xy 2 − y 3 = y 2 (32 − 2 x − y )
2
f yy ( x, y ) = − 4 3 , f xy ( x, y ) = 0 and f xx (0, 0) is
9y Py = 64 xy − 2 x 2 y − 3 xy 2 = xy (64 − 2 x − 3 y ).
undefined, the Second-Derivative Test fails. Because
Setting these equal to zero produces the system
f ( x, y ) ≥ 0 for all points in the xy-coordinate plane,
2x + y = 32
(0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
2 x + 3 y = 64.
( )
23
30. f ( x, y ) = x + y 2 2
Solving this system, you have x = 8, y = 16, and
4x z = 8.
The first partials of f , f x ( x, y ) = and
3( x + y 2 )
13
2
35. The sum is x + y + z = 60, or z = 60 − x − y,
4y and the sum of the squares is
f y ( x, y ) = are zero at the critical point
3( x 2 + y 2 ) S = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = x 2 + y 2 + (60 − x − y ) .
13 2
(0, 0). Because The first partial derivatives of S are

4( x + 3 y
2 2
), 4( y + 3x 2 2
) , and S x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2(60 − x − y )( −1) = 4 x + 2 y − 120
f xx ( x, y ) = f yy =
9( x + y ) 9( x + y )
43 43
2 2 2 2
and
8 xy S y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2(60 − x − y )( −1) = 2 x + 4 y − 120.
f xy = − are zero at the point (0, 0),
9( x + y )
43
2 2
the Second-Partials Test fails. Note that 4 x + 2 y = 120
f ( x, y ) = ( x + y )
23
2 2
is positive for all points 2 x + 4 y = 120.
Solving this system, you have x = 20, y = 20, and
( x, y ) ≠ (0, 0). So (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
z = 60 − 20 − 20 = 20.
31. f ( x, y, z ) = ( x − 1) + ( y + 3) + z 2
2 2
36. The sum is x + y + z = 2, or z = 2 − x − y,
Critical point: ( x, y , z ) = (1, − 3, 0) and the sum of the squares is
S = x2 + y 2 + z 2 = x2 + y 2 + (2 − x − y) .
2
Relative minimum
2
The first partial derivatives of S are
32. f ( x, y, z ) = 6 −  x( y + 2)( z − 1)
S x ( x, y ) = 2 x + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 4 x + 2 y − 4
Critical points: Any points of the form (0, y, z ),
and
( x, − 2, z ), or ( x, y , 1). They all correspond to relative
S y ( x, y ) = 2 y + 2( 2 − x − y )( −1) = 2 x + 4 y − 4.
maxima because f ( x, y , z ) ≤ 6.
33. The sum is x + y + z = 45, or z = 45 − x − y, 4x + 2 y = 4
and the product is P = xyz , or 2 x + 4 y = 4.
P = xy ( 45 − x − y ) = 45 xy − x y − xy . 2 2
Solving this system, you have x = 2, y = 2,
and
3 3
The first partial derivatives of P are 2 2
z = 2− − = 23 .
Px ( x, y ) = 45 y − 2 xy − y 2 = y ( 45 − 2 x − y ) 3 3
Py ( x, y ) = 45 x − x 2 − 2 xy = x( 45 − x − 2 y ).
2 x + y = 45
x + 2 y = 45.
Solving the system, you have x = 15, y = 15, and
z = 45 − 15 − 15 = 15.
37. The revenue function is 39. The revenue function is

R( x1 , x2 ) = −5 x12 − 8 x 22 − 2 x1 x 2 + 42 x1 + 102 x2 and R = x1 p1 + x2 p2
the first partial derivatives of R are = 1000 p1 + 1500 p2 + 3 p1 p2 − 2 p12 − 1.5 p22
R x = −10 x1 − 2 x2 + 42 and
1 and the first partial derivatives of R are
R x = −16 x2 − 2 x1 + 102.
2 R p = 1000 + 3 p2 − 4 p1 and
1
Setting these equal to zero produces the system R p = 1500 + 3 p1 − 3 p2 .
2
5 x1 + x2 = 21
x1 + 8 x2 = 51.
4 p1 + 3 p2 = 1000
Solving the system, you have x1 = 3 and x2 = 6.
−3 p1 + 3 p2 = 1500.
Because R x = −10, R x1x 2 = −2, and R x 2 x 2 = −16, it
1 x1
Solving this system, you have p1 = 2500 and
( )
2
follows that R x < 0 and Rx1 x1 R x 2 x 2 − Rx1 x > 0. p2 = 3000, and by the Second-Partials Test you
1 x1 2
So, the revenue is maximized when x1 = 3 and x2 = 6. can conclude that the revenue is maximized when
p1 = 2500 and p2 = 3000.
38. The revenue function is
40. The revenue function is
R = 870 p1 + 950 p2 + 1.5 p1 p2 − 1.5 p12 − p22
R = x1 p1 + x2 p2
and the first partial derivatives of R are
= 600 p1 − 4 p12 + 6 p1 p2 + 870 p2 − 3 p22
R p = 870 + 1.5 p2 − 3 p1 and
1 and the first partial derivatives of R are
R p = 950 + 1.5 p1 − 2 p2 .
2 R p = 600 − 8 p1 + 6 p2 and R p = 6 p1 + 870 − 6 p2 .
1 2
3 p1 − 1.5 p2 = 870
8 p1 − 6 p2 = 600
−1.5 p1 + 2 p2 = 950.
− 6 p1 + 6 p2 = 870.
Solving the system, you have p1 = 844 and
Solving this system, you have p1 = 735 and
p2 = 1108.
p2 = 880. By the Second-Derivative Test, you
So, the revenue is maximized when p1 = 844 and
can conclude that the revenue is maximized when
p2 = 1108. p1 = $735 and p2 = $880.
41. The profit is

P = R − C1 − C2
= 225 − 0.4( x1 + x2 )( x1 + x2 ) − (0.05 x12 + 15 x1 + 5400) − (0.03 x22 + 15 x2 + 6100)
= −0.45 x12 − 0.43x22 − 0.8 x1 x2 + 210 x1 + 210 x2 − 11,500
and the first partial derivatives of P are Px = −0.9 x1 − 0.8 x2 + 210 and Px = −0.86 x2 − 0.8 x1 + 210.
1 2
0.9 x1 + 0.8 x2 = 210
0.8 x1 + 0.86 x2 = 210.
Solving this system, you have x1 ≈ 94 and x2 ≈ 157, and by the Second-Partials Test you can conclude
that the profit is maximized when x1 ≈ 94 and x2 ≈ 157.
42. The profit function is

P( x1 , x2 ) = 15( x1 + x2 ) − c1 − c2
= 15 x1 + 15 x2 − (0.02 x12 + 4 x1 + 500) − (0.05 x22 + 4 x2 + 275)
= −0.02 x12 − 0.05 x22 + 11x1 + 11x2 − 775
and the first partial derivatives of P are Px = −0.04 x1 + 11 and Px = −0.10 x2 + 11.
1 2
− 0.04 x1 + 11 = 0
− 0.10 x2 + 11 = 0.
Solving this system, you have x1 = 275 and x2 = 110.
< 0 and Px x Px2 x2 − ( Px1x 2 ) > 0.

2
Because Px = −0.04, Px1x 2 = 0, and Px2 x 2 = −0.10, it follows that Px
1 x1 1 x1 1 1
So, the profit is maximized when x1 = 275 and x2 = 110.
43. z = 10 − 5 x − 2 y 44. z = 6 − 3
x − 2y
2
V = xyz = xy (10 − 5 x − 2 y ) = 10 xy − 5 x y − 2 xy 2 2
2
V = xyz = xy 6 − ( 3
2
x )
− 2 y = 6 xy − 3 2
2
x y − 2 xy 2
Vx = 10 y − 10 xy − 2 y
Vx = 6 y − 3xy − 2 y 2
Vy = 10 x − 5 x 2 − 4 xy
3 2
Vy = 6 x − 2
x − 4 xy
Set these equations equal to zero and factor out a
common factor in each equation. Then solve the system. Set these equations equal to zero and factor out a
common factor in each equation. Then solve the system.
10 y − 10 xy − 2 y = 0
2
 6 y − 3xy − 2 y 2 = 0
 10 x − 5 x 2 − 4 xy = 0  3 2
6 x − 2 x − 4 xy = 0
 y(10 − 10 x − 2 y ) = 0
  y(6 − 3 x − 2 y ) = 0
 x(10 − 5 x − 4 y ) = 0 

10 x + 2 y = 10 ( 3
x 6 − 2 x − 4 y = 0 )

 5 x + 4 y = 10  3x + 2 y = 6
3
This yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( ). Using the
2 5
,
3 3  2 x + 4 y = 6
Seconds Partials Test, you can determine that the This yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( 43 , 1). Using the
maximum occurs when the length is x = 23 , the width
Seconds Partials Test, you can determine that the
is y = 5
3
, and the height is z = 10 − 5 ( ) − 2( ) =
2
3
5
3
10
3
. maximum occurs when the length is x = 43 , the width
So, the maximum volume is ( 23 )( 53 )(103 ) = 100

27
cubic units. is y = 1, and the height is z = 6 − ( ) − 2(1) = 2.
3 4
2 3
So, the maximum volume is ( 43 )(1)(2) = 8

3
cubic units.
45. Let x = length, y = width, and z = height.

The sum of length and girth is x + ( 2 y + 2 z ) = 96
x = 96 − 2 y − 2 z.
The volume is V = xyz = 96 yz − 2 zy − 2 yz 2 and the first partial derivatives are
2
V y = 96 z − 4 zy − 2 z 2 = 2 z ( 48 − 2 y − z ) and Vz = 96 y − 2 y 2 − 4 yz = 2 y ( 48 − y − 2 z ).
2 y + z = 48
y + 2 z = 48.
So, x = 32.
Solving this system, you have y = 16 and z = 16. The volume is a maximum when the length
is 32 inches and the width and height are each 16 inches.
46. Let x = length, y = width, and z = height.

The sum of length and girth is
x + ( 2 y + 2 z ) = 144
x = 144 − 2 y − 2 z.
The volume is V = xyz = 144 yz − 2 zy 2 − 2 yz 2 and the first partial derivatives are
V y = 144 z − 4 zy − 2 z 2 = 2 z (72 − 2 y − z ) and Vz = 144 y − 2 y 2 − 4 yz = 2 y (72 − y − 2 z ).
2 y + z = 72
y + 2 z = 72.
Solving this system, you have y = 24 and z = 24.
So, x = 48.
The volume is a maximum when the length is 48 inches and the width and height are each 24 inches.
47. Let x = length y = width, h = height and 48. Let x = length, y = width, h = height, and
C = cost. C = cost.
18 1584
The volume is xyz = 18 or z = . The volume is xyz = 1584 or z = .
xy xy
The cost is C = 0.2 xy + 0.15( 2) xz + 0.15( 2) yz The paint cost (per coat) is
= 0.2 xy + 0.3xz + 0.3 yz C = 0.11xy + 0.06( 2) xz + 0.06( 2) yz
 18   18  = 0.11xy + 0.12 xz + 0.12 yz
= 0.2 xy + 0.3x  + 0.3 y  
xy
   xy   1584   1584 
= 0.11xy + 0.12 x  + 0.12 y  
5.4 5.4  xy   xy 
= 0.2 xy + + .
y x 190.08 190.08
= 0.11xy + + .
The first partial derivatives of C are y x
5.4 The first partial derivatives of C are
C x = ( x, y ) = 0.2 y − and
x2 190.08
C x = ( x, y ) = 0.11 y − and
5.4 x2
C y = ( x, y ) = 0.2 x − 2 .
y 190.08
C y = ( x, y ) = 0.11x − .
Setting these equal to zero produces the system y2
5.4 Setting these equal to zero produces the system
− + 0.2 y = 0
x2 190.08
− + 0.11 y = 0
5.4 x2
0.2 x − 2 = 0.
y 190.08
0.11x − = 0.
Solving this system, you have x = 3, y = 3, and y2
18 Solving this system, you have x = 12, y = 12, and
z = = 2.
( )(3)
3 1584
z = = 11.
The cost is a minimum when x = 3 feet, y = 3 feet, (12)(12)
and z = 2 feet. The cost is a minimum when x = 12 feet, y = 12 feet,
and z = 11 feet.
The minimum cost is
5.4 5.4 The minimum cost (per coat) is
C = 0.2(3)(3) + + = $5.40.
3 3 190.08 190.08
C = 0.11(12)(12) + + = $47.52.
12 12
49. The total cost function is C ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 − 15 x − 20 y + 4 xy + 39 and the first partial derivatives are
Cx = 4 x − 15 + 4 y and C y = 6 y − 20 + 4 x.
4 x + 4 y = 15
4 x + 6 y = 20.
Solving this system, you have x = 1.25 and y = 2.5. So, the minimum total cost is
2(1.25) + 3( 2.5) − 15(1.25) − 20( 2.5) + 4(1.25)( 2.5) + 39 = $4.625 million.
2 2
50. The duration function is D( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 18 x − 24 y + 2 xy + 120 and the first partial derivatives are
Dx = 2 x − 18 + 2 y and D y = 4 y − 24 + 2 x.
2 x + 2 y = 18
2 x + 4 y = 24.
Solving this system, you have x = 6 and y = 3.
So, to minimize the duration of the infection you should take 600 milligrams of the first drug and 300 milligrams
of the second drug.
51. The total weight function is

T = xW1 + yW2
= x(3 − 0.002 x − 0.001 y ) + y( 4.5 − 0.004 x − 0.005 y )
= 3 x − 0.002 x 2 + 4.5 y − 0.005 y 2 − 0.005 xy
and the first partial derivatives are Tx = 3 − 0.004 x − 0.005 y and Ty = 4.5 − 0.010 y − 0.005 x.
0.004 x + 0.005 y = 3
0.005 x + 0.01 y = 4.5.
Solving this system, you have x = 500 and y = 200.
The lake should be stocked with approximately 500 smallmouth bass and 200 largemouth bass.
52. Points A and B are relative extrema. Points C and D are saddle points.
53. The population function is P( p, q, r ) = 2 pq + 2 pr + 2qr.

Because p + q + r = 1, r = 1 − p − q.
So, P = 2 pq + 2 p(1 − p − q) + 2q(1 − p − q )
= −2 p 2 + 2 p − 2q 2 + 2q − 2 pq
and the first partial derivatives are
Pp = −4 p + 2 − 2q
Pq = −4q + 2 − 2 p.
4 p + 2q = 2
2 p + 4q = 2.
Solving this system, you have p = 1 and q = 13 . So, r = 13 .
3
The proportion is a maximum when p = 13 , q = 13 , and r = 13 .
The maximum proportion is P = 2 ( 13 )( 13 ) + 2( 13 )( 13 ) + 2( 13 )( 13 ) = 6

9
= 23 .
Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 507
54. Because x + y + z = 1, you have z = 1 − x − y.

Then H = − x ln x − y ln y − (1 − x − y ) ln (1 − x − y ).
The first partial derivatives of H are
1   −1  
H x ( x, y ) = − x  + ( −1) ln x − (1 − x − y )  + ln (1 − x − y )( −1)
 x  1 − x − y  
 1 − ln (1 − x − y )
= −1 − ln x − −
= − ln x + ln (1 − x − y )
and
1   −1  
H y ( x, y ) = − y   + ( −1) ln y − (1 − x − y )  + ln (1 − x − y )( −1)
y
    1 − x − y  
= −1 − ln y − −1 − ln (1 − x − y )
= − ln y + ln (1 − x − y ).
− ln x + ln (1 − x − y ) = 0
− ln y + ln (1 − x − y ) = 0.
Solving this system, you have ln x = ln y  x = y. So, using H x ,
− ln x + ln (1 − 2 x) = 0
ln x = ln (1 − 2 x)
x = 1 − 2x
3x = 1
1
x = .
3
1 1 1 1 1
So, x = , y = , and z = 1 − − = .
3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
The maximum value of H is H = − ln   − ln   − ln   = − ln   = ln 3 ≈ 1.0986.
3  3 3  3 3  3  3
55. True
56. False. Relative maxima sometimes occur at points where one or more of the partial derivatives do not exist.
Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself

z
1. (a) z
2. (a) 4
(2, 1, 4)
3 2
−4
−2 −2
2
2 y
x 3 −2
1 −2
−1 (1, 3, 2) (0, − 5, − 6) − 4
−6
1
(−1, 2, 0)
2 2
x
y (b) d = (0 − 2) + ( − 5 − 1) + ( − 6 − 4)
2 2 2
(b) d = (−1 − 1)
2
+ ( 2 − 3) + (0 − 2)
2 2
= 3 = 4 + 36 + 100 = 140 = 2 35
 1 + ( −1) 3 + 2 2 + 0   5   2 + 0 1 + ( − 5) 4 + ( − 6) 
(c) Midpoint =  (c) Midpoint =  , , 
, ,  =  0, , 1
 2 2 2   2   2 2 2 
= (1, − 2, −1)
2
5 − ( − 2) + ( −1 − 0) + ( 2 − 3)
2 2
3. (a) z (b) d =
6
4
(− 2, 0, 3) = 49 + 1 + 1
2 = 51
(5, − 1, 2) − 2 −2
 − 2 + 5 0 + ( −1) 3 + 2 
2 2 (c) Midpoint =  , , 
 2 2 2 
−2 y
4
x
−4
3 1 5
=  , − , 
2 2 2
4. ( h, k , j ) = ( −1, 7, 4), r = 6  0 + 2 3 + 5 1 + ( −5) 

