Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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C H A P T E R 1 0
Series and Taylor Polynomials
Section 10.1 Sequences
Skills Warm Up
1. lim
1
= 0 6.
n 2 + n − 12
=
( n + 4)( n − 3) = n − 3 ,
x →∞ x3 n 2 − 16 ( n + 4)(n − 4) n − 4
4x2 4 n ≠ −4, n ≠ 4
2. lim 2
= = 4
x →∞ x +1 1
3 1 3n 2 + 1
7. + 3 = , n ≠ 0
x3 − 1 n n n3
3. lim = ∞
x →∞ x2 + 2
1 1 n + 2 + n −1 2n + 1
8. + = = ,
1 n −1 n + 2 (n − 1)(n + 2) (n − 1)(n + 2)
4. lim = 0
x→∞ 5 x −1 n ≥ 2
5.
n2 − 4
=
(n + 2)(n − 2) = n − 2 ,
n 2 + 2n n ( n + 2) n
n ≠ −2, n ≠ 0
1. an = 4n − 3
( )
n
4. an = − 12
a1 = 4(1) − 3 = 1
= ( − 12 )
1
a1 = − 12
a2 = 4( 2) − 3 = 5
= ( − 12 )
2
a3 = 4(3) − 3 = 9 a2 = 1
4
a4 = 4( 4) − 3 = 13
= ( − 12 )
3
a3 = − 18
a5 = 4(5) − 3 = 17
= ( − 12 )
4
a4 = 1
16
2. an = 5n + 2
= ( − 12 )
5
a5 1
= − 32
a1 = 5(1) + 2 = 7
a2 = 5( 2) + 2 = 12 n
5. an =
a3 = 5(3) + 2 = 17 n +1
a4 = 5( 4) + 2 = 22 1 1
a1 = =
1+1 2
a5 = 5(5) + 2 = 27
2 2
a2 = =
n
2+1 3
3. an = 5 3 3
a3 = =
a1 = 51 = 5 3+1 4
a2 = 52 = 25 4 4
a4 = =
a3 = 53 = 125 4+1 5
5 5
a4 = 54 = 625 a5 = =
5+1 6
a5 = 55 = 3125
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 655
656 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
n −1 ( −1)n
6. an = 9. an = 1 +
n2 + 2 n2
1−1 0
a1 =
12 + 2
=
3
= 0
a1 = 1 +
(−1)1 = 1 + ( −1) = 0
12
2 −1 1
a2 = =
22 + 2 6 a2 = 1 +
(−1)2 =1+
1
=
5
3−1 2 22 4 4
a3 = =
32 + 2 11
a3 = 1 +
( −1)3 1
= 1 + − =
8
4 −1 3 1 32 9 9
a4 = 2
= =
4 + 2 18 6
(−1)
4
1 17
5−1 4 a4 = 1 + =1+ =
a5 = = 4 2
16 16
52 + 2 27
(−1)
5
1 24
a5 = = 1 + − =
4n 52 25 25
7. an =
n!
41 4 1 1
a1 = = = 4 10. an = 5 − + 2
n n
1! 1
1 1
42 16 a1 = 5− + 2 = 5
a2 = = = 8 1 1
21 2 1 1 19
a2 = 5− + 2 =
43 64 32 2 2 4
a3 = = =
3! 6 3 1 1 43
a3 = 5− + 2 =
3 3 9
44 256 32
a4 = = = 1 1 77
4! 24 3 a4 = 5− + 2 =
4 4 16
5
4 1024 128 1 1 121
a5 = = = a5 = 5− + 2 =
5! 120 15 5 5 25
3n! 6
8. an = 11. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
( n − 1)! n→∞ n
3 ⋅ 1! 3
a1 = = = 3 n
(1 − 1)! 1 12. This sequence diverges because lim = ∞.
n→∞ 9
3 ⋅ 2! 6
a2 = = = 6
(2 − 1)! 1 13. This sequence converges because
3 ⋅ 3! 18 1
a3 = = = 9 lim 7 − n = 7 − 0 = 7.