5. Center:  , ,  = (1, 4, − 2)
2  2 2 2 
 x − ( −1) + ( y − 7) + ( z − 4) = 62
2 2
(1 − 0) + ( 4 − 3) + ( −2 − 1)
2 2 2
Radius = = 11
(x + 1) + ( y − 7) + ( z − 4) = 36
2 2 2
Standard form: ( x − 1) + ( y − 4) + ( z + 2) = 11
2 2 2
6. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 8 x − 2 y − 6 z − 23 = 0
( x2 − 8x + 16) + ( y 2 − 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 − 6 z + 9) = 23 + 16 + 1 + 9
( x − 4) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 3) = 49
2 2 2
Center: ( 4, 1, 3)
Radius: 49 = 7
z
7. 2 x + 3 y + z = 6 8. x − 2 z = 4
z
(0, 0, 6) 1
To find the x-intercept, 6
To find the x-intercept,
let y = 0 and z = 0. let z = 0. 1 1
4 (4, 0, 0) 2
(0, 0, − 2)
2x + 3 y + z = 6 3 x − 2z = 4 4
2 x + 3(0) + 0 = 6
x 5 y
−3
x − 2(0) = 4
2
1 −4
2x = 6 −1
x = 4 −5
1 (0, 2, 0)
x = 3 (3, 0, 0) 1
Because the y-coefficient is 0, there is no y-intercept.
3 3
To find the y-intercept, 5
4 4 y The plane is parallel to the y-axis.
x
let x = 0 and z = 0.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0.
2x + 3y + z = 6
x − 2z = 4
2(0) + 3 y + 0 = 6
0 − 2z = 4
3y = 6
− 2z = 4
y = 2
z = −2
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0.
2x + 3y + z = 6 9. z
2(0) + 3(0) + z = 6 6
z = 6
2
2 2 (0, 3, 0)
4 4
6 6
x y
The only intercept is y = 3. The plane is parallel to

the xz-plane.
Chapter 7 Quiz Yourself 509
x2 y2 z2
10. The graph of + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
4 9 16
z2 x2 y2
11. The graph of z 2 − x 2 − y 2 = 25 or − − = 1 is a hyperboloid of two sheets.
25 25 25
x2 z2
12. The graph of 64 y − 8 x 2 − z 2 = 0, or y = + , is an elliptic paraboloid.
8 64
13. f ( x, y ) = x − 9 y 2 17. The domain of f ( x, y ) = e x + y is all points ( x, y ), or all
f (1, 0) = 1 − 9(0) = 1
2 real numbers.
The range is 0 < f ( x, y ) < ∞ or (0, ∞), all positive
f ( 4, −1) = 4 − 9( −1) = −5
2
real numbers.
14. f ( x, y ) = 4x2 + y 18. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y y
x2 + y = 0 → y = − x2
6 c=5
f (1, 0) = 4(1) + 0 = 2
2
c=4 c=3
x2 + y = 1 → y = − x2 + 1
f ( 4, −1) = 4( 4) + ( −1) =
2
63 = 3 7 x2 + y = 2 → y = − x2 + 2 −6 −4 4 6
x
x2 + y = 3 → y = − x2 + 3
15. f ( x, y ) = ln ( x − 2 y )
−4
x2 + y = 4 → y = − x2 + 4 −6
f (1, 0) = ln (1) = 0 2 2
c=1 c=0 c=2
x + y = 5 → y = −x + 5
f ( 4, −1) = ln ( 4 − 2( −1)) = ln 6 ≈ 1.79 The level curves are parabolas reflected about the x-axis
(opening downward) with a vertical shift of c units.
16. The domain of f ( x, y) = 81 − x 2 − y 2 is
 29,000(0.055) 
81 − x 2 − y 2 ≥ 0  
 12 
19. M = = $473.80
x 2 + y 2 ≤ 81   ()
12 6
1
1−  
or all points ( x, y ) inside and on the circle 1 + (0.055 12) 
x 2 + y 2 = 81. $473.80 × 72 payments = $34,113.60
The range is 0 ≤ f ( x, y ) ≤ 9 or [0, 9].
20. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − 3 x − y + 1
f x ( x, y ) = 2 x − 3 f x ( −2, 3) = 2( −2) − 3 = −7
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y − 1 f y ( −2, 3) = 4(3) − 1 = 11
3x − y 2
21. f ( x, y ) =
x+ y
(x + y )(3) − (3x − y 2 ) y2 + 3y y( y + 3) 32 + 3(3)

f x ( x, y ) = = = , f x ( −2, 3) = = 18
(x + y) ( x + y) (x + y)
2 2 2
(−2 + 3)
2
(x + y )( −2 y ) − (3 x − y 2 ) − y 2 − 2 xy − 3 x −32 − 2( −2)(3) − 3( −2)

f y ( x, y ) = = , f y ( −2, 3) = = 9
( x + y) (x + y)
2 2
(−2 + 3)
2
22. f ( x, y ) = x 3e 2 y
f x ( − 2, 3) = 3( − 2) e2(3) = 12e6 ≈ 4841.15

2
f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 e 2 y ,
f y ( − 2, 3) = 2( − 2) e2(3) = −16e6 ≈ − 6454.86

3
f y ( x, y ) = 2 x3e 2 y ,
23. f ( x, y ) = ln ( 2 x + 7 y )
2 2 2
f x ( x, y ) = , f x ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.118
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17
7 7 7
f y ( x, y ) = , f y ( − 2, 3) = = ≈ 0.412
2x + 7 y 2( − 2) + 7(3) 17
24. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy − 6 x + 2 y
The first partial derivatives of f are f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 2 y − 6 and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y − 2 x + 2.

Solving the system
6 x − 2 y − 6 = 0

2 y − 2 x + 2 = 0
 6x − 2 y = 6

− 2 x + 2 y = − 2
4x = 4
x =1
yields the solution (1, 0).
Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = −2, it follows that f xx (1, 0) > 0 and

2
f xx (1, 0) f yy (1, 0) −  f xy (1, 0) = 8 > 0. So, (1, 0, − 3) is a relative minimum.
25. f ( x, y ) = − x 3 + 4 xy − 2 y 2 + 1
The first partial derivatives of f are f x ( x, y ) = −3 x 2 + 4 y and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y.

Solving the system
− 3x + 4 y = 0
2

 4 x − 4 y = 0
− 3x 2 + 4 x = 0
− x ( 3 x − 4) = 0
x = 0, x = 4
3
yields the solutions (0, 0) and ( 43 , 43 ).

Because f xx ( x, y ) = −6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = − 4, and f xy = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0 and
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −16 < 0, f xx 43 , ( 4
3 ) = −8, so (0, 0, 1) is a saddle point.
( 43 , 43 ) < 0 and f ( 43 , 43 ) f ( 43 , 43 ) −  f ( 43 , 43 ) ( 43 , 43 , 5927 ) is a relative maximum.
2
Because f xx xx yy xy = 16 > 0,
26. The cost function is C ( x, y ) = 1 x2

16
+ y 2 − 10 x − 40 y + 820 and the first partial derivatives are C x = 1x
8
− 10
and C y = 2 y − 40. Setting these equal to zero and solving for x and y gives you x = 80 and y = 20.
The minimum combined cost is 1

16 (80)2 + 202 − 10(80) − 40( 20) + 820 = 20, or $20,000.
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers 511
Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers
Skills Warm Up
1. 4 x − 6 y = 3 Equation 1 3. 5 x − y = 25 Equation 1
 
2 x + 3 y = 2 Equation 2  x − 5 y = 15 Equation 2
Multiply Equation 2 by 2: 4 x + 6 y = 4 Multiply Equation 2 by − 5: −5 x + 25 y = −75
Add to Equation 1: 8x = 7 Add to Equation 1: 24 y = −50
Simplify: x = 7 Simplify: 25
y = − 12
8
Substitute 7
8
for x in Equation 2: 2 ( 78 ) + 3 y = 2
25 for y in Equation 1:
Substitute − 12
Solve for y: y = 1
12
( )
25 = 25
5 x − − 12
The solution is ( 78 , 121 ). Solve for x: x = 55

12
2.  6 x − 6 y = 5 Equation 1
The solution is ( 1255 , − 1225 ).

−3 x − y = 1 Equation 2 4.  4 x − 9 y = 5 Equation 1

Multiply Equation 2 by 2: −6 x − 2 y = 2 − x + 8 y = −2 Equation 2
Add to Equation 1: −8 y = 7 Multiply Equation 2 by 4: −4 x + 32 y = −8
Simplify: y = − 78 Add to Equation 1: 23 y = −3
Simplify: 3
Substitute − 78 for x in Equation 2: −3x − − 78 = 1 ( ) y = − 23
3 for y in Equation 2:
Substitute − 23
1
Solve for x: x = − 24
1
The solution is − 24 (
, − 87 . ) ( )3 = −2
− x + 8 − 23
Solve for x: x = 22
23
The solution is ( 2223 , − 233 ).

5.  2 x − y + z = 3 Equation 1

2 x + 2 y + z = 4 Equation 2

− x + 2 y + 3 z = −1 Equation 3
Multiply Equation 3 by 2: −2 x + 4 y + 6 z = −2
Add to Equation 2: 6 y + 7z = 2 New Equation 1
Multiply Equation 3 by 2: −2 x + 4 y + 6 z = −2
Add to Equation 1: 3y + 7z = 1 New Equation 2
Subtract New Equation 2 from New Equation 1: 3y = 1
Simplify: y = 1
3
Substitute 1
3
for y in New Equation 2: 3 ( 13 ) + 7 z =1
Solve for z : z = 0
Substitute 1 for y and 0 for z in Equation 3:
3
−x + 2 ( 13 ) + 3(0) = −1
Solve for x: x = 5
3
The solution is ( 53 , 13 , 0).

6. 3 x + 4 y + z = 2 Equation 1

 x − 2 y − 2z = − 7 Equation 2

4 x − 6 y + 4 z = 0 Equation 3
3x + 4 y + z = 2
Add − 13 times Equation 1 to Equation 2: 10 y + 7 z = 23 New Equation 2
Add − 4 times Equation 1 to 3 times Equation 3: 34 y − 8 z = 8 New Equation 3
3x + 4 y + z = 2
10 y + 7 z = 23
Multiply new Equation 3 by 1: 17 y − 4 z = 4
2
3x + 4 y + z = 2
10 y + 7 z = 23
Add 47 times new Equation 2 to new Equation 3: 159 z = 351
351 117
Solve for z : z = 159
= 53
Substitute 117
53
for z in new Equation 2: 10 y + 7 (117
53 )
= 23
40
Solve for y : y = 53
Substitute 40
53
for x and 117
53
for z in Equation 1: ( 5340 ) + (117
3x + 4 53 )
= 2
Solve for x : x = − 57
53
The solution is − 57
53 (
, 40 117
,
53 53 ).
7. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + xy 2 9. f ( x, y , z ) = x( x 2 + 3 y 2 − z 2 ) = x3 + 3 xy 2 − xz 2
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xy + y 2 f x ( x, y , z ) = 3 x 2 + 3 y 2 − z 2
f y ( x, y ) = x + 2 xy
2
f y ( x, y, z ) = 6 xy
f z ( x, y, z ) = − 2 xz
f ( x, y ) = 25( xy + y 2 )
2
8.
10. f ( x, y , z ) = z ( xy + xz + yz )
f x ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( y )
f x ( x, y, z ) = z ( y + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= 50 y 2 ( x + y )
= z 2 + yz
f y ( x, y ) = 50( xy + y 2 )( x + 2 y )
f y ( x, y , z ) = z ( x + z ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(0)
= 50 y( x + y )( x + 2 y )
= z 2 + xz
f z ( x, y , z ) = z ( x + y ) + ( xy + xz + yz )(1)
= xy + 2 xz + 2 yz
1. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + y − 14)
Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ
Fy = x − λ = 0, x = λ
Fλ = − ( x + y − 14) = 0
− ( x + y − 14) = 0
− (λ + λ − 14) = 0
2λ = 14
λ = 7
So, λ = 7, x = 7, y = 7, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (7, 7). The maximum is f (7, 7) = 49.
2. F ( x, y, λ ) = xy − λ ( x + 3 y − 6)
Fx = y − λ = 0, y = λ
Fy = x − 3λ = 0, x = 3λ
Fλ = − ( x + 3 y − 6) = 0
− (3λ + 3λ − 6) = 0
6λ = 6
λ =1
So, λ = 1, x = 3, and y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (3, 1). The maximum is f (3, 1) = 3.
3. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ (3 x + y − 10)
3
Fx = 2 x − 3λ = 0, x = 2
λ
1λ
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = 2
Fλ = − (3 x + y − 10) = 0
( ( ) ( λ ) − 10) = 0
− 3 32 λ + 1
2
5λ = 10
λ = 2
So, λ = 2, x = 3, and y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at (3, 1). The minimum is f (3, 1) = 10.
4. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( − 2 x − 4 y + 5)
Fx = 2 x + 2λ = 0, x = −λ
Fy = 2 y + 4λ = 0, y = − 2λ
Fλ = − ( − 2 x − 4 y + 5) = 0
− ( − 2( − λ ) − 4( − 2λ ) + 5) = 0
10λ = − 5
λ = − 12
So, λ = − 12 , x = 1 , and
2
y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at ( 12 , 1). The minimum is f ( 12 , 1) = 5
4
.
5. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x − 2 y + 6)
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x = 1λ
2
Fy = −2 y + 2λ = 0, y = λ
Fλ = −( x − 2 y + 6) = 0, 3λ
2
= 6, λ = 4
So, λ = 4, x = 2, and y = 4, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at (2, 4). The minimum is f ( 2, 4) = −12.
6. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 − y 2 − λ 2 y − x 2 ( ) 7. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x + 2 xy + y − λ ( 2 x + y − 100)
Fx = 2 x + 2λ x = 0, 2 x(1 + λ ) = 0, λ = −1 Fx = 2 + 2 y − 2λ = 0, y = λ − 1
λ −1
Fy = −2 y − 2λ = 0, y = −λ Fy = 2 x + 1 − λ = 0, x =
2
Fλ = −( 2 y − x 2 ) = 0, x = 2y Fλ = −( 2 x + y − 100) = 0,
So, λ = −1, x = 2, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a  λ − 1
−2  − (λ − 1) = −100, λ = 51
maximum at ( )
2, 1 . The maximum is f ( )
2, 1 = 1.
 2 
So, λ = 51, x = 25, y = 50, and f ( x, y ) has
a maximum at ( 25, 50). The maximum is
f ( 25, 50) = 2600.
8. F ( x, y, λ ) = 3x + y + 10 − λ x y − 6 ( 2
)
Fx = 3 − 2 xyλ = 0
1
Fy = 1 − x 2λ = 0, λ =
x2
6
Fλ = −( x 2 y − 6) = 0, y =
x2
 6  1 
For Fx , you can write 3 = 2 x 2  2 
 x  x 
3 x 3 = 12
3
x = 4.
3 4 3 3 33 4 
So, x = 3
4, y = , and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at  4, .
2  2 
 33 4  9 3 4 + 20
The minimum is f  3 4,  = ≈ 17.143.
 2  2
9. Note: f ( x, y ) has a maximum value when 10. Note: f ( x, y ) has a minimum when
g ( x, y ) = 6 − x − y is maximum.
2 2
g ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 is minimum.
F ( x , y , λ ) = 6 − x 2 − y 2 − λ ( x + y − 2) F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( 2 x + 4 y − 15)
Fx = −2 x − λ = 0, −2 x = λ  Fx = 2 x − 2λ = 0, x = λ
 x = y
Fy = −2 y − λ = 0, −2 y = λ  Fy = 2 y − 4λ = 0, y = 2λ
Fλ = −( x + y − 2) = 0, 2 x = 2, x = 1 3
Fλ = −( 2 x + 4 y − 15) = 0, −10λ = −15, λ =
So, x = 1, y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (1, 1). 2
The maximum is f (1, 1) = 2. 3 3
So, λ = , x = , y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum
2 2
3  3  3 5
at  , 3. The minimum is f  , 3 = .
2  2  2
(
11. F ( x, y, λ ) = e xy − λ x 2 + y 2 − 8 )
2 xλ 
Fx = ye xy − 2 xλ = 0, e xy =
y 
 x = y
2 yλ 
Fy = xe xy − 2 yλ = 0, e xy =
x 
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − 8) = 0, 2 x 2 = 8, x = 2
So, x = 2, y = 2, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at (2, 2). The maximum is f ( 2, 2) = e 4 .
12. F ( x, y, λ ) = e2 xy − λ 2 x 2 + ( 1 2
2
y −1 )
2 xλ 
Fx = 2 ye 2 xy − 4 xλ = 0, e 2 xy =
y  2 xy 2 xλ yλ
 e = = = e 2 xy
yλ  y 2x
Fy = 2 xe 2 xy − yλ = 0, e 2 xy =
2 x  2 xλ yλ
=
y 2x
1 2
4 x 2 = y 2 or x 2 = y
4
 1 
Fλ = −  2 x 2 + y 2 − 1 = 0
 2 
 1 
− 2 x 2 + ( 4 x 2 ) − 1 = 0
 2 
4 x2 = 1
1
x = (Assuming x and y are positive.)
2
1 1  1 
So, x = , y = 1, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum at  , 1. The maximum is f  , 1 = e.
2 2  2 
13. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + y + z − 6) 15. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 1)
Fx = yz − λ = 0 Fx = 2 x − λ = 0 
 
Fy = xz − λ = 0 x = y = z Fy = 2 y − λ = 0 x = y = z
 
Fz = xy − λ = 0 Fz = 2 z − λ = 0 
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 6) = 0, −3 x = −6, x = 2 Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0, 3 x = 1, x = 1
3
So, x = 2, y = 2, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has a So, x = 13 , y = 13 , z = 13 , and f ( x, y, z ) has a
maximum at ( 2, 2, 2). The maximum is f ( 2, 2, 2) = 8.
minimum at ( 13 , 13 , 13 ). The minimum is f ( 13 , 13 , 13 ) = 1.
3
(
14. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x 2 y 2 z 2 − λ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 9 ) 16. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = 2 x 2 + 3 y 2 + 2 z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 24)
Fx = 2 xy 2 z 2 − 2λ x = 0, y 2 z 2 = λ  Fx = 4 x − λ = 0, λ = 4x

Fy = 2 x 2 yz 2 − 2λ y = 0, x 2 z 2 = λ  x = y = z Fy = 6 y − λ = 0, λ = 6y

Fz = 2 x 2 y 2 z − 2λ z = 0, x 2 y 2 = λ  Fz = 4 z − λ = 0, λ = 4z
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 9) = 0
2 2 2
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 24) = 0
− ( x + x + x − 9) = 0
2 2 2
λ λ λ
+ + = 24
2
3x = 9 4 6 4
8λ = 288
x2 = 3
λ = 36
x = 3
So, λ = 36, x = 9, y = 6, z = 9, and f ( x, y, z )
So, x = 3, y = 3, z = 3, and f ( x, y, z ) has a
has a minimum at (9, 6, 9).
maximum at ( 3, 3, )
3 . The maximum is
The minimum is f (9, 6, 9) = 432.
f ( 3, 3, )
3 = 27.
(
17. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x + y + z − λ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 )
Fx = 1 − 2 xλ = 0 

Fy = 1 − 2 yλ = 0 x = y = z

Fz = 1 − 2 zλ = 0 
3
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1) = 0, 3x 2 = 1, x =
3
3 3 3  3 3 3
So, x = , y = , z = , and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at  , , .
3 3 3  3 3 3 
 3 3 3
The maximum is f  , ,  = 3.
 3 3 3 
(
18. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 3x + 2 y + z − λ 3x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6 )
1
Fx = 3 − 6 xλ = 0 → x =
2λ 

1 
Fy = 2 − 2 yλ = 0 → y = 
λ
1 
Fz = 1 − 2 zλ = 0 → z = 
2λ 
Fλ = − (3 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 6) = 0
  1 2  1 2  1 2 
− 3  +   +   − 6 = 0
2λ
   λ
  λ
 
2 
3 1 1
+ 2 + = 6
4λ 2 λ 4λ 2
8
= 6
4λ 2
8 = 24λ 2
1
λ2 =
3
1 3
λ = =
3 3
1 3 1 1 3 3 3
So, x = 2
= ,y = 2
= 3, z = 2
= , and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at  , 3, .
 1  2  1   1  2 2 2
2     
 3  3   3 
3 3  3 3
The maximum is f  , 3,  = 3  + 2(3) + = 12.
2 2  2 2
19. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to the constraint x + y + z = 90.

F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + y + z − 90)
Fx = yz − λ = 0, yz = λ 

Fy = xz − λ = 0, xz = λ  yz = xz = xy  x = y = z

Fz = xy − λ = 0, xy = λ 
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 90) = 0
− ( x + x + x − 90) = 0
3x = 90
x = 30
So, x = 30, y = 30, z = 30, and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at (30, 30, 30).
20. Maximize f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 yz subject to the constraint 24. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( 2 x + 3 y + 1)

x + y + z = 80. Fx = 2 x − 2λ = 0, x = λ
F ( x, y z , λ ) = x yz − λ ( x + y + z − 80)
2
3
Fy = 2 y − 3λ = 0, y = λ
2
Fx = 2 xyz − λ = 0, λ = 2 xyz
 3  
Fλ = − 2λ + 3 λ  + 1 = 0
Fx = 2 xyz − λ = 0, λ = 2 xyz   2  
y = z
Fy = x 2 z − λ = 0, λ = x 2 z   
3 
− 2λ + 3 λ  + 1 = 0
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 80) = 0  2  
2
Using Fx and Fz , 2 xy 2 = x 2 y  2 y = x λ = −
13
and using Fx , − ( 2 y + y + y − 80) = 0  y = 20.
2 3 2  3
So, x = − , y =  −  = − , and
So, x = 40, y = 20, and z = 20. 13 2  13  13
21. Minimize f ( x, y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the 4 9 13 1

d = x2 + y 2 = + = =
constraint x + y + z = 120. 169 169 169 13
13
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − λ ( x + y + z − 120) = .
13
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0 

Fy = 2 y − λ = 0 x = y = z 25. F ( x, y, λ ) = ( x + 3) + y 2 − λ y − x 2
2
( )

Fz = 2 z − λ = 0  3
Fx = 2( x + 3) + 2λ x = 0 → x = −
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 120) = 0, 3x = 120, x = 40 1+ λ
1
So, x = 40, y = 40, and z = 40. Fy = 2 y − λ = 0 → y = λ
2
Fλ = − ( y − x 2 ) = 0
22. Minimize f ( x, y , z ) = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 subject to the
constraint x + y + z = 36. 1  3  
2
−  λ − −   = 0
F ( x, y z , λ ) = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 − λ ( x + y + z − 36)  2  1 + λ  
1 9
Fx = 3x 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3x2  λ − = 0
 2 (1 + λ )2
Fy = 3 y 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3 y 2  x = y = z
λ 9
Fz = 3 z 2 − λ = 0, λ = 3 z 2  =
2 (1 + λ )2
Fλ = − ( x + y + z − 36) = 0
λ (1 + λ ) = 18
2
Using Fλ , − ( x + x + x − 36) = 0, x = 12. λ (1 + 2λ + λ 2 ) = 18

So, x = 12, y = 12, and z = 12. λ 3 − 2λ 2 + λ − 18 = 0
λ = 2
23. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( x + y − 6)
3 1
x = − = −1, y = ( 2) = 1
λ 1+ 2 2
Fx = 2 x − λ = 0, x =
2 d 2 = ( −1 + 3) + (1) = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
λ
Fy = 2 y − λ = 0, y = = x d = 5
2
Fλ = −( x + y − 6) = 0, x + x = 6  x = 3
So, x = 3, y = 3, and
d = x2 + y2 = 9+9 = 18 = 3 2.
26. F ( x, y, λ ) = x 2 + ( y − 10) − λ ( x − 4) + y 2 − 4
2 2
 
x 
Fx = 2 x − 2λ ( x − 4) = 0, λ =
x − 4 
 5 x + 2 y = 20
y − 10 
Fy = 2( y − 10) − 2λ y = 0, λ =
y 
2
 20 − 5 x 
Fλ = − ( x − 4) + y 2 − 4 = 0, ( x − 4) + 
2 2
   = 4
 2 
116 ± 4 29
x = (x ≈ 3.2572, 4.7428)
29
116 − 4 29 10 29
So, x = (the other value of x results in a negative y-value), y = ,
29 29
2 2
 116 − 4 29   10 29 
and d =   +  − 10  ≈ 8.770.
 29   29 
27. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = ( x − 2) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 1) − λ ( x + y + z − 1)
2 2 2
Fx = 2( x − 2) − λ = 0
 x − 2 = y − 1 = z − 1
Fy = 2( y − 1) − λ = 0 
 x −1 = y = z
Fz = 2( z − 1) − λ = 0 
Fλ = −( x + y + z − 1) = 0
(1 − 2) + (0 − 1) + (0 − 1)
2 2 2
So, y = 0, z = 0, x = 1, and d = = 3.
(
28. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = ( x − 4) + y 2 + z 2 − λ x 2 + y 2 − z 2
2
)
Fx = 2( x − 4) − 2 xλ = 0, 2 x(1 − λ ) = 8
Fy = 2 y − 2 yλ = 0 2 y (1 − λ ) = 0

Fz = 2 z + 2 zλ = 0  2 z (1 + λ ) = 0
Fλ = −( x 2 + y 2 − z 2 ) = 0, z = x2 + y2
From Fy , you have y = 0 or λ = 1. From Fx , you know that λ ≠ 1 (since 0 ≠ 8), so, y = 0.
From Fλ and Fz , you now have x = z and λ = −1. So, x = 2, y = 0, z = 2, and
(2 − 4) + (0) + ( 2)
2 2 2
d = = 2 2.
29. Maximize f ( x, y, z ) = xyz subject to the constraint 31. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( 4 xy + 6 xz + 6 yz − 1728)

2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90 = 0. Fx = yz − ( 4λ y + 6λ z ) = 0
F ( x, y z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90)  x = y or z = 3λ
Fy = − ( 4λ x + 6λ z ) = 0 
Fx = yz − 2λ = 0, λ = 1 yz  Subtract Fy from Fx .
2  1 1 2
y = x  y = x
Fy = xz − 3λ = 0, λ = 1 xz  2 3 3 yz − xz = 0
3  1z 1y 3
=  z = y
Fz = xy − 5λ = 0, λ = 1 xy  3 5 5 y = x
5  
Fz = xy = (6λ x + 6λ y ) = 0
Fλ = − ( 2 x + 3 y + 5 z − 90) = 0
If y = x, Fz = xx − (6λ x + 6λ x) = 0.
( ( )
Using Fλ , − 2 x + 3 23 x + 5 53
 ( 32 x) − 90) = 0 x 2 − 12λ x = 0
− 2 x − 2 x − 2 x + 90 = 0  x = 15. x( x − 12λ ) = 0
So, x = 15, y = 10, and z = 6. x = 0, x = 12λ → y = 12λ
The rectangular box has dimensions 15 units by 10 units From Fx if x = 12λ and y = 12λ ,
by 6 units.
12λ z − 4λ (12λ ) + 6λ z  = 0
30. F ( x, y, z , λ ) = xyz − λ ( x + 2 y + 2 z − 108) − 48λ 2 + +6λ z = 0
Fx = yz − λ = 0  6λ z = 48λ 2
 x = 2y
Fy = xz − 2λ = 0 z = 8λ (λ ≠ 0).
Fz = xy − 2λ = 0, y = z Fλ = − 4(12λ )(12λ ) + 6(12λ )(8λ )
Fλ = − ( x + 2 y + 2 z − 108) = 0, 6 y = 108, y = 18 + 6(12λ )(8λ ) − 1728 = 0
So, x = 36, y = 18, and z = 18. 1728λ = 1728
The volume is maximized when the dimensions are λ =1
36 × 18 × 18 inches.
So, x = 12, y = 12, and z = 8.
The case λ = 0 is not possible.
The volume is maximized when the dimensions are
12 feet × 12 feet × 8 feet.
32. Minimize C ( x, y, z ) = 5 xy + 3( xy + 2 xz + 2 yz ) = 8 xy + 6 xz + 6 yz subject to the constraint xyz = 480.

F ( x, y, z , λ ) = 8 xy + 6 xz + 6 yz − λ ( xyz − 480)
Fx = 8 y + 6 z − λ yz = 0  x = y z

Fy = 8 x + 6 z − λ xz = 0  4y
 4 y = 3z , z = 3
Fz = 6 x + 6 y − λ xy = 0
Fλ = −( xyz − 480) = 0, y( y ) ( 43 y) = 480,
x
y = 2 3 45
y
83
So, x = 2 3 45, y = 2 3 45, and z = 3
45.
8 3
The dimensions for minimizing cost are 2 3 45 × 2 3 45 × 3
45 feet.
33. F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 25 x1 + 0.05 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 1000)

Fx1 = 0.5 x1 + 25 − λ = 0, x1 = 2λ − 50
Fx 2 = 0.1x2 + 12 − λ = 0, x2 = 10λ − 120
Fλ = −( x1 + x2 − 1000) = 0
(2λ − 50) + (10λ − 120) = 1000
12λ = 1170
λ = 97.5
So, x1 = 145 and x2 = 855.
To minimize cost, let x1 = 145 units and x2 = 855 units.
34. F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 2000)
Fx1 = 0.5 x1 + 10 − λ = 0, x1 = 2λ − 20
Fx 2 = 0.3 x2 + 12 − λ = 0, x2 = 10 λ − 40
3
Fλ = −( x1 + x2 − 2000)
(2λ − 20) + (103 λ − 40) = 2000

16 λ = 2060
3
λ = 386.25
So, x1 = 752.5 and x2 = 1247.5.
To minimize cost, let x1 = 753 units and x2 = 1247 units.
35. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y = 100,000.
F ( x, y, λ ) = 100 x 0.25 y 0.75 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0
Fy = 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25
Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 75 x 0.25 y − 0.25
=
48 36
25 y 0.75 75 x 0.25
0.75
=
48 x 36 y 0.25
3
y = 3x
4
y = 4 x.
3125
Then using Fλ , − ( 48 x + 36( 4 x) − 100,000) = 0  x = .
6
3125 6250  3125 6250 
So, x = and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at  , .
6 3  6 3 
 3125 6250 
The maximum production level is f  ,  ≈ 147,314 units.
 6 3 
− 0.75 0.75
25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 25  3125   6250 
(b) Using Fx , 25 x − 0.75 y 0.75 − 48λ = 0, so λ = =     ≈ 1.4731.
48 48  6   3 
(c) 147,314 + (125,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 25,000(1.4731) ≈ 181,142 units
(d) 147,314 + (350,000 − 100,000)λ ≈ 147,314 + 250,000(1.4731) ≈ 515,589 units
36. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 subject to the constraint 48 x + 36 y − 100,000 = 0.
F ( x, y , λ ) = 100 x 0.6 y 0.4 − λ ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000)
Fx = 60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 − 48λ = 0
Fy = 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6 − 36λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 48 x + 36 y − 100,000) = 0
60 x − 0.4 y 0.4 40 x 0.6 y − 0.6
Using Fx , λ = and Fy , λ = , so
48 36
5 x − 0.4 y 0.4 10 x 0.6 y − 0.6
=
4 9
5 y 0.4 10 x 0.6
=
4 x 0.4 9 y 0.6
45 y = 40 x
8
y = x.
9
 8  
Then using Fy , −  48 x + 36 x  − 100,000  = 0  x = 1250.
 9  
10,000  10,000 
So, x = 1250 and y = , and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at 1250, .
9  9 
 10,000 
The maximum production level is f 1250,  ≈ 119,247 units.
 9 
0.4
 10,000 
60 y 0.4
60 y 0.4
60  9 
(b) Using Fx , − 48λ = 0, so λ = =   ≈ 1.192.
x 0.4 48 x 0.4 48  1250 
 
 
(c) 119,247 + (125,000 − 100,000)(1.192) ≈ 149,047 units
(d) 119,247 + (350,000 − 100,000)(1.192) ≈ 417,247 units
37. (a) Minimize f ( x, y ) = 50 x + 100 y subject to 100 x 0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000 = 0.

F ( x, y, λ ) = 50 x + 100 y − λ (100 x0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000)
Fx = 50 − 70λ x − 0.3 y 0.3 = 0
Fy = 100 − 30λ x 0.7 y − 0.7 = 0
Fλ = − (100 x 0.7 y 0.3 − 20,000) = 0
0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7
 y 50  y 30λ  y  y y  50  30λ 
Using Fx ,   = and using Fy ,   = . So,     = =   
 x 70λ  x 100  x  x x  70λ  100 
y 3 3
=  y = x.
x 14 14
Since 100 x 0.7 y 0.3 = 20,000,
0.3
3 
100 x 0.7  x  = 20,000
 14 
0.3
3
  x = 200
 14 
200
x = 0.3
≈ 317 units.
3
 
 14 
3
So, x ≈ 317 units and y = (317) ≈ 68 units.
14
(b) f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.7 y 0.3

f x ( x, y ) = 70 x − 0.3 y 0.3
f y ( x, y ) = 30 x 0.7 y − 0.7
f x ( x, y ) 70 x − 0.3 y 0.3 50
= =
f y ( x, y ) 0.7 − 0.7
30 x y 100
70 y 50
=
30 x 100
y 3
=
x 14
3
So, y = x and the conditions are met.
14
38. (a) Minimize f ( x, y ) = 50 x + 100 y subject to 100 x 0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000 = 0
F ( x, y, λ ) = 50 x + 100 y − λ (100 x0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000)
Fx = 50 − 40λ x − 0.6 y 0.6 = 0

Fy = 100 − 60λ x 0.4 y − 0.4 = 0
Fλ = − (100 x 0.4 y 0.6 − 20,000) = 0
0.6 0.4
 y 50  y 60λ
Using Fx ,   = and using Fy ,   = .
 x 40λ  x 100
0.4 0.6
 y  y y  50  60λ 
So,     ==   
 x  x x  40λ  100 
y 3 3
=  y = x.
x 4 4
Since 100 x 0.4 y 0.6 = 20,000
0.6
3 
100 x 0.4  x  = 20,000
4 
0.6
3
  x = 200
4
200
x = 0.6
≈ 238 units.
3
 
4
3
So, x = 238 units and y = ( 238) ≈ 179 units.
4
(b) f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.4 y 0.6
f x ( x, y ) = 40 x − 0.6 y 0.6
f y ( x, y ) = 60 x 0.4 y − 0.4
f x ( x, y ) 40 x − 0.6 y 0.6 50
= =
f y ( x, y ) 60 x 0.4 y − 0.4 100
40 y 50
=
60 x 100
y 3
=
x 4
3
So, y = x and the conditions are met.
4
39. (a) Barn 41. Minimize C ( x, y, z ) = x + 2 y + 3z subject to the

constraint 12 xyz = 0.13.
x x x
F ( x, y, z , λ ) = x + 2 y + 3 z − λ (12 xyz − 0.13)
y y Fx = 1 − 12λ yz = 0, 12λ yz = 1 
 x = 2y
Fy = 2 − 12λ xz = 0, 12λ xz = 2
Minimize
 x = 3z
f ( x, y ) = 10( 2 x + 2 y ) + 4 x = 24 x + 20 y subject Fz = 3 − 12λ xy = 0, 12λ xy = 3
to the constraint g ( x, y ) = 2 xy − 6000 = 0.  x  x 
Fλ = −(12 xyz − 0.13) = 0, 12 x   = 0.13
 2  3 
F ( x, y, λ ) = 24 x + 20 y − λ ( 2 xy − 6000)
2 x3 = 0.13
Fx = 24 − 2λ y = 0 y = 12 λ
 x = 3
0.065 ≈ 0.402
Fy = 20 − 2λ x = 0 x = 10 λ
3 1 3
Fλ = −2 xy + 6000 = 0 So, x = 0.065 ≈ 0.402, y = 0.065 ≈ 0.201,
2
2 xy = 6000 13
z = 0.065 ≈ 0.134, and f ( x, y, z )
 10  12  3
2   = 6000
 λ  λ  is a minimum at about (0.402, 0.201, 0.134). To
1 minimize the cost, use 0.402 liter of solution x,
= 25
2
λ 0.201 liter of solution y, and 0.134 liter of solution z.
1
λ =
5 (
42. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = x + 2 y + 3z − λ 0.01x 2 y 2 z 2 − 0.13 )
So, x = 50 and y = 60. Fx = 1 − 0.02λ xy 2 z 2 = 0, 100 = 2λ xy 2 z 2 
 x = 2y
To minimize the cost of the fencing, make the fence Fy = 2 − 0.02λ x 2 yz 2 = 0, 200 = 2λ x 2 yz 2 
50 feet by 120 feet.
Fz = 3 − 0.02λ x 2 y 2 z = 0, 300 = 2λ x 2 y 2 z , x = 3z
(b) f (50, 60) = $2400
Fλ = −(0.01x 2 y 2 z 2 − 0.13) = 0, x 2 y 2 z 2 = 13
The minimum cost is $2400.
2 2
40. (a) Minimize C ( x, y ) = 600 x + 240 y subject to the  x  x
x 2     = 13
 2  3
constraint 2 x − 2 y = 360.
x 6 = 468
F ( x, y, λ ) = 600 x + 240 y − λ ( 4 xy − 360)
6
x = 468 ≈ 2.786
Fx = 600 − 4λ y = 0 y = 150 λ
 6 1 6
Fy = 240 − 4λ x = 0 x = 60 λ So, x = 468 ≈ 2.786, y = 468 ≈ 1.393,
2
Fλ = −( 4 xy − 360) = 0 z =
16
468 ≈ 0.929, and f ( x, y, z ) is a minimum
3
 60  150  at about ( 2.786, 1.393, 0.929). To minimize the cost,
360 = 4  
 λ  λ 
use 2.786 liters of solution x, 1.393 liters of
λ 2 = 100 solution y, and 0.929 liter of solution z.
λ = 10
So, x = 6 and y = 15. To minimize the cost, make
the partitions 6 feet by 15 feet.
(b) The minimum cost is $7200.
C (6, 15) = 7200
43. Maximize G ( x, y , z ) = 0.05 x 2 + 0.16 xy + 0.25 z 2 subject to the constraint 9 x + 4 y + 4 z = 400.
F ( x, y , z , λ ) = 0.05 x 2 + 0.16 xy + 0.25 z 2 − λ (9 x + 4 y + 4 z − 400)
Fx = 0.1x + 0.16 y − 9λ = 0
Fy = 0.16 x − 4λ = 0 x = 25λ