(3 − 1)! 2 n→∞ 3
3 ⋅ 4! 72
a4 = = = 12 1
(4 − 1)! 6 14. This sequence converges because lim 5 − n = 5.
n→∞ 4
3 ⋅ 5! 360
a5 = = = 15
(5 − 1)! 24 15. This sequence converges because lim (0.5) = 0.
n
n →∞
1
16. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
n→∞ n3 2
n +1
17. This sequence converges because lim = 1.
n→∞ n
n +1
18. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
n→∞ n2 − 3
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.1 Sequences 657
n n 1 1
lim = lim = = . 33. an = 3n − 2
n→∞ 9n + 8 n→∞ 9n + 8 9 3
34. an = 4n − 1
21. This sequence diverges because
n 2 − 25 5
lim = lim ( n − 5) = ∞. 35. an =
n →∞ n+5 n →∞ n
43. an = 2( −1)
n
27. This sequence converges because
lim
(n − 2)!
= lim
1
= 0. n +1
n→∞ n! n→∞ n( n − 1) 44. an = ( −1) (2n)
= lim ( n + 1) = ∞. 46. an =
n→∞ (n + 1)!
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
658 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
3n
50. Because an = − 14 , the next two terms are 63. An = 2000(11) (1.1) − 1
n
4
a5 = 14 = 7 and a6 = 17 .
4 2 4 (a) A1 = $2200
A2 = $4620
( )
n −1
51. Because an = 3 − 12 , the next two terms are a5 = 3
16 A3 = $7282
3.
and a6 = − 32 A4 = $10,210.20
n −1 A5 = $13,431.22
52. Because an = 5( 2) , the next two terms are a5 = 80
A6 ≈ $16,974.34
and a6 = 160.
(b) A20 ≈ $126,005.00
53. Because an = 2 3 ( ), the next two terms are
n −1
(c) A40 ≈ $973,703.62
a5 = 162 and a6 = 486.
64. An = 100( 201) (1.005) − 1
n
( 23 )
n −1
54. Because an = 9 , the next two terms are (a) A1 = $100.50
16 32 A2 = $201.50
a5 = 9
and a6 = 27
.
A3 ≈ $303.01
1
55. The sequence is geometric because each term is 2
times A4 ≈ $405.03
()
n −1
the previous term. So, an = 20 1 . A5 ≈ $507.55
2
A6 ≈ $610.59
56. The sequence is arithmetic because the common (b) A60 ≈ $7011.89
difference is 8. So, an = 108 − 8n.
(c) A240 ≈ $46,435.11
57. The sequence is arithmetic because the common
65. (a) an = 2.2n + 390, n = 0 corresponds to 2010
difference is 23. So, an = 2 + 23 n.
(b) 410
( )
n −1
times the previous term. So, an = 378 − 13 .
3n + 1 0 5
59. One example is an = . 380
4n
The data fits the model well.
1 (c) a10 = 2.2(10) + 390 = 412 parts per million
60. One example is an = 100 − .
n
n n 66. The graph of (i) represents a sequence with alternating
r 0.06
= 9000(1.005)
n
61. An = P 1 + = 9000 1 + signs because the plotted points alternate above and
12 12 below the n-axis as n increases.
A1 = $9045.00 A6 ≈ $9273.40
A2 ≈ $9090.23 A7 ≈ $9319.76 67. (a) an = 41.9n + 520, n = 0 corresponds to 2010
A4 ≈ $9181.35 A9 ≈ $9413.20
A5 ≈ $9227.26 A10 ≈ $9460.26
A1 = $5400.00 A6 ≈ $7934.37
The data fits the model well.
A2 = $5832.00 A7 ≈ $8569.12
(c) a8 = 41.9(8) + 520 ≈ 855 stores
A3 = $6298.56 A8 ≈ $9254.65
A4 ≈ $6802.44 A9 ≈ $9995.02
A5 ≈ $7346.64 A10 ≈ $10,794.62
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.1 Sequences 659
0 15
0
(b) a20 = 0.00217( 20) − 0.02849( 20) + 0.16752( 20) + 3.01924 ≈ $12.33 per pound.