Fz = 0.5 z − 4λ = 0  z = 8λ
Fλ = −(9 x + 4 y + 4 z − 400) = 0
From Fλ , you have 9( 25λ ) + 4 y + 4(8λ ) = 400. So, y = 100 − 64.25λ . From Fx , you have
0.1( 25λ ) + 0.16(100 − 64.25λ ) − 9λ = 0. So, λ = 800
839
≈ 0.953516. So, x ≈ 23.8, y ≈ 38.7, z ≈ 7.6,
and f ( x, y, z ) has a maximum at about ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6). To maximize the amount of ice cream you can eat,
have f ( 23.8, 38.7, 7.6) ≈ 190.1 grams.
44. (a) z (1, 2) = 2
(b) z ( 2, 2) = 8
45. (a) Maximize A = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 subject to the constraint 90t + 36 p + 45r = 8100.
F ( A) = 0.0001t 2 pr1.5 − λ (90t + 36 p + 45r − 8100)
Ft = 0.0002tpr1.5 − 90λ = 0
Fp = 0.0001t 2 r1.5 − 36λ = 0
Fr = 0.00015t 2 pr 0.5 − 45λ = 0
Fλ = − (90t + 36 p + 45r − 8100) = 0
0.0001t 2 r1.5
From Fp , λ = .
36
 0.0001t 2 r1.5 
Using Ft , Ft = 0.0002tpr1.5 − 90  = 0.
 36 
 0.0001t 2 1.5
r 
0.0002tpr1.5 − 90  = 0
 36 
0.0002tpr1.5 − 0.00025t 2 r1.5 = 0
Divide by r1.5 and t ( r1.5 ≠ 0 and t ≠ 0).
0.0002 p − 0.00025t = 0
0.00025t = 0.0002 p
t = 0.8 p
Similarly, using Fr , you obtain r = 1.2 p.
Using Fλ , you obtain p = 50.
So, t = 0.8(50) = 40 and r = 1.2(50) = 60.
To maximize the number of responses, spend 90( 40) = $3600 on a cable television ad, 36(50) = $1800 on
a newspaper ad, and 45(60) = $2700 on a radio ad.
(b) A = 0.0001( 40) (50)(60)

2 1.5
≈ 3718
The maximum number of responses is about 3718.
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 525
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis
Skills Warm Up
1. ( 2.5 − 1) + (3.25 − 2) + ( 4.1 − 3) = (1.5) + (1.25) + (1.1) = 2.25 + 1.5625 + 1.21 = 5.0225
2 2 2 2 2 2
2. (1.1 − 1) + ( 2.08 − 2) + ( 2.95 − 3) = (0.1) + (0.08) + ( −0.05) = 0.01 + 0.0064 + 0.0025 = 0.0189
2 2 2 2 2 2
3. (0, 1), (3, 7) y 6. ( − 4, − 2), ( 2, − 3.5)
7 −1 − 3.5 − ( − 2)
3
−1.5 1
m = = 2 2 m = = = −
3−0 1
2 − ( − 4) 6 4
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) x
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y
−3 −2 1 2 3
y − 1 = 2( x − 0) −1 2
1
y = 2x + 1
−2
y − ( − 2) = −
4
( x − (− 4)) 1
x
−3 −12 −8 −6 −4 −2 2
−1
1
4. (1, 3), ( 4, 0) y y + 2 = − x −1 −2
4
−4
0−3
5
1
m = = −1 4 y = − x −3 −5
4 −1 4
3
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) 2
7. S = a 2 + 6b 2 − 4a − 8b − 4ab + 6
y − 0 = ( −1)( x − 4)
1
x ∂S
−1 1 2 3 4 5 = 2a − 4 − 4b
y = −x + 4 −1 ∂a
∂S
5. ( − 2, − 3), (8, 2) y = 12b − 8 − 4a
∂b
3
2 − ( − 3) 1 2
m = = 8. S = 4a 2 + 9b 2 − 6a − 4b − 2ab + 8
8 − ( − 2)
1
2 x
−2 − 1 1 4 5 6 ∂S
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) = 8a − 6 − 2b
∂a
1 −3
∂S
y − 2 = ( x − 8) −4 = 18b − 4 − 2a
2 −5 ∂b
1
y = x − 2
2
1.
x-values −3 −2 −1 0 1
Actual y-values 2 2 4 6 8
Linear model,
f ( x) = 1.6 x + 6 1.2 2.8 4.4 6 7.6
Quadratic model,
2.01 2.76 4.09 6 8.49
g ( x) = 0.29 x 2 + 2.2 x + 6
Linear model sum of the squared errors:

S = (1.2 − 2) + ( 2.8 − 2) + ( 4.4 − 4) + (6 − 6) + (7.6 − 8) = 1.6
2 2 2 2 2
Quadratic model sum of the squared errors:

S = ( 2.01 − 2) + ( 2.76 − 2) + ( 4.09 − 4) + (6 − 6) + (8.49 − 8) = 0.8259
2 2 2 2 2
The quadratic model is a better fit.
2.
x-values −3 −1 1 3
Actual y-values 4 2 1 0
Linear model,
f ( x) = − 0.7 x + 2 4.1 2.7 1.3 −0.1
Quadratic model,
3.64 1.76 0.36 −0.56
g ( x) = 0.06 x 2 − 0.7 x + 1

S = ( 4.1 − 4) + ( 2.7 − 2) + (1.3 − 1) + ( − 0.1 − 0) = 0.6
2 2 2 2

S = (3.64 − 4) + (1.76 − 2) + (0.36 − 1) + ( − 0.56 − 0) = 0.9104
2 2 2 2
The linear model is a better fit.
3.
x-values −2 −1 0 3
Actual y-values 11 10 7 4
Linear model,
f ( x) = −1.4 x + 8 10.8 9.4 8 3.8
Quadratic model,
10.76 8.74 7 3.46
g ( x) = −1.14 x 2 − 1.6 x + 7

S = (11 − 10.8) + (10 − 9.4) + (7 − 8) + ( 4 − 3.8) = 1.44
2 2 2 2

S = (11 − 10.76) + (10 − 8.74) + (7 − 7) + ( 4 − 3.46) = 1.9368
2 2 2 2
The linear model is a better fit.
4.
x-values −1 1 2 4 6
Actual y-values −4 −3 0 5 9
Linear model,
f ( x) = 2.0 x − 3 −5 −1 1 5 9
Quadratic model,
−4.16 −1.56 0.16 4.44 9.84
g ( x) = 0.14 x 2 + 1.3 x − 3
S = ( − 5 − ( − 4)) + ( −1 − ( − 3)) + (1 − 0) + (5 − 5) + (9 − 9) = 6
2 2 2 2 2
S = ( − 4.16 − ( − 4)) + ( −1.56 − ( − 3)) + (0.16 − 0) + ( 4.44 − 5) + (9.84 − 9) = 3.144

2 2 2 2 2
Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis 527
5. The sum of the squared errors is as follows. y
S = ( −2a + b + 1) + (0a + b) + ( 2a + b − 3)
2 2 2 5
4
(2, 3)
∂S 3
= 2( −2a + b + 1)( −2) + 2( 2a + b − 3)( 2) = 16a − 16
∂a
2
1
∂S (0, 0)
= 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2b + 2( 2a + b − 3) = 6b − 4 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4
x
∂b (− 2, − 1) −1
−2
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = 1 −3
2 2
and b = . So, y = x + .
3 3
6. The sum of the squared errors is as follows. y
S = ( −3a + b) + ( − a + b − 1) + ( a + b − 1) + (3a + b − 2)
2 2 2 2 4
3
∂S
= −6( −3a + b) − 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 6(3a + b − 2) = 40a − 12
(3, 2)
2
∂a (−1, 1)
(−3, 0) (1, 1)
∂S
= 2( −3a + b) + 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b − 1) + 2(3a + b − 2) = 8b − 8 −3 −2 −1
x
∂b
1 2 3
−1
3 3 −2
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces a = and b = 1. So, y = x + 1.
10 10
7. The sum of the squared errors is as follows.

y
S = ( −2a + b − 4) + ( − a + b − 1) + (b + 1) + ( a + b + 3)
2 2 2 2
5
∂S
= −4( −2a + b − 4) − 2( − a + b − 1) + 2( a + b + 3) = 12a − 4b + 24 (− 2, 4) 4
3
∂a 2
∂S
= 2( −2a + b − 4) + 2( − a + b − 1) + 2(b + 1) + 2( a + b + 3) = −4a + 8b − 2
(− 1, 1) 1
x
∂b −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 4
(0, − 1)
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces: −2
−3 (1, − 3)
12a − 4b = −24 −4
−4a + 8b = 2
So, a = −2.3 and b = −0.9, and y = −2.3 x − 0.9.
8. The sum of the squared errors is as follows.

S = ( −5a + b + 3) + ( −4a + b + 2) + ( −2a + b + 1) + ( − a + b − 1)
2 2 2 2 y
∂S
2
= −10( −5a + b + 3) − 8( −4a + b + 2) − 4( −2a + b + 1) − 2( − a + b − 1) (−1, 1)

∂a
x
= 92a − 24b − 48 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1
−1
(− 2, −1)
∂S (− 4, −2)
= 2( −5a + b + 3) + 2( −4a + b + 2) + 2( −2a + b + 1) + 2( − a + b − 1) −2
∂b (− 5, −3)
−3
= −24a + 8b + 10 −4
Setting these partial derivatives equal to zero produces:

92a − 24b = 48
−24a + 8b = −10
So, a = 0.9 and b = 1.45, and y = 0.9 x + 1.45.
9. y = 0.8 x + 2 12. y = −0.4519 x + 5.6
10. y = 0.4118 x + 3 13. y = 1.0129 x − 2.417
11. y = −1.1824 x + 6.3851 14. y = − 2.7802 x − 1.4432
15. (a) y = 8.52t − 5.4 20. Negative correlation

(b) Let t = 17: y = 8.52(17) − 5.4 r ≈ −0.9652
y
y = 139.44
About $139.44 billion in 2017 8
(c) Let y = 180 and solve for t. 6
180 = 8.52t − 5.4 4
185.4 = 8.52t 2
t ≈ 21.8 2 4 6 8
x
About $180 billion in 2022

21. No correlation
16. (a) y = −1.78 x + 127.6 r = 0
(b) Let x = 32.95. y
y = −1.78(32.95) + 127.6 = 70 12
10
(c) Let y = 100 and find x.
8
100 = −1.78 x + 127.6 6
− 27.6 = 1.78 x 4
$15.51 ≈ x 2
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
17. (a) y = 0.138 x + 22.1
(b) Let x = 160. 22. Positive correlation
y = 0.138(160) + 22.1 = 44.18 bushels acre r ≈ 0.9276
y
18. (a) y = 0.22 x − 7.5 matches (iv). 4

The positive slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the
3
data points can be used.
(b) y = − 0.35 x + 11.5 matches (i).
2
The negative slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the 1
data points can be used. x

1 2 3 4
(c) y = 0.09 x + 19.8 matches (iii).
The positive slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the 23. No linear correlation
data points can be used. r ≈ 0.0750
(d) y = −1.29 x + 89.8 matches (ii). y
The negative slope, y-intercept, and/or one of the 36
data points can be used. 30
24
19. Positive correlation
18
r ≈ 0.9981
12
y
6
16
x
14 1 2 3 4 5 6
12
10 24. Negative correlation

8
r ≈ −0.9907
6
y
4
2 10
x
8
1 2 3 4 5 6
6
x
1 2 3 4 5
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane 529
25. False, the slope is positive, which means there is a 28. True
positive correlation.
29. True
26. True
30. False, there is a strong negative correlation, so the
27. True regression line will fit the data well.
31. Answers will vary.
Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane
Skills Warm Up
1 13. y = x, y = 0, x = 3
= x]0 = 1
1
1.  0 dx y
2
= 3 y]0 = 6
2
 0 3 dy
4
2.
3
4 4
= 2( 4) − 2(1)  = 130
3 3
 −1 6 x 2 x 3 
2
3. dx = 2
−1  
1
1 1
4. 0 2x 3 dx = 1 x4 
2 0
= 1
2
1 2 4
x
 1 ( x − 2 x + 4) dx =  14 x − x + 4 x1
2 2
3 4 2
5.
14. y = x, y = 3, x = 0
= ( 4 − 4 + 8) − ( 1
4 )
−1+ 4 = 19
4
y
 0 (4 − y )
2 2
6. 2
dy = 4 y − 1 y3
3 0
= 16
3
2
3 3
3 4 3 4 −3  2  2 
7. 1 5 x3
dx = 1 5
x dx = − x − 2  = − 2 
 5 1 5x  1
1
x
2 2 16 1 2 3 4
= − + =
45 5 45
15. y = 16 − x 2 , y = 0, x = 0
4 2 4
8. 1 x
dx = 4 x  = 8 − 4 = 4
1
y
2x 2
dx = ln ( x 2 + 1)
2
9. 0 2
x +1 0 12
= ln 5 − ln 1 8
= ln 5 4
≈ 1.609 x
2 6 8
e 1 e
10. 2 dy = ln ( y − 1) 2 = ln (e − 1) − ln ( 2 − 1)
y −1 16. y = x 2 , y = 4 x
= ln (e − 1) ≈ 0.541 y
15
2 2
2 +1 1 x2 +1 
11. 0 xe x dx = 2
e  0 = 1 5
2
e − 12 e ≈ 72.847 12
1 1
0 e dy = − 12 e −2 y  = − 12 e −2 +
6
−2 y 1
12. 2
≈ 0.432
0 3
x
1 2 3 4 5
x ey
 y2  3x 2 y (ln x ) 
x 2
1.  0 (2 x − y ) dy = 2 xy −

 =
2 0 2 9. 1
ey y ln x
dx = 
x 2 1
y (ln e y )
y y 2
y (ln 1)
2
2.  0 (5 x + 8 y) dx =  52 x 2 + 8 xy
0 = −
2 2
= ( 52 y 2
+ 8 y 2 − (0) =) 21 2
2
y
y3
=
x2 2
x2 y y2  x3 x x
3. x dy =  = − = ( x 2 − 1)
x 2x  x 2 2 2 3 xy 3
10. y dx = y x 2 + 1
x +12 y
2y y 2y
4. 1 x
dx = y ln x 1 = y ln 2 y = 10 y − y y2 + 1
= y ( 10 − y2 + 1 )
(3x 2 y + x) dx = x3 y +
y y
5. 2 1 2
x
2 2
2
1 y2 
(
= y4 + 1 y2
2 ) − (8 y + 2) 11.
1 2
 0  0 (x + y ) dy dx =  0 xy + 2  dx
0
= y4 + 1 y2 − 8y − 2
2 1
=  0 (2 x + 2) dx
x
1 4 =  x 2 + 2 x
1
 4 ( xy + 4 y ) dy
x
3 −2
6. =  xy 4 −  0
4 y 4
= 3
1 4
=  x5 −  − (64 x − 1)
 0  0 (6 y − x ) dy
2 3 2 3
4 x
0 3 y 2 − x 2 y dx
2
12. dx =
0
1 5 4
= x − 64 x − − 1
 0 (18 − 3x ) dx
2
2
4 x =
2
= 18 x − x3 
( x2 + 3 y 2 ) dy =  x 2 y + y 3  3
x x
7.  x3 x
0
= 36 − 0 = 36
= ( x5 2 + x3 2 ) − ( x5 + x9 )
2 4 2 4
 −3  − 2 ( xy) dx dy  −3  12 x y
2
= − x9 − x5 + x5 2 + x3 2 13. = dy
−2
2
1− y2 1− y2
=  −3 (8 y − 2 y) dy
8. − 1− y2
(x 2
+ y 2
) dx 1 3
=  3 x + xy 
−
2
1− y2 2
=  −3 (6 y) dy
(1 − y )
32
= 2 2
+ 2y 2
1− y 2
3 2
= 3 y 2 
= 2
3
1 − y 2 (1 − y 2 ) + 3 y 2  −3
= 12 − 27 = −15
= 2
3
1 − y 2 (1 + 2 y 2 )
 −1  − 3 ( x − xy 2 ) dy dx =
2 3 2 3
 −1 x y − 13 xy 3  dx
2 2
14.
−3
 −1 (3x − 9 x) − ( − 3x 2 + 9 x) dx
2
2
=
 − 1 (6 x − 18 x) dx
2
2
=
2
= 2 x3 − 9 x 2 
−1
= (16 − 36) − ( − 2 − 9) = − 9
2 6 x2 2 6 x2 1− y 2
15. 0 0 x3 dy dx = 0 x3 y
0
dx
17.
2
0 0
1− y 2
− 5 xy dx dy = −5
2 x2 
y dy
0 2 0
2
 0 6x
5
= dx −5 2
2
=
2 0
( y − y3 ) dy
= x 6  2
0
5  y2 y4 
= 64 = −  − 
2 2 4 0
 0  0 (6 x + 5 y ) dx
1 y 1 y 5
 0 3x + 5 xy 3  dy ( 2 − 4) = 5
3 2
16. dy = = −
0
2
 0 (3 y + 5 y 4 ) dy
1
2
=
2 2 y − y2 2 2 y − y2
1 18.  0  3 y2 − 6 y 3 y dx dy = 0 3 xy] dy
=  y 3 + y 5  3 y2 − 6 y
0
 0 (24 y − 12 y 3 ) dy
2
2
= 2 =
2
= 8 y 3 − 3 y 4 
0
= 16
 0  0 (3 x + 3 y 2 + 1) dy dx =
1 3x 1 3x
 0 3x y + y 3 + y dx
2 2
19.
0
 0 (9 x + 27 x3 + 3 x) dx
1
3
=
 0 (36 x + 3 x) dx
1
3
=
1
= 9 x 4 + 3 2
x
2 0
= 21
2
2y
 2 x3 
(1 + 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 ) dx dy =
1 2y 1
20. 0  y 0 x +
 3
+ 2 xy 2  dy
y
1  20 3 
=  0  y + y  dy
3 
1
 y2 5 y4 
=  + 
2 3 0
13
=
6
x b
23. Because (for a fixed x ) lim −2e −( x + y) 2  = 2e − x 2 ,
1 x 1
21. 0 0 1 − x 2 dy dx = 0 1 − x 2 y dx 0
0 b →∞
1 ∞ ∞ ∞
= − 12  1 − x 2 ( −2 x) dx you have 0 0 e −( x + y) 2
dy dx = 0 2e − x 2 dx
0
1 b
= − 13 (1 − x 2 )  =
32
1 = lim −4e − x 2  = 4.
0
 0 3 b →∞
b
4 x 2 4 2y 
x
24. Because (for a fixed y) lim − 12 ye
(
− x2 + y2 ) 1 ye − y 2 ,
22. 00 x2 + 1
dy dx = 0 x 2 + 1 0
dx b→∞
 =
0
2
4 2x ∞ ∞ (
− x2 + y2 ) ∞
1 ye − y 2
= 0 2
x +1
dx you have 0 0 xye dx dy = 0 2
dy
4 b
= lim − 14 e − y 
2
= ln x 2 + 1 
0 b →∞ 0
= ln 17 ≈ 2.833 = 14 .
8 3 3 2x − 2
25. A =  0  0 dy dx 30. A = 1  0 dy dx
8
 0 [ y] 0 dx
3 3 2x − 2
= =  1 [ y] 0 dx
8 3
= 0 3 dx = 1 2 x − 2 dx
= [3 x] 0
8 3
 1 (2 x − 2) (2) dx
1 12
= 2
= 24 3
1 2
(2 x − 2) 
32
= 2 3
2 3
1
26. A =  1 1 (1) dy dx = 1 43 2 − 0 = 8
3 3
2
 1 [ y] 1
3
= dx
3 9 − x2 y
2 31. A =  −3  0 dy dx
= 1 2 dx 10 y = 9 − x2
 − 3 (9 − x ) dx
3
2 8
=
= [2 x] 1
2
6
3 3 4
= 4 − 2 = 2  x 
= 9 x −  2
 3  −3 x
4 x −2 −1
0 0
1 2 3
27. A = dy dx = 36
4
 0 [ y] 0 dx
x
= 1 x
32. A =  0  x3 2 dy dx
y
4
= 0 x dx
=  0 ( x − x ) dx
1
32
1
y=x
4
=  12 x 2  x 2 1
0 2
=  − x5 2  y = x 3/2
= 8  2 5 0 x
1
1
6 x2 =
28. A = 0 0 dy dx 10
6
 0 [ y] 0 dx
x2 2 − y +5
= 33. A =  0  32 y dx dy y
6 x 5
= 0 2
dx =  (− y + 5 − 32 y) dy
2
0
4
x = 3y
2
3
6
 (− 52 y + 5) dy
1  =
2 (3, 2) x = −y + 5
=  x2  0
2
4  0 1
2
= 9  5 y2  x
= − + 5 y 1 2 3 4 5
 4 0
2 4 − x2
29. A = 0 0 dy dx = 5
 0 (4 − x ) dx
2
2
=
2
 x3 
= 4 x − 
 3 0
16
=
3
1 2 1
34. x + y = 2, x = 0, y = 0
y
37. 0 0 dy dx =  0 2 dx = 2
2 1 2
5
(0, 4)
 0  0 dx dy = 0 dy = 2
4
y
3
1
(4, 0) 2
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
1
The x-intercept and the y-intercept are ( 4, 0) and (0, 4),
respectively, and solving for y in x + y = 2 yields x
1 2
x + y = 2
3 4 3 3
y = 2− x
 1 [ x] 2 dy 2 dy = [2 y] 1 = 4
4 3
38.  1  2 dx dy = = 1
( )
2
y = 2− x 4 3 4 4
 2 [ y] 1  2 2 dx = [2 x] 2
3 4
 2 1 dy dx = dx = = 4
= 4− 4 x + x.
y
(2 − x )
2
4
A = 0 0 dy dx 4
0 ( 2 − )
4 2 3
= x dx
2
(4 − 4 x1 2 + x) dx
4
= 0 1
4 x
= 4 x − 83 x3 2 + 1 x2 
2 0
1 2 3 4
= 16 − ( 64
+8 −0 = ) 8
1 2 1 1
 0  2 y dx  0 (2 − 2 y) dy
3 3
39. dy = = 2 y − y 2  = 1
0
35. The point of intersection of the two graphs is found by 2

equating y = 2 x and y = x, which yields x = y = 0. 2 x 2 2 x x2 
2 2x
0 0 dy dx = 0 2
dx =  =1
4 0
A = 0  x dy dx y
y
5
2 y = 2x
=  0 (2 x − x) dx 4
3
2
2
= 0 x dx 2
1 1 y=
x
2
(2, 1)
y=x
2 2
x 
x
−1
=  = 2
1 2 3 4 5
−1
2 0 1 2
x
36. The points of intersection of the two graphs are found by

equating y = 4 − x 2 and y = x + 2, which yields
( − 2, 0) and (1, 3).
1 4 − x2
A =  −2  x + 2 dy dx y
y=x+2
5
1 4 − x2 y = 4 − x2
=  − 2 [ y] x + 2 dx
3 (1, 3)
(− x 2 − x + 2) dx
1
=  −2 2
1
1 (−2, 0)
= − 13 x 3 − 1 x2
2
+ 2 x −3 −1
x
−2 1 3
−1
= 9
2
4 3x 4 4
40. 0 0 dy dx =  0 3x dx =  32 x 2  = 24
0
 0 (4 − 13 y) dy
12 4 12 12
 0  1 3y dx dy = = 4 y − 1 y2 
6 0
= ( 48 − 24) − 0 = 24
y
(4, 12)
12
9 y = 3x
x
1 2 3 4
0 (3 )
2 1 3 y 1
 x2 
41. 0 x 2
2 1
dy dx = 0
2 
1 −
x
 dx =  x −  =1
43.  0  y2 dx dy = y − y 2 dy
 2  40
1
3 y3 
1 2y 1 1
=  y4 3 −
0 0 dx dy =  0 2y dy = y 2 
0
=1
4

3 0
y 5
=
12
2
0 ( )
1 x 1
(2, 1)
 0  x3 dy dx = x − x 3 dx
1 1
2 x4 
y=
x
2
=  x3 2 − 
x
3 4 0
1 2
5
=
12
 0 (2 − )
4 2 4
0  dy dx =
y
42. x dx
x
4
 2 
2 x = y2
= 2 x − x 3 2  x= 3
y
 3 0
1
8 (1, 1)
=
3
x
2
2 y2 2 y3  8 1 2
0 0 dx dy = 0 y 2 dy =  =
3 0 3
4 − y2
 − 2 (4 − y ) dy
2 2
 −2  0
y 2
44. dx dy =
3
2
 y3  32
2 (4, 2) = 4 y −  =
 3  −2 3
1
y= x
4 4− x 4
1 2 3 4
x
0 − 4− x
dy dx = 0 2 4 − x dx
−1
4
(4 − x)3 2  =
4 32
= −
3 0 3
y
x
1 2 3
−1
x = 4 − y2
−2
− 2 ( x + 6 − x ) dx
3 x+6 3
−2  x
2
45. y
2
dy dx =
y=x+6
9 3
(3, 9)
=  12 x 2 + 6 x − 13 x3 
7 −2
(− 2, 4)
5 = ( 92 + 18 − 9) − (2 − 12 + 83 )
125
3
= 6
square units
1 y = x2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
or
4 y 9 y 4 9
0  − dx dy + 4  y − 6 dx dy = 0 2 y dy + 4 y − ( y − 6) dy
y
4 9
=  43 y 3 2  +  23 y 3 2 − 1 y2
2
+ 6 y
0 4
= 32
3
+  18 −
 ( 81
2
+ 54 − ) (163 − 8 + 24)
125
= 6
square units
46. y
47. y
3 y=x y = 5x − 1
(3, 3) 4
(5, 4)
2
2
(0, 0)
y = x 2 − 2x y=x− 1
x
x 2 4 6
1 2 3 4
(0, −1)
−1 −2
 x − ( x 2 − 2 x) dx
0 ( )
3 x 3 5 5 x −1 5
0  x 2 − 2x
dy dx = 0   0  x −1 dy dx = 5 x − 1 − ( x − 1) dx

0 ( − x + 3 x) dx =  ( 5 x − x) dx
3 5
2
=
0
=  ( 5 x − x) dx
3 5
= − 13 x3 + 3 2
x
2 0
12
0
(
= −9 + 27
2 )−0 2 5 3 2
= 
1 
x − x2 
5
= 9
square units  3 2  0
2
 50 25 
=  −  −0
 3 2
25
= square units
6
2 2x + 4 2
−1 2 x −1 (2 x + 4) − 2 x  dx
2
48. y
y = 2x + 4 2
dy dx =
−1 (− 2 x + 2 x + 4) dx
8 2
(2, 8) 2
=
6
2
4 = − 23 x3 + x 2 + 4 x
−1
(− 1, 2) 2
y = 2x 2 (
= − 16
3
+ 4+8 − ) ( 23 + 1 − 4)
x
−3 −1 1 2 3 = 9 square units
3 3 2 2y
x2
49. (a) 0  y e dx dy cannot be evaluated in the order as 50. (a) Area =  0  y2 dx dy
2 4 x
given since no antiderivative for e x can be found.
The region bounded by y ≤ x ≤ 3 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 3
(b) Area = 0 x 2 dy dx
1 2
− x2 − y 2
0 0 e
y
x=y 51. dx dy ≈ 0.6588
4
y=3
 0  x2 ( x + 3 y 2 ) dy dx ≈ 15.8476
2 2x
3
52.
2 x=3
2 x
1  0 e
xy
1
y=0
53. dy dx ≈ 8.1747
x
1 2 4
2 2y
54. 1  y ln ( x + y ) dx dy ≈ 2.0006
is rewritten as 0 ≤ y ≤ x and 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 so that
3 x 1 1
x2
the integral can be changed to 0 0 e dy dx. 55. 0 x 1 − x 2 dy dx ≈ 0.4521
3 x 3 x
 0 e y dx
x2 x2 x2
0 0 e dy dx =
0 56.
3
0 0 x 1 + x dy dx ≈ 24.3082
3
x2
=  0 xe dx 2 4 − x2 4 xy
3
57. 0  4 − x2 x2 + y2 + 1
dy dx ≈ 1.1190
= 2e   1 x2 
 0
4 y 2
= 1
2 ( e9 − 1)
58.  0  0 ( x + 1)( y + 1) dx dy ≈ 2.5903
≈ 4051.042
59. True
2 2
− y2
(b) 0  x e dy dx cannot be evaluated in the order as 1 2 1 y2 
2
2
 −1  − 2 y dy dx =  −1  dx
2  −2
given since no antiderivative for e − y can be found.
1
The region bounded by x ≤ y ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 =  −1 0 dx
y
y=x
= 0
x=0 1 2 1
 −1  − 2 y  −1 xy] − 2
2
3
y=2
dx dy = dy
x=2
=  −1 4 y dy
1
1
= 2 y 2 
−1
x
1 3
= 0
is rewritten as 0 ≤ x ≤ y and 0 ≤ y ≤ 2 so that 60. True

2 y
− y2
the integral can be changed to 0 0 e dx dy. y
y 3
2 y 2
2
 xe − y 2 y dy y=x
0 0 e− y dx dy = 0   0 2
2
− y2
= 0 ye dy 1
x=1
2
= − 12 e − y 
2
x
 0 2 3
= − 12 (e− 4 − 1) 1 x 1 y
0 0 f ( x, y) dy dx = 0 0 f ( x, y) dx dy
≈ 0.491
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals 537
Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals
Skills Warm Up
2 4 1 2 1 1
 0 y]1 = x]0 = 1
2 1
1. 0 0 dy dx 5.  0 1 dy dx = dx =  0 dx
y
3 3 3 3
 0 x]1 = 2 y] 0 = 6
3
 0 1  0 2 dy
3
5 6. dx dy = dy =
4
3 1 x 1
 0 xy]0
x
2
7. 0 0 x dy dx = dx
1 1
0 x
1
= 2
dx = 1 x3 
x 3 0
1 2 3 4 5
= 1
3
3 3
2. 2 1 dx dy y
xy dy = 0 (y − y ) dy
4 y 4 4
 0 1 0
2
8. y dx dy =
y 1
=  13 y 3 − 1 y2  4
2 0
4
3
= 40
3
2
3 x2 3 x2
1
9. 1  x 2 dy dx = 1 2 y]x dx
x
 1 (2 x − 2 x) dx
3
2
=
1 2 3 4
4 2 x +1 3
3. 0 0 dy dx =  23 x3 − x 2 
1
y = 9+ 1
3
10
= 28
3
8
6
1 − x2 + 2 1 − x2 + 2
4 10. 0 x dy dx =  0 y] x dx
2
 0 (− x + 2 − x) dx
1
2
x =
1 2 3 5
1
= − 13 x3 + 2 x − 12 x 2 
0
6 3
4. 0  y 2 dx dy = 7
6
y
x
1 2 3 4
5 5− x 5 5− x
1. 0 0 (5 − x − y) dy dx = 0 5 y − xy −

1 2
y
2 0
dx
5
0 5(5 − x) − x(5 − x) − 12 (5 − x)  dx
2
=
0 (25 − 5 x − 5 x + ) dx
5
25 1 2
= x2 − 2
+ 5x − 2
x
0 ( 252 ) dx
5
= − 5x + 1 x2
2
5
=  25
2
x − 5 2
2
x + 1 x3 
6 0
125 125 125 125
= 2
− 2
+ 6
= 6
cubic units
6 2 − 1 3x 6 2 − 1 3x
2. 0 0 (6 − x − 3 y ) dy dx = 0 6 y − xy −

3 2
y
2 0
dx
0 6(2 − 13 x) − x(2 − 13 x) − 32 (2 − 13 x)  dx
=
6  2
0 (12 − 2 x − 2 x + ) dx
6
= 1 x2 − 6 + 2x − 1 x2
3 6
0 (6 − 2 x + ) dx
6
= 1 x2
6
6
= 6 x − x 2 + 1 3
x
18  0
= 36 − 36 + 12 = 12 cubic units
1 4 − 4x 1 4 − 4x
3. 0 0 (8 − 8 x − 2 y ) dy dx = 0 8 y − 8 xy − y 2 
0
dx
1
0 8(4 − 4 x) − 8 x(4 − 4 x) − (4 − 4 x)  dx
2
=
0 (32 − 32 x − 32 x + 32 x − 16 + 32 x − 16 x 2 ) dx
1
2
=
0 (16 − 32 x + 16 x ) dx
1
2
=
1
= 16 x − 16 x 2 + 16 3 
3
x 
0
16 16
= 16 − 16 + 3
= 3
cubic units
2 4 − 2x 2 4 − 2x
4. 0 0 (16 − 8 x − 4 y ) dy dx = 0 16 y − 8 xy − 2 y 2 
0
dx
2
16( 4 − 2 x) − 8 x( 4 − 2 x) − 2( 4 − 2 x)2  dx
= 0  
0 (64 − 32 x − 32 x + 16 x − 32 + 32 x − 8 x 2 ) dx
2
2
=
0 (32 − 32 x + 8 x ) dx
2
2
=
2
= 32 x − 16 x 2 + 83 x 3 
0
64 64
= 64 − 64 + 3
= 3
cubic units
13 1 3− x 13 1 3− x
5.  0 0 (2 − 6 x − 6 y ) dy dx = 0 2 y − 6 xy − 3 y 2 
0
dx
2
( 13 − x) − 6 x( 13 − x) − 3( 13 − x)  dx
13 2
= 0 
0 ( 23 )
13
= − 2x − 2x + 6x2 − 1 + 2 x − 3 x 2 dx
3
 0 (3 x ) dx
13
2 1
= − 2x + 3
13
=  x3 − x 2 + 13 x3 
0
= 1 − 1 + 1 = 1 cubic unit
27 9 9 27
14 1 2− 2x 14 1 2− 2x
6. 0 0 (1 − 4 x − 2 y ) dy dx = 0  y − 4 xy − y 2 
0
dx
0 ( 12 ) ( 12 − 2 x) − ( 12 − 2 x)  dx
= 
14
− 2x − 4x
2
0 ( 12 )
14
= − 2x − 2x + 8x2 − 1 + 2 x − 4 x 2 dx
4
0 ( 4 x ) dx
14
= 2
− 2x + 1
4
14
=  43 x3 − x 2 + 1 
x
4 0
1 1 1 1
= 48
− 16
+ 16
= 48
cubic unit
3 5 5 3
25 − x 2 25 − y 2
0 0  0  0 xy dx dy
5 5
7. xy dy dx = 8. 2
0 0 x dy dx = 2
0 0 x dx dy
2 5
3 5 3 xy  25 − y 2
0 0 xy dy dx = 0  dx 2
5 25 − y 2 5 x2 
2 0
0 0 x dx dy = 2 
0 
2 0
dy
3 25
= 0 2
x dx
=  0 (25 − y ) dy
5
2
3
25 2  5
= x  y3 
4  0 = 25 y − 
 3 0
225
= 250
4 =
3
2 2x y 2 y y 4 2 y
9. 0 x x + y2
2
dy dx =  0  y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy +  2  y 2 x2 + y2
dx dy
2x
y 1 
ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) dx
2 2x 2
0 x x2 + y2
dy dx = 0 2 x
2
1 2 1 2 5 1 5  5
ln (5 x 2 ) − ln ( 2 x 2 ) dx =  ln dx =  ln  x = ln
20 
= ≈ 0.916
2 0 2  2 2  0 2
4 x y 2 4 y 2 4
0 0  0  y2 1 +  0  0 (6 − 2 y) dx dy
y
10. dy dx = dx dy 14. V =
1 + x2 x 2
4
2
 0 [6 x − 2 xy]0 dy
x 4
 =
4 x y 4 y2 3
0 0 1 + x2
dy dx =  0 2(1 + x 2 )  dx
2
0 =  0 (24 − 8 y) dy
2
4 x 1
=  0 2(1 + x 2 ) dx = 24 y − 4 y 2 
0
2
1 2 3 4
x
1 4 = 32
= ln (1 + x 2 )
4 0
6 ( −2 3) x + 4  12 − 2 x − 3 y 
=
1
ln 17
15. V = 0 0 
 4
 dy dx

4
≈ 0.708 6 1 3  (−2 3)x + 4
= 0 
4
12 y − 2 xy − y 2 
2 0
dx
3x
1 3x 1 1  3x  6 1 
 0 0 0
y
 0  6 x
2
11. dy dx =   dx = − 2 x + 6  dx
x2 + 4  x2 + 4  0  5
y = − 23 x + 4
6 4
1 3x 1 
= 0 x2 + 4
dx =  x 3 − x 2 + 6 x
18 0
3
3 = 12
2 x( x 2 + 4)
−1 2 1
=
2  dx
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
−1
1
= 3( x 2 + 4) 
12
  0 2 2− x
16. V =  0  0 (2 − x − y ) dy dx
= 3 ( 5 − 2 cubic units) 2  y2 
2− x
y
= 0 2 y − xy −


2 0
dx 2
y=2− x
3x
4 3x 1 4  y 
12. 0 0 2x2 + 1
dy dx = 0 
 2
 dx
2x + 1 0 =
1
2
 0 2 ( 2 − x)
2
dx 1
4 3x 2
0 ( 2 − x)  =
= dx 1 3 4
= −
x
2
2x + 1 6 0 3
1 2
3 4
4 x( 2 x 2 + 1)
−1 2
=
4  0
dx 2 y
12 4
17. V =  0  0 (4 − x − y) dx dy
3
= ( 2 x 2 + 1)  y y
2   0 2  x2 
3
= 0 4 x −
 2
− xy dy
0
( )
2
= 33 − 1 cubic units
2 2  3y  2
=  0  4 y −  dy
2 
1
2 4 y
0 0
y y=x
13. V = dx dy
2 3 2
 y  x
= 2 y 2 −
4
4  = 4 1 2
2 xy   2 0
= 0 2  0
dy 3
2
1 y
18. V =
 0  0 (1 − xy) dx
2
dy
= 0 2 y dy 1
y y
= y 2 
2 x
1  x2 y 
=  0 x −
1 2 3 4
0  dy
2 0
= 4 1
 y3 
1
=  y −  dy
0
 2 y=x
4 1
y y  2 x
1
=  − 
 2 8 0
3
=
8
 0 (4 − x − y 2 ) dy dx  0  0 (9 − x ) dy dx
1 1 2 x+2
19. V = 4 2
23. V = 2
0
1 2 x+2
1 
= 4 4 y − x 2 y −
y3 
 dx
= 0 9 y − x 2 y
0
dx
0
 3 0
 0 (− x − 2 x 2 + 9 x + 18) dx
2
3
y =
1  1
= 4 2
4 − x − 3  dx
0
  2
= − 14 x 4 − 23 x3 + 9 x2 + 18 x
2
2 0
1  11 
= 4  − x 2  dx = 134
0
 3  −2 2
x 3
1
11x x3  40 y
= 4 −  = y=x+2
 3 3 0 3 −2 4
1 x
0 0
y
20. V = 1 − x 2 dy dx 2
1 1
= 0 x 1 − x 2 dx 1
x
1 2 3 4
32 1
= − 13 (1 − x 2 )  = 1
 0 3
x 2 4 − x2
1 24. V = 0 0 (x + y ) dy dx
2 4 − x2
21. V =
4
0 0
x
x dy dx y
= 0  xy + 1 y2
2 0
dx
=
4
 0 xy]0
x
dx
4
=  0 (x
2
4 − x2 + 2 − 1 x2
2 ) dx
3
2
= − 13 ( 4 − x 2 ) + 2 x − 16 x3  =
32
4 16
= 0 x 2 dx 2
  0 3
1
4
x3 
y
64
=  = x
3 0 3 1 2 3 4
2
y= 4 − x2
3 2x
22. V =  0  0 ( xy) dy dx y 1
6 y = 2x
3 2x
 0  12 xy
2
=  0 dx 5 x
1 2
4
3
= 1

2 0
4 x3 dx 3
2 2 120,000
= 1 x4  3
2
25. P = 0 0 ( 2 + x + y)
3
dy dx
2 0 1
x 2
= 81 2
− 60,000( 2 + x + y )  dx
−2
= 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
0
2  1 1 
= − 60,000   −  dx
 ( 4 + x) (2 + x) 
0 2 2
2
 1 1 
= 60,000  −
4 + x 2 + x  0
= 10,000 people inside the rectangular region
Because the region is 2 miles by 2 miles = 4 square
miles, the average population density is
10,000
= 2500 people per square mile. So, the
4
average is not less than 2000 people per square mile.
0 4 5000 xe y 1 4 2
 − 2 0 8 0 0
26. P = dx dy 28. Average = xy dy dx
1 + 2 x2
1250e y ( 4 x)
2
0 4 1 4 xy 2 
=  − 2 0 1 + 2 x2
dx dy =
8  0 2 0
 dx
0 4
− 2 1250e
y 2 
= ln 1 + 2 x  0 dy 1 4
8 0
= 2 x dx
0
− 2 1250e
y
= ln 33 dy 4
x2 
=  = 2
= 1250 ln 33 e y 
0 8 0
−2
= 1250 ln 33(1 − e − 2 ) 1 2 2 2
29. Average =
4 0  0
( x + y 2 ) dx dy
≈ 3779 people inside the rectangular region
2
1 2  x3 2
4 0  3
Because the region is 2 miles by 4 miles = 8 square =  + xy  dy
miles, the average population density is 0
3779 1 2 8
≈ 473 people per square mile. So, the 2
4 0 3
8 =  + 2 y  dy

average is less than 500 people per square mile. 2
1 8 2 
=  y + y3 
5 3 4 3 3 0
27. Average = 1
15  0  0 y dy dx
8
5 3 =
= 1
15  1 y2 
0 2 0 dx 3
5 1 y
30. Average = 2  0 e x + y dx dy
= 1
30  0 9 dx 0
1 y
= 1
30 [9 x] 50 = 2  e x + y  dy
0 0
3
=
(e 2 y − e y ) dy
1
2 = 2
0
1
= 2  12 e 2 y − e y 
0
1
= e 2 y − 2e y 
0
= e 2 − 2e + 1
= (e − 1) ≈ 2.952
2
1 50
 40 (192 x1 + 576 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1 x2 − 5000) dx1 dx2
50
50  45
31. Average =
50
1 50  x13 

2
= 96 x1 + 576 x1x2 − − 5 x1 x22 − x12 x2 − 5000 x1  dx2
50 45
 3  40
1 50  48,200 
50  45  3
=  + 4860 x2 − 50 x22  dx2

50
1  48,200 x 50 x23 
=  + 2430 x22 − 
50  3 3  45
= $13,400
Review Exercises for Chapter 7 543
1 60
 55 (200 x1 + 580 x2 − x12 − 5 x22 − 2 x1 x2 − 7500) dx1 dx2
65
100  50
32. Average =
65
1 60  x13 
100  50
2
= 100 x1 + 580 x1x2 − − 5 x1x22 − x12 x2 − 7500 x1  dx2
 3  55
1 60  26,750 
100  50  3
=  + 4600 x2 − 50 x22  dx

60
1  26,750 50 3
=  x2 + 2300 x22 − x2
100  3 3  50
= $11,025
1 150 75
(500 − 3 p1 ) p1 + (750 − 2.4 p2 ) p2  dp1 dp2
1250  100  50 
33. Average =
1 150 75
1250  100  50 
= −3 p12 + 500 p1 − 2.4 p22 + 750 p2  dp1 dp2
1 150 75
=
1250  100
− p13 + 250 p12 − 2.4 p1 p22 + 750 p1 p2  dp2
50
1 150
1250  100 
= 484,375 − 60 p22 + 18,750 p2  dp2
1 150
= 484,375 p2 − 20 p23 + 9375 p22
1250  100
= $75,125
34. (a) The value of  R  f ( x, y) dA would represent the total volume of annual snowfall for Erie County, New York.
 R  f ( x, y) dA or 1
(b) The value of  R  f ( x, y ) dA would represent the average annual snowfall for
 R  dA  R  dA
Erie County, New York.
250
1 1 x1.6 
(100 y 0.4 )
325 250 325
35. Average =
1250  300  200
100 x 0.6 y 0.4 dx dy =
1250  300 
1.6  200
dy
325
128,844.1 325 0.4  y1.4 
=
1250  300
y dy = 103.0753 
 1.4  300
≈ 25,645.24
250
1 325 250 1 325 x1.25 
  
0.25 0.75
36. Average = x y dx dy = y 0.75  dy
1250 300 200 1250 300 1.25  200
325
193.5742 325 0.75 193.5742  y1.75 
≈
1250  300
y dy ≈  
1250 1.75  300
≈ 287.74
Review Exercises for Chapter 7

1. z
2. (− 4, − 3, 5)
(2, −1, 4) 4 z
(−2, −2, 1)
3
(3, 1, 2) 4
−3
−2 1 −2
(− 2, 2, 2)
−4 2 −4
2
1
2 (4, 52, 1)
3
x −2 2
4
y
−2 4
−3 x y
(−1, 3, −3) (1, − 2, − 3)
3. d = (3 − 0)2 + (5 − 2) + (8 − 6)
2 2  3 + 1 − 4 + 0 −1 + ( − 5) 
9. Center =  , , 
 2 2 2 
= 9+9+ 4 = 22
= ( 2, − 2, − 3)
2
1 − ( −4) + (3 − 1) + (7 − 5)
2 2
4. d =
Radius = (2 − 3) + ( − 2 + 4) + ( − 3 + 1)
2 2 2
= 25 + 4 + 4 = 33
= 1+ 4+ 4
 2 + ( −4 ) 6 + 2 4 + 8  = 3
5. Midpoint =  , ,  = ( −1, 4, 6)
 2 2 2  Sphere: ( x − 2) + ( y + 2) + ( z + 3) = 9
2 2 2
 5 + ( −1) 0 + ( −2) 7 + 9
6. Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 2, −1, 8) 3 + 5 4 + 8 0 + 2
10. Center =  , ,
 2 2 2  
 2 2 2 
= ( 4, 6, 1)
(x − 0) + ( y − 1) + ( z − 9) = 7 2
2 2 2
7.
(4 − 3) + (6 − 4) + (1 − 0)
2 2 2
x 2 + ( y − 1) + ( z − 9) = 49
2 2
Radius =
2
= 1+ 4 +1
(x − 4) +  y − ( −5) + ( z − 3) = 102
2 2
8.
= 6
(x − 4) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 3) = 100
2 2 2
Sphere: ( x − 4) + ( y − 6) + ( z − 1) = 6
2 2 2
11. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8 x + 2 y − 14 z − 15 = 0
( x2 + 8 x + 16) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) + ( z 2 − 14 z + 49) = 15 + 16 + 1 + 49
(x + 4) + ( y + 1) + ( z − 7) = 81
2 2 2
Center: ( − 4, −1, 7)
Radius: 9
12. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4 y − 10 z − 7 = 0 14. Let z = 0.
x 2 + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = 7 + 4 + 25 (x − 1) + ( y + 3) + (0 − 6) = 72
2 2 2
( x − 1) + ( y + 3) = 36
2 2
x 2 + ( y + 2) + ( z − 5) = 36
2 2
z
Center: (0, − 2, 5)
8
Radius: 6 −10
−6
13. Let z = 0.
(x + 2) + ( y − 1) + (0 − 3) = 25
2 2 2 4
y
8 −4
x
−6
( x + 2) + ( y − 1) = 16
2 2
z
15. x + 2 y + 3z = 6
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0.
4
x = 6
To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0.
2y = 6  y = 3
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0.
4 6 y
x −2
3z = 6  z = 2
z
x-intercept: (6, 0, 0) (0, 0, 2)
y-intercept: (0, 3, 0)
(0, 3, 0)
z-intercept: (0, 0, 2) y
x
(6, 0, 0)
16. 4 x − y + 2 z = 8 y2
22. The graph of z = x 2 − is a hyperbolic paraboloid.
To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. 4
4x = 8  x = 2 23. The graph of 3x 2 + 9 y 2 − z 2 = 9 is a hyperboloid of

To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and z = 0. one sheet whose standard equation is
− y = 8  y = −8 x2 y2 x2
+ − = 1.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0 and y = 0. 3 1 9
2z = 8  z = 4 z
5
24. The graph of 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 − 9 z 2 = 0 is an elliptic cone
x-intercept: (2, 0, 0) (0, 0, 4)
4 whose standard equation is
y-intercept: (0, − 8, 0) (0, − 8, 0) 3
2 x2 y2 z2
−9 + − = 0.
z-intercept: (0, 0, 4) y
1 16 1 16 1 9
(2, 0, 0) 1
x 3
25. The graph of z = x 2 + y 2 is the top half of a circular

17. 2 y + z = 4
cone whose standard equation is x 2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0.
Because the coefficient of x is zero, there is no
x-intercept. 26. The graph of −4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 is a hyperboloid of
To find the y-intercept, let z = 0. one sheet whose standard equation is
2y = 4  y = 2 z
y2 z2
5 + − x 2 = 1.
To find the z-intercept, (0, 0, 4) 4 4
let y = 0.
27. f ( x, y ) = xy 2
z = 4 (0, 2, 0)
(a) f ( 2, 3) = 2(3) = 18
2
y-intercept: (0, 2, 0) x 5
3
4
5 y
z-intercept: (0, 0, 4)
(b) f (0, 1) = 0(1) = 0
2
The plane is parallel to the x-axis.

(c) f ( −5, 7) = −5(7) = −245
2
18. 10 x − 2 z = 10
(d) f ( −2, − 4) = −2( −4) = −32
2
To find the x-intercept, let z = 0.
10 x = 10  x = 1
x2
Because the coefficient of y is zero, 28. f ( x, y ) =
y
there is no y-intercept.
To find the z-intercept, let x = 0.
z 62
(a) f (6, 9) = = 4
4
9
− 2 z = 10  z = − 5
82
2
(1, 0, 0)
x-intercept: (1, 0, 0) −2 (b) f (8, 4) = = 16
4
z-intercept: (0, 0, − 5)
2 2 y
x −2
t2
(0, 0, −5)
(c) f (t , 2) =
The plane is parallel to the y-axis. 2
−6
r2
(d) f ( r , r ) = = r, r ≠ 0
y 2
z 2 r
19. The graph of x 2 + + = 1 is an ellipsoid.
16 9
29. The domain of f ( x, y ) = 1 − x 2 − y 2 is the set of all
2
x points inside or on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1. The range is
20. The graph of z = + y 2 is an elliptic paraboloid.
9
[0, 1].
y2 z2
21. The graph of x 2 − − = 1 is a hyperboloid of 30. The domain of f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 − 3 is the set of all
16 9
two sheets. points in the xy-plane. The range is [− 3, ∞).
31. The domain of f ( x, y ) = ye1 x is the set of all points in 35. z = ( xy )

2
the xy-plane such that x ≠ 0. The range is ( −∞, ∞). 1

c = 1: ( xy ) = 1, y = ±
2
x
1
32. The domain of f ( x, y ) = is the set of all points 2
c = 4: ( xy ) = 4, y = ±
2
x+ y
x
except those on the line y = − x. The range is all real
3
c = 9: ( xy ) = 9, y = ±
2
numbers except 0.
x
33. z = 10 − 2 x − 5 y 4
c = 16: ( xy ) = 16, y = ±
2
c = 0: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 0, 2 x + 5 y = 10 x
c = 2: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 2, 2 x + 5 y = 8 5
c = 25: ( xy ) = 25, y = ±
2
x
c = 4: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 4, 2 x + 5 y = 6
The level curves are hyperbolas.
c = 5: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 5, 2 x + 5 y = 5 y c=1
c=4
c = 10: 10 − 2 x − 5 y = 10, 2 x + 5 y = 0 c=9
c = 16
c = 25
The level curves are lines of slope − 52 .
1
y
x
−1 1
−1
3
1 c=0
c=2
x
−3 −2 −1 3 c=4
−1 c=5 36. z = y − x 2
c = 10
c = 0: y − x 2 = 0, y = x 2
c = −1: y − x 2 = −1, y = x 2 − 1
34. z = 36 − x 2 − y 2
c = 1: y − x 2 = 1, y = x 2 + 1
c = 0: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 0, x 2 + y 2 = 36
c = −2: y − x 2 = −2, y = x 2 − 2
2 2 2 2
c = 1: 36 − x − y = 1, x + y = 35
c = 2: y − x 2 = 2, y = x 2 + 2
c = 2: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 2, x 2 + y 2 = 32 The level curves are parabolas.
y
c = 3: 36 − x 2 − y 2 = 3, x 2 + y 2 = 27 5
4 c=2
The level curves are circles. 3 c=1
y c=0
c = −1
c=0 c=2 c = −2
x
4 −4 −3 −2 2 3 4
c=1
c=3 −2
2
−3
x
−3 −1 1 3
−2 37. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.73 y 0.27
−4
(a) f (1100, 900) = 100(1100) (900)

0.73 0.27
≈ 104,199
(b) f (1600, 1000) = 100(1600) (1000)

0.73 0.27
≈ 140,931
38. A( r , t ) = 2000e rt
Number of years, t
Rate, r 5 10 15 20
0.02 $2210.34 $2442.81 $2699.72 $2983.65
0.04 $2442.81 $2983.65 $3644.24 $4451.08
0.06 $2699.72 $3644.24 $4919.21 $6640.23
0.07 $2838.14 $4027.51 $5715.30 $8110.40
39. z = − 0.398 + 0.0029 x − 0.0021 y
(a) z (1000, 400) = − 0.398 + 0.0029(1000) − 0.0021( 400) = $1.662

(b) The x-variable
Explanations will vary. Sample answer: The x-variable has a greater influence on the earnings per share because the
absolute value of its coefficient is larger than the absolute value of the coefficient of the y-term.
P ⋅ r 41. f ( x, y ) = x 2 y + 3 xy + 2 x − 5 y
 
40. M =  12  f x = 2 xy + 3 y + 2
12t
 1 
1−   f y = x 2 + 3x − 5
1 + ( r 12) 
42. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy + xy 2 − 3x 2 y − x + 7 y
 200,000(0.05) 
  f x = 4 y + y 2 − 6 xy − 1
 12 
(a) M = 12(30)
= $1073.64
  f y = 4 x + 2 xy − 3x 2 + 7
1
1−  
1 + (0.05 12) 
z = ( xy + 2 x + 4 y )
2
43.
1073.64 × 360 payments = $386,510.40
∂z
= 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( y + 2)
 200,000(0.06)  ∂x
 
 12  ∂z
(b) M = 12( 20)
= $1432.86 = 2( xy + 2 x + 4 y )( x + 4)
  ∂y
1
1−  
1 + (0.06 12) 
1432.86 × 240 payments = $343,886.40
 200,000(0.065) 
 
 12 
(c) M = 12(15)
= $1089.35
 1 
1−  
1 + (0.065 12) 
$1089.35 × 180 payments = $196,083.00
Choices will vary, as well as explanations.
x3 y 2
44. z =
2x − y
∂z (2 x − y )(3x 2 y 2 ) − ( x3 y 2 )(2) 6 x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y 3 − 2 x3 y 2 4 x3 y 2 − 3x 2 y 3 x 2 y 2 (4 x − 3 y )
= = = =
(2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y)
2 2 2 2
∂x
∂z (2 x − y )(2 x3 y ) − ( x3 y 2 )(−1) 4 x 4 y − 2 x3 y 2 + x3 y 2 4 x 4 y − x3 y 2 x3 y(4 x − y )

= = = =
(2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y) (2 x − y)
2 2 2 2
∂y
45. f ( x, y ) = ln (5 x + 4 y ) 52. z = y 2 − x 2
5 ∂z ∂z
f x ( x, y ) = (a) = − 2 x; (1, 2, 3) = − 2
5x + 4 y ∂x ∂x
4 ∂z ∂z
f y ( x, y ) = (b) = 2 y; (1, 2, 3) = 4
5x + 4 y ∂y ∂y
46. f ( x, y ) = ln 2x + 3y 53. z = 8 − x 2 − y 2
1 2  1 ∂z ∂z
f x ( x, y ) =   = (a) = − 2 x; (1, 1, 6) = − 2
2 2x + 3y  2x + 3 y ∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
1 3  3 (b) = − 2 y; (1, 1, 6) = − 2
f y ( x, y ) =   = ∂y ∂y
2 2x + 3y  2( 2 x + 3 y )
54. z = 100 − x 2 − y 2
47. f ( x, y ) = xe y + ye x
∂z x ∂z
f x = ye x + e y (a) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = 0
∂x 100 − x 2 − y 2 ∂x
f y = xe y + e x
∂z y ∂z 3
(b) = − ; (0, 6, 8) = −
48. f ( x, y ) = x ye 2 −2 y ∂y 100 − x 2 − y 2 ∂y 4
f x ( x, y ) = 2 xye − 2 y
55. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − xy + 2 y 3
f y ( x, y ) = x ( ye
2 −2 y
(− 2)) + e −2 y
(1) f x = 6x − y f y = −x + 6 y2
= x ( − 2 ye
2 −2 y
+ e −2 y
) f xx = 6 f yy = 12 y f xy = f yx = −1
= −x e 2 −2 y
(2 y − 1)
49. w = xyz 2
∂w
= yz 2
∂x
∂w
= xz 2
∂y
∂w
= 2 xyz
∂z
50. w = 3 xy − 5 xz 3 + 2 yz
∂w
= 3 y − 5z3
∂x
∂w
= 3x + 2 z
∂y
∂w
= −15 xz 2 + 2 y
∂z
51. z = 3xy
∂z ∂z
(a) = 3 y; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 9
∂x ∂x
∂z ∂z
(b) = 3x; ( − 2, − 3, 18) = − 6
∂y ∂y
56. f ( x, y ) =
y 59. f ( x, y , z ) = xy + 5 x 2 yz 3 − 3 y 3 z
x − y
f x = y + 10 xyz 3
fx =
(x − y )(0) − ( y )(1)
= −
y f xx = 10 yz 3
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
f xy = 1 + 10 xz 3
fy =
(x − y )(1) − ( y )( −1)
=
x f xz = 30 xyz 2
(x − y)
2
(x − y)
2
f y = x + 5x2 z3 − 9 y 2 z
−3 −2
f xx = − y ( − 2)( x − y ) (1) + ( x − y) (0) f yx = 1 + 10 xz 3
−3
= 2 y( x − y ) f yy = −18 yz
2y f yz = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2
=
(x − y)
3
f z = 15 x 2 yz 2 − 3 y 3
−3 −2
f yy = x( − 2)( x − y ) (−1) + ( x − y) (0) f zx = 30 xyz 2
−3
= 2 x( x − y ) f zy = 15 x 2 z 2 − 9 y 2
2x f zz = 30 x 2 yz
=
(x − y)
3
3 yz
−3 −2 60. f ( x, y , z ) =
f xy = − y ( − 2)( x − y ) (−1) + ( x − y) (−1) x + z
−3 −2
= − 2 y( x − y ) − ( x − y) 3 yz
fx = −
(x + z)
2
−3
= − ( x − y ) 2 y + ( x − y )
6 yz
− ( x + y) f xx =
= (x + z)
3
(x − y)
3
3z
−3 −2 f xy = −
f yx = x( − 2)( x − y ) (1) + ( x − y) (1) (x + z)
2
−3 −2
= − 2 x( x − y ) + ( x − y) 3 y( x − z )
f xz = −
−3
= − ( x − y ) 2 x − ( x − y ) (x + z)
3
−3
= − ( x − y) (x + y) fy =
3z
x + z
− ( x + y)
= 3z
(x − y)
3
f yx = −
( x + z)
2
Note: f yx = f xy f yy = 0
3x
57. f ( x, y ) = 1+ x + y f yz =
(x + z)
2
1 1
fx = fy = 3 xy
2 1+ x + y 2 1+ x + y fz =
(x + z)
2
1
f xx = f yy = f xy = f yx = 3 y( x − z )
4(1 + x + y )
32
f zx = −
(x + z)
3
2 − y2
58. f ( x, y ) = x e 3x
f zy =
( x + z)
2
− y2 − y2
f x = 2 xe f y = −2 x 2 ye
6 xy
f yy = 2 x 2 ( 2 y 2 − 1)e − y
2 2
f xx = 2e − y f zz = −
(x + z)
3
2
f xy = f yx = −4 xye − y
61. C = 15( xy )
13
+ 99 x + 139 y + 2293 63. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2
∂C ∂C The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 2 x and
(a) = 5 x −2 3 y1 3 + 99; At (500, 250), = $99.50.
∂x ∂x
f y ( x, y ) = 4 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
∂C
= 5 x1 3 y −2 3 + 139; Because f xx ( xy ) = 2, f yy ( xy ) = 4, and
∂y
∂C f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) > 0 and
At (500, 250), = $140.00.
∂y 2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy ( x, y ) = 8 > 0.
(b) Downhill skis; this is determined by comparing the
marginal costs for the two models of skis at the So, (0, 0, 0) is a relative minimum.
production level (500, 250).
64. f ( x, y ) = − x 2 − y 2 + 2 x + 4 y
62. R = 15 x1 + 16 x2 −
1 2
x1 −
1 2
x2 −
1
x1 x2 The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = − 2 x + 2
10 10 100
and f y ( x, y ) = − 2 y + 4, are zero at the critical point
∂R 1 1 ∂R
(a) = 15 − x1 − x2 (50, 40) = $4.60 (1, 2). Because f xx ( x, y) = − 2, f yy ( x, y) = − 2, and
∂x1 5 100 ∂x1
∂R 1 1 ∂R f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 2) = − 2 < 0 and
(b) = 16 − x2 − x1 (50, 40) = $7.50
∂x2 5 100 ∂x2 2
f xx (1, 2) f yy (1, 2) −  f xy (1, 2) = 4 > 0. So, (1, 2, 5) is
a relative minimum.
( )
14
65. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 + 1
1 2
( x + y 2 + 1) (2 x) = 2 x2 3 4 and
−3 4
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) =
4 2( x + y + 1)
1 2
( x + y 2 + 1) (2 y) = 2 y2 3 4 , are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
−3 4
f y ( x, y ) = f x ( x, y ) =
4 2( x + y + 1)
− ( x 2 − 2 y 2 − 1) − ( y 2 − 2 x 2 − 1) − 3 xy
Because f xx ( x, y ) = , f yy ( x, y ) = , and f xy ( x, y ) = , it follows that
4( x + y + 1) 4( x + y + 1) 4( x + y 2 + 1)
74 74 7 4
2 2 2 2 2
2 1
f xx (0, 0) = − 2 < 0 and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = > 0. So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
16
66. f ( x, y ) = 1 − ( x + 2) + ( y − 3)
2 2
68. f ( x, y ) = y 2 + xy + 3 y − 2 x + 5
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = −2( x + 2) The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = y − 2
and f y ( x, y ) = 2( y − 3), are zero at the critical point and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y + x + 3, are zero at the critical
( −2, 3). Because f xx ( x, y) = −2, f yy ( x, y) = 2, and point (−7, 2). Because f xx ( x, y) = 0, f yy ( x, y ) = 2,
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx ( −2, 3) > 0 and and f xy ( x, y ) = 1, it follows that f xx ( −7, 2) > 0 and
2
f xx ( −7, 2) f yy ( −7, 2) −  f xy ( −7, 2) = −1 < 0.
2
f xx ( −2, 3) f yy ( −2, 3) −  f xy ( −2, 3) = −4 < 0.
So, ( −2, 3, 1) is a saddle point. So, ( −7, 2, 15) is a saddle point.
67. f ( x, y ) = e x − x + y 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = e x − 1
and f y ( x, y ) = 2 y, are zero at the critical point (0, 0).
Because f xx ( x, y ) = e x , f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and
f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 1 > 0
2
and f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = 2 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 1) is a relative minimum.
69. f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 3 xy + y 2 70. f ( x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 − 3 x − 3 y + 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3x 2 − 3 y The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 − 3

and f y ( x, y ) = −3x + 2 y, are zero at the critical points and f y ( x, y ) = 3 y 2 − 3, are zero at the critical points
(0, 0) and ( 32 , 94 ). Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, (1, 1), (−1, −1), (1, −1), and (−1, 1). Because
f yy ( x, y ) = 2, and f xy ( x, y ) = −3, it follows f xx ( x, y ) = 6 x, f yy ( x, y ) = 6 y, and f xy ( x, y ) = 0,
that f xx (0, 0) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, 1) = 6 > 0,

2
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −9 < 0, f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) −  f xy (1, 1) = 36 > 0,
f xx ( −1, −1) = −6 < 0,
( 94 ) = 9 > 0, and
f xx 32 ,
2
f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) −  f xy ( −1, −1) = 36 > 0,
f ( 32 , 94 ) f ( 23 , 94 ) −  f ( 32 , 94 ) = 9 > 0. So, (0, 0, 0)
2
xx yy 
xy 
f xx (1, −1) = 6 > 0,
is a saddle point and ( 2 , 4 , − 16 ) is a relative minimum.
3 9 27
2
f xx (1, −1) f yy (1, −1) −  f xy (1, −1) = −36 < 0,
f xx ( −1, 1) = −6 < 0, and
2
f xx ( −1, 1) f yy ( −1, 1) −  f xy ( −1, 1) = −36 < 0.
So, (1, 1, − 2) is a relative minimum, ( −1, −1, 6) is
a relative maximum, (1, −1, 2) is a saddle point, and
( −1, 1, 2) is a saddle point.
71. R = − 6 x12 − 10 x2 2 − 2 x1 x2 + 32 x1 + 84 x2
The first partial derivatives of f, Rx1 ( x1 , x2 ) = −12 x1 − 2 x2 + 32 and Rx2 ( x1 , x2 ) = − 20 x2 = 2 x1 + 84, are zero
at the critical point ( 2, 4). Because Rx1 x1 ( 2, 4) = −12, Rx2 x2 ( 2, 4) = − 20, and Rx1 x 2 ( 2, 4) = − 2, it follows that
2
Rx1 x 2 ( 2, 4) = − 2 < 0 and Rx1 x1 ( 2, 4) Rx2 x2 ( 2, 4) − Rxy (1, 2) = 236 > 0.
So, ( 2, 4, 200) is a relative minimum.

Therefore, the company should manufacture 2 racing bikes and 4 mountain bikes for a maximum revenue of $200.
72. P = 10( x1 + x2 ) − C1 − C2
= 10( x1 + x2 ) − (0.03 x12 + 4 x1 + 300) − (0.05 x22 + 7 x2 + 175)
Px = 6 − 0.06 x1 = 0  x1 = 100
1
Px 2 = 3 − 0.1x2 = 0  x2 = 30
By the Second-Partials Test, profit is maximized at x1 = 100 and x2 = 30.
73. F ( x, y, λ ) = 2 xy − λ ( 2 x + y − 12) 74. F ( x, y, λ ) = 4 x + 3 xy + y − λ ( x + 4 y − 29)
Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 y − 2λ = 0  Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 4 + 3 y − λ = 0 
 y = 2x  3 x − 12 y − 15 = 0
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − λ = 0  Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x + 1 − 4λ = 0
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( x + 4 y − 29) = 0
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x + y − 12) = 0
Using Fλ , x + 4 y = 29  3 x + 12 y = 87
Using Fx , − ( 2 x + 2 x − 12) = 0
3x − 12 y = 15  3x − 12 y = 15
− 4 x = −12
6 x = 102
x = 3.
x = 17.
So, x = 3 and y = 6, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum
So, x = 17 and y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a maximum
at (3, 6). The relative maximum is f (3, 6) = 36.
at (17, 3). The relative maximum is f (17, 3) = 224.
75. F ( x, y , λ ) = x 2 + y 2 − λ ( x + y − 4) 77. F ( x, y, z, λ ) = 5 xyz − λ ( x + 3 y + z − 6)

Fx = 5 yz − λ = 0 
Fx ( x, y, λ ) = 2 x − λ = 0  
 x = y Fy = 5 xz − 3λ = 0
Fy ( x, y, λ ) = 2 y − λ = 0 
Fz = 5 xy − λ = 0 
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = −( x + y − 4) = 0, x = y = 2
From Fx and Fz , λ = 5 yz = 5 xy  z = x
Minimum f ( 2, 2) = 8. 5
From Fy , 3λ = 5 xz  λ = 3
xz
So, x = 2, y = 2, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum 5
3
xz = 5 yz  3 y = x
at ( 2, 2). The relative minimum is f ( 2, 2) = 8.
Fλ = − ( x + 3 y + z − 6) = 0
76. F ( x, y, λ ) = 3 x − y − λ ( 2 x − 4 y + 11)
2 2 3x + 6 = 0
Fx ( x, y , λ ) = 6 x − λ = 0  3x = − 6
 y = 6x x = 2
Fy ( x, y , λ ) = − 2 y + 4λ = 0
So,
Fλ ( x, y, λ ) = − ( 2 x − 4 y + 11) = 0
x = 2, y = 2
3
, z = 2, and f ( x, y , z ) has a maximum at
Using Fλ , − 2 x − 4(6 x) + 11 = 0
− 22 x = −11
(2, 23 , 2). The relative maximum is f (2, 23 , 2) = 40
3
.
x = 12 . 78. F ( x, y , z , λ ) = x 2 z + yz − λ ( 2 x + y + z − 5)
So, x = 1
2
and y = 3, and f ( x, y ) has a minimum Fx = 2 xz − 2λ = 0
Fy = z − λ = 0, z = λ
at ( 12 , 3). The relative minimum is f ( 12 , 3) = − 334 .
Fz = x 2 + y − λ = 0
Fλ = −( 2 x + y + z − 5) = 0
Substituting z = λ into Fx yields x = 1. From Fz ,
you have y = λ − 1. Substituting that into Fλ yields
λ = 2. So, x = 1, y = 1, z = 2, and f ( x, y, z ) has
a maximum at (1, 1, 2).
The relative maximum is f (1, 1, 2) = 4.
79. Minimize C = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 subject to the constraint x1 + x2 = 1000.
F ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.25 x12 + 10 x1 + 0.15 x22 + 12 x2 − λ ( x1 + x2 − 1000)
Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.50 x1 + 10 − λ = 0 
 5 x1 − 3x2 = 20
1
Fx ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = 0.30 x2 + 12 − λ = 0
2
Fλ ( x1 , x2 , λ ) = −( x1 + x2 − 1000) = 0, x2 = 1000 − x1
So, x1 = 377.5 and x2 = 622.5, and f ( x1 , x2 ) has a minimum at (377.5, 622.5).
The cost is minimized when 378 units of x1 and 623 units of x2 are ordered.
80. (a) Maximize f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2 subject to the constraint 40 x + 35 y = 110,000.
F ( x, y , λ ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2 − λ ( 40 x + 35 y − 110,000)
Fx = 80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 − 40λ = 0

Fy = 20 x 0.8 y − 0.8 − 35λ = 0
Fλ = − ( 40 x + 35 y − 110,000) = 0
80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 20 x0.8 y − 0.8 4 x0.8 y − 0.8

Using Fx , λ = = 2 x − 0.2 y 0.2 and Fy , λ = = , so
40 35 7
4 x 0.8 y − 0.8
2 x − 0.2 y 0.2 =
7
14 x − 0.2 y 0.2 = 4 x 0.8 y − 0.8
7 y = 2x
2
y = x.
7
 2  
Then using Fx , − 40 x + 35 x  − 110,000 = 0
 7  
40 x + 10 x − 110,000 = 0
50 x = 110,000
x = 2200.
4400  4400 
So, x = 2200 and y = ≈ 628.6 and f ( x, y ) has a maximum at  2200, .
7  7 
 4400 
The maximum production level is f  2200,  ≈ 25,148 units.
 7 
(b) Fx = 80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 − 40λ = 0
0.2
80 x − 0.2 y 0.2 − 0.2  4400 
λ = = 2 x − 0.2 y 0.2 , λ = 2( 2200)   ≈ 1.557
40  7 
(c) 25,148 + (120,000 − 110,000)λ ≈ 25,148 + 10,000(1.557) ≈ 40,718 units
81.  xi = 0 82.  xi = − 2 y
y = 20 x + 8
 yi = 3  yi = 0 3
2
43 43
 xi 2 = 10  xi 2 = 18 (−3, − 1) 1
(1, 1)
(2, 1)
 xi yi = −15  xi yi = 8 −3 −2
−1
1 2 3
x
(0, 0)
(−2, − 1)
4( −15) − (0)(3) − 60 3 5(8) − ( − 2)(0) 20 −2
a = = = − a = =
4(10) − (0)
2
5(18) − ( − 2)
2
40 2 43 −3
1  3  3 1
(− 2)  =
b = 3 −  − (0) = 20 8
4 
b = 0 −
2
   4 5 43  43
3 3 20 8
y = − x + y = x +
2 4 43 43
y
5
4
(−2, 4)
3 y = − 3x + 3
2 4
(−1, 2)
1 (1, −1)
x
−4 − 3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−1
−2 (2, −2)
−3
83. (a) y = − 2.6 x + 630 4 16 − x 2 4 16 − x 2

88. 0 0 2 x dy dx = 0 2 xy]0 dx
(b) Let x = 195.
4
y = − 2.6(195) + 630 = 123 speakers =  0 2x 16 − x 2 dx
(c) Let y = 160 and find x. 32 4


= 2
3 (16 − x2 )  0
160 = − 2.6 x + 630
= 128
− 470 = − 2.6 3
x ≈ $180.77
2 10 − x 2
84. (a) y = 1.405 x + 28.96

89. A = −2  6 dy dx
2 10 − x 2
(b) Let x = 400. =  − 2 [ y] 6 dx
y = 1.405( 400) + 28.96
− 2 (4 − x ) dx
2
2
=
≈ 590.96 thousand women
2
= 4 x − 13 x 3 
1 1+ x 1 1+ x −2
85.  0  0 (4 x − 2 y) dy dx =  0 4 xy − y 2 
0
dx
= 32
1
3
4 x(1 + x) − (1 + x)2  dx
= 0   4 4 x
1
(3x2 + 2 x − 1) dx
90. A = 1  0 dy dx
= 0 4
 1 [ y] 0
4 x
1 = dx
= x3 + x 2 − x
0
4 4
=1 = 1 x
dx
4
x  2
4 = 4 ln x  1
 − 3  0 ( x − y ) dx dy =  − 3  2
3 4 3
2
86. − xy 2  dy
0 = 4 ln 4
 − 3 (8 − 4 y ) dy
3
2
= 6 x+3
3
91. A =  −3  (1 3)x +1 dy dx
 4 
= 8 y − y 3  6 x+3
 3  −3 =  −3 [ y] (1 3)x +1 dx
= ( 24 − 36) − ( −24 + 36)
 −3 ( )
6
= x + 3 − 13 x − 1 dx
= −24
6
=  23 ( x + 3) − 16 x 2 − x
32
2 2y x 2 x 2 2y   −3
87.
1 1 y2
dx dy = 1  dy
2 y 2 1 = 9
2
2  4 y2 1 
= 1  2 −
 2 y 2
 dy
y2  92. A =
2 −x
 −1  x2 − 2 x − 2 dy dx
2  1 −2  2
1
−x
=  2 − y  dy
 2 
=  −1 [ y] x2 − 2 x − 2 dx
 −1 (− x + x + 2) dx
2 2
2
 1 =
= 2 y + 
 2 y 1 2
 1 1 
 1  1 = − x3 + x 2 + 2 x
= 4 +  − 2 +   3 2  −1
 4  2
9
7 =
= 2
4
6 − (1 2) x
 0  0 (3 − ) dy dx (8 − 23 x − 43 y) dy dx
4 2 12
93. V = 1y
2 94. V = 0 0
2 y2  ( )
4 2 12 6− 1 2 x
= 0 3 y −

1 y2 
4 0
dx = 0 8 y − 2 xy −
 3 3 0
dx
 0 ( 16 x )
4 12
=  0 5 dx = 2
− 4 x + 24 dx
= [5 x] 0
4 12
= 18
1 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 24 x
0
= 20 = 96
2 x 2 2 2
 0 [4 y] 0
x
95. V =  0  0 4 dy dx = dx =  0 4x dx = 2 x 2 
0
= 8
 0  x (4 − y ) dy dx  0 (163 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 4 y − 1 y3  − 4 x + 13 x3 dx = 16 1 x4 
2
96. V = =  3 x
dx = 3
x − 2x2 + 12  0
= 4
4 4
4 4 4 4 4 x2 y3  4 64 x 2 64 x3  4096
 0  0 ( xy )
2
97. V = dy dx = 0 0 x 2 y 2 dy dx = 0 3 0
 dx = 0 3
dx =
9 0
 =
9
x 3
3 x 3  y2  3 y2 3 3x 2 x3  27
98. V =  0  0 ( x + y ) dy dx =  0  xy +  dx =
2 0 0 x2 +
2
dx = 0 2
dx =  =
2 0 2
 0  0 (x + 2 xy + y 2 ) dy dx
2 4 2 5
1
0 0 1 2
99. Average = 8
4 xy dy dx 100. Average = 10
2 4 2 5
= 1
8 0 2 xy 2  dx
0
= 1
10 0  x 2 y + xy 2 +

1 y3
3 0
dx
 0 (5 x ) dx
2 2
= 1
8 0 32 x dx = 1
10
2
+ 25 x + 125
3
= 1 16 x 2  2 1 5 x2 25 x 2 125 x
2
8 0 = 10  3
+ 2
+ 3 0
= 8 = 44
3
1 50 40
101. Average =
100  40  30
(150 x1 + 400 x2 − x12 − 5x22 − 2 x1x2 − 3000) dx1 dx2
40
1 50  1 
100  40 
= 75 x12 + 400 x1x2 − x13 − 5 x1 x22 − x12 x2 − 3000 x1  dx2
3  30
1 50  30,500 
100  40  3
=  + 3300 x2 − 50 x22  dx2

50
1  30,500 50 3 
=  x2 + 1650 x22 − x2
100  3 3  40
= $5700
 437.5  525 (200 x1 − )

375 375
1 2 x2 + 250 x2 − 13 x22 dx2 dx1
102. Average = 1250 5 1
375 375
= 1
1250  437.5 200 x1x2 − 52 x12 x2 + 125 x22 − 19 x23 
525
dx1
 437.5 (− 30,000 x1 + 60 x1 − 6,656,250) dx1

375
= 1 2
1250
375
= 1
1250
−15,000 x12 + 20 x13 − 6,656,250 x1 
437.5
= $446,093.75
1 1
200 100 (100 x y ) dx dy 200 100 (100 x y ) dx dy
250 175 250 175
0.65 0.35 0.85 0.15
103. Average = 104. Average =
3750 3750
175 175
1 250  100 1.65 0.35  1 250  100 1.85 0.15 
=
3750 200 1.65 x y 
  100
dy =
3750 200 1.85 x y 
  100
dy
1 1
200 (183,534.02 y ) dy 200 (491,954.69 y ) dy
250 250
0.35 0.15
= =
3750 3750
250 250
1 183,534.02 1.35  1  491,954.69 1.15 
≈ y  ≈ y 
3750  1.35  200 3750  1.15  200
≈ 16,282 units ≈ 14,777 units
Chapter 7 Test Yourself

z (− 4, 0, 2)
z
1. (a) 2. (a)
3 (− 2, 2, 3)
3
2
−4 2
−3 −3
−2 1
−2 1 −2
(1, −3, 0) −1
−1 −1
(3, −1, 0) 1 1 1
1 −1
−1 2 2
2 2 x
y 3
3 y
−2
4 −2
x
−3
−3
(3 − 1) + ( −1 + 3) + (0 − 0) (−4 + 2) + (0 − 2) + ( 2 − 3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
(b) d = (b) d =
= 4+ 4+0 = 2 2 = 4+ 4+1 = 3
 1 + 3 −3 − 1 0 + 0   −2 − 4 2 + 0 3 + 2   5
(c) Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 2, − 2, 0) (c) Midpoint =  , ,  =  −3, 1, 
 2 2 2   2 2 2   2
z
3. (a)
6
(3, −7, 2)
4
−6
−4 2 −4
−2 −2
2 2
4 −2 4
6 6
8 8
x 10
−6 12
y
(5, 11, −6)
(5 − 3) + (11 + 7) + ( −6 − 2) =
2 2 2
(b) d = 4 + 324 + 64 = 14 2
 3 + 5 −7 + 11 2 − 6 
(c) Midpoint =  , ,  = ( 4, 2, − 2)
 2 2 2 
4. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 20 x + 10 y − 10 z + 125 = 0
( x2 − 20 x + 100) + ( y 2 + 10 y + 25) + ( z 2 − 10 z + 25) = −125 + 100 + 25 + 25
(x − 10) + ( y + 5) + ( z − 5) = 25
2 2 2
Center: (10, − 5, 5)
Radius: 5
Chapter 7 Test Yourself 557
5. The graph of 4 x 2 + 2 y 2 − z 2 = 16 is a hyperboloid 12. z = 2 x3 + 5 y 2 + 9

of one sheet whose standard equation is ∂z
= 6x2
x2 y2 z2 ∂x
+ − = 1.
4 8 16 ∂z
= 10 y
∂y
6. The graph of 36 x 2 + 9 y 2 − 4 z 2 = 0 is an elliptic cone
∂2 z
y2 z2 = 12 x
whose standard equation is x + − 2
= 0. ∂x 2
4 9 ∂2 z
= 10
∂y 2
7. The graph of 7 x 2 − y 2 − 49 z = 0 is a hyperbolic
∂2z
x2 y2 = 0
paraboloid whose standard equation is z = − . ∂x∂y
7 49
∂2z
= 0
8. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + xy + 1 ∂x∂y
f (1, 4) = 12 + 1( 4) + 1 = 6
13. w = x 2 y − 3 y 3 − 2 yz 2
f ( − 6, − 2) = ( − 6) + ( − 6)( − 2) + 1 = 49
2
∂w
= 2 xy
∂x
x + 2y ∂w
9. f ( x, y ) = = x2 − 9 y2 − 2z 2
3x − y ∂y
1 + 2( 4) ∂w
f (1, 4) = = −9 = − 4 yz
3(1) − 4 ∂z
f ( − 6, − 2) =
(− 6) + 2(− 2) =
−10
=
5 ∂2w
= 2y
3( − 6) − ( − 2) −16 8 ∂x 2
∂2w
= −18 y
10. f ( x, y ) = 3x + 9 xy − 2
2 2
∂y 2
∂2w
f x ( x, y ) = 6 x + 9 y 2 = −4y
∂z 2
f x (10, −1) = 6(10) + 9( −1) = 69
2
∂2w
= 2x
f y ( x, y ) = 18 xy ∂x∂y
∂2w
f y (10, −1) = 18(10)( −1) = −180 = 0
∂x∂z
∂2w
11. f ( x, y) = x x + y = 2x
∂y∂x
1 −1 2 ∂2w
f x ( x, y ) = x ( x + y ) (1) + x + y (1) = − 4z
 2 ∂y∂z
x
= + x+ y ∂2w
2 x+ y = 0
∂z∂x
10 14 ∂2w
f x (10, −1) = + 10 − 1 = = − 4z
2 10 + ( −1) 3 ∂z∂y
1 −1 2
f y ( x, y ) = x ( x + y ) (1) + x + y (0) 14. f ( x, y ) = 3 x 2 + 4 y 2 − 6 x + 16 y − 4
 2
The first partial derivatives of f, f x ( x, y ) = 6 x − 6
x
=
2 x+ y and f y ( x, y ) = 8 y + 16, are zero at the point (1, − 2).
10 5 Because f xx ( x, y ) = 6, f yy ( x, y ) = 8, and
f y (10, −1) = =
2 10 + ( −1) 3 f xy ( x, y ) = 0, it follows that f xx (1, − 2) > 0 and
2
f xx (1, − 2) f yy (1, − 2) −  f xy (1, − 2) = 48 > 0.
So, (1, − 2, − 23) is a relative minimum.
15. f ( x, y ) = 4 xy − x 4 − y 4
The first partial derivatives of f , f x ( x, y ) = 4 y − 4 x 3 and f y ( x, y ) = 4 x − 4 y 3 , are zero at the points

(0, 0), (1, 1), and (−1, −1).
Moreover, because f xx ( x, y ) = −12 x 2 , f yy ( x, y ) = −12 y 2 , and f xy ( x, y ) = 4, it follows that f xx (0, 0) = 0,
2
f xx (0, 0) f yy (0, 0) −  f xy (0, 0) = −16 < 0, f xx (1, 1) = −12 < 0, f xx (1, 1) f yy (1, 1) −  f xy (1, 1) = 128 > 0,
2
 
2
f xx ( −1, −1) = −12 < 0, and f xx ( −1, −1) f yy ( −1, −1) −  f xy ( −1, −1) = 128 > 0.
So, (0, 0, 0) is a saddle point, (1, 1, 2) is a relative minimum, and ( −1, −1, 2) is a relative minimum.
16. Maximize f ( x, y ) = 60 x 0.7 y 0.3 subject to the constraint 17.  xi = 29

42 x + 144 y = 240,000.  yi = 22
F ( x, y , λ ) = 60 x 0.7 y 0.3 − λ ( 42 x + 144 y − 240,000)
 xi2 = 231
Fx = 42 x −0.3 y 0.3 − 42λ = 0,  xi yi = 160 y
42 x −0.3 y 0.3
λ = , λ = x −0.3 y 0.3 5(160) − ( 29)( 22) 10
42 a = y = 0.52x + 1.4
5( 231) − ( 29)
2 8
(8, 6)
−0.7
Fy = 18 x 0.7
y − 144λ = 0 6
≈ 0.52 4 (1, 2) (6, 4)
Fλ = −42 x − 144 y + 240,000 = 0 1
b = ( 22 − 0.52( 29))
2 (3, 3)
Substituting λ = x −0.3 y 0.3 into F y yields 5 x

2 4 6 8 10
≈ 1.4
18 x 0.7 y −0.7 − 144 x −0.3 y 0.3 = 0  x = 8 y.
y = 0.52 x + 1.4
From Fλ , you can obtain y = 500. So, x = 4000.
To maximize production, the company should use
4000 units of labor and 500 units of capital. The
maximum production level is
60( 4000) (500)
0.7 0.3
≈ 128,613 units.
 0  x (30 x y − 1) dy dx =
1 1 1 1
 0 15 x y − y dx
2 2 2
18.
x
=  0 (15 x
1
2
(
− 1) − 15 x 2 ( x) − x  dx
2
 )
 0 (−15 x + 15 x 2 + x − 1) dx
1
4
=
1
 x  3
= −3 x5 + 5 x3 + − x =
 2 0 2
2y
e −1 2y 1 e −1  x  e −1 2y e −1
19. 0 0 y2 + 1
dx dy = 0  2  dy =
 y + 1 0
0 2
y +1
dy = ln y 2 + 1 
0
= ln e = 1
2
 3 
3 − ( x − 2 x + 3) dx = (− x2 + 2 x) dx = − x3 + x2  = 43 square units
2 3 2 2
 0  x2 − 2 x + 3 0  
0
2
20. dy dx =
 0
4 3 4 4 4
 0 [8 y − 2 xy]0
3
21. V =  0  0 (8 − 2 x) dy dx = dx =  0 (24 − 6 x) dx = 24 x − 3 x 2  = 48
0
3
1  2 y2   2 9  3 9 
1
0
1
 x y + 2  dx  0  3x + 2  dx x + 2 x 0 11
 0  0 (x + y ) dy dx
1 3
2
22. Average =  0
= = = =
area 3 3 3 6

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C H A P T E R 7

Functions of Several Variables

Section 7.1 The Three-Dimensional Coordinate System .....................................464

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space ................................................................................471

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables ..........................................................477

Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives ..............................................................................484

Section 7.5 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables ...........................................496

Quiz Yourself .............................................................................................................507

Section 7.6 Lagrange Multipliers ..........................................................................511

Section 7.7 Least Squares Regression Analysis ...................................................525

Section 7.8 Double Integrals and Area in the Plane .............................................529

Section 7.9 Applications of Double Integrals .......................................................537

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................543

Test Yourself .............................................................................................................556

3. ( −1, − 2), (3, 2)

1. z 12. (8, − 2, 2), (8, − 2, 4)

( x, y, z ) = ( 2, 2, −1) Because d ( AB ) = d ( AC ), the triangle is isosceles.

Then you have The triangle is not a right triangle because

The triangle is not a right triangle because

The triangle is neither right nor isosceles.

The radius is the distance between the center and either  2  2 2

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. 4

To find the xy-trace, let z = 0. To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 4

To find the yz-trace, let x = 0. 4

(b) To find the trace, let y = 12. z

Section 7.2 Surfaces in Space

y-intercept: (0, 3) y-intercept: (0, − 2)

To find the x-intercept, let y = 0 and z = 0. Because the coefficients 10

4 x = 12  x = 3 of x and y are zero, the only 6

To find the y-intercept, 0+ y = 6

To find the x-intercept, 4

The plane is parallel to the y-axis.

12. 5 y − 3 z = 15 17. For the first plane, x + 3 y + z = 7, a1 = 1, b1 = 3,

a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = (1)(1) + (3)(0) + (1)( −5)

24. 15 x 2 − 4 y 2 + 15 z 2 = −4 is a hyperboloid of two 26. y 2 = 4 x 2 + 9 z 2 is an elliptic cone.

(a) Trace in xy-plane ( z = 0): 0 = x2 − y 2

(c) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z = x2 Parabola

(b) Trace in plane y = 1: x2 + z 2 = 1 Circle

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y = z2 Parabola

(b) Trace in xz-plane ( y = 0): z 2 − x2 = 1 Hyperbola

(c) Trace in yz-plane ( x = 0): y2 + z2 = 1 Circle

51. − 0.31x + 0.069 y + z = 6

The approximated values of z are very close to the actual values.

Section 7.3 Functions of Several Variables

(f ) f (5, t ) = 2(5) − t + 3 = 13 − t (e) f ( x, ln 6) = xeln 6 = 6 x

(a) A(500, 0.10, 5) = 500e(0.10)(5) = 500e0.5 ≈ 824.36

(b) A(1500, 0.12, 20) = 1500e(0.12)(20) = 1500e2.4 ≈ 16,534.76

(a) f ( x + Δx, y ) = ( x + Δx) − 2 y = x 2 + 2 x Δx + ( Δx) − 2 y

(a) f ( x + Δx, y ) = 3( x + Δx) y + y 2

The contour map consists of curves e1− x

Matches (a). c=1

c = −1 c=0 c=2 c=4

38. f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 4 y 3 39. c = ±1, xy = ±1

The level curves are ellipses and a single point

1 1 x 43. f ( x, y ) = 100 x 0.8 y 0.2

c = −1, ln ( x − y ) = −1, x − y = e−1

51. (a) C, highest pressure 53. z = 0.105 x + 0.339 y + 257

Section 7.4 Partial Derivatives

Skills Warm Up —continued—

(4 x − 1) (10 x ) − 5 x 2 ( 2)( 4 x − 1)( 4) (4 x − 1)10 x − 40 x 2

( x2 − 9) (3)( x + 2) − ( x + 2) ( 2)( x 2 − 9)( 2 x)

3( x + 2) ( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2) (x + 2) 3( x 2 − 9) − 4 x( x + 2) ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 8 x + 27)

f x ( x, y ) = 3e xy ⋅ y = 3 ye xy , f x (1, ln 5) = 3(ln 5)e1⋅ ln 5 = 3 ln 5(ln 5) = 3(ln 5)