3 2
0 15
8
( 23 )
n
70. an = 0.048n 2 + 0.26n + 5.5, n = 0 corresponds 71. (a) hn = 12
to 2000
(a) a 0 = $5.5 trillion (b) h1 = 12( 23 ) = 8 ft
a1 = $6.24 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 16
2
h2 3
≈ 5.3 ft
a 2 = $7.94 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 32
3
a3 = $10.6 trillion h3 9
≈ 3.6 ft
a 4 = $14.22 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 27
4
64
h4 ≈ 2.4 ft
a5 = $18.8 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 128
5
a 6 = $24.34 trillion h5 81
≈ 1.6 ft
a 7 = $30.84 trillion
= 12( 23 ) = 256
6
h6 243
≈ 1.1 ft
a8 = $38.3 trillion
a9 = $46.72 trillion (c) This sequence converges because
( 23 )
n
a10 = $56.1 trillion lim 12 = 0.
n→∞
a11 = $66.44 trillion
a12 = $77.74 trillion 72. (a) A1 = 4.5 − 0.2(4.5) = 4.5(0.8)
a13 = $90.0 trillion A2 = A1 − 0.2 A1 = 0.8 A1 = 4.5(0.8)
2
(b) an
An = 4.5(0.8)
110 n
100
(in trillions of dollars)
90
80
(b) A1 = $3.6 billion
Federal debt
70
A2 = $2.88 billion
60
50
40
30 A3 = $2.304 billion
20
10
n
A4 = $1.8432 billion
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
660 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
n −1
73. (a) an = 36,000(1.05)
n
1
74. an = 1 +
4 −1 n
(b) a4 = 36,000(1.05) = $41,674.50
a1 = 2
or a10 ≈ 2.593742460
Year 1: $36,000 a100 ≈ 2.704813829
Year 2: (36,000)(1.05) = $37,800 a1000 ≈ 2.716923932
a10,000 ≈ 2.718145927
Year 3: (37,800)(1.05) = $39,690
Note: e ≈ 2.718281828
Year 4: (39,690)(1.05) = $41,674.50
(c) This sequence diverges because 75. Answers will vary.
n −1
lim 36,000(1.05) = ∞.
n →∞
Skills Warm Up
1 1
1. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 77 5
2 3 4 5 60 31
1 −
2 2 31
2. 1 + 3
+ 4 + 5
= 73 6. = 64 =
4 6 8 24 1 1 32
1−
2 2
5
1 31
1− 3n 3
2 32 31 7. lim =
3. = = n→∞ 4n + 1 4
1 1 16
1−
2 2
5n
8. lim = 0
n→∞ n2 + 4
1
4
31 − 80
3 n! 1
4. = 27 = 40 9. lim = =1
1 2 9
n →∞ n! − 3 1
1−
3 3
2n! + 1 2 1
10. lim = =
1
3 n →∞ 4n! − 1 4 2
21 − 63
4 32 = 21
5. =
1 3 8
1−
4 4
( 13 ) + 2( 13 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 ) ( 13 )
2 3 4 5 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
2. 3
+ 9
+ 27
+ 81
+ 243
+ 729
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
6
2( 13 )
n
=
n =1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. + + + + + + = + + + + + +
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 2(1) − 1 2( 2) − 1 2(3) − 1 2( 4) − 1 2(5) − 1 2(6) − 1 2(7) − 1
7
1
= 2n − 1
n =1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.2 Series and Convergence 661
∞
of partial sums {Sn} diverges.
1
5. n2
n =1 ∞
S1 = 1
10. 5
4
= 5
4
+ 5
4
+ 5
4
+ 5
4
+
n =1
1 5
S2 = 1 + 4
= 4
= 1.25 This series diverges because Sn = n and the sequence
S3 = 1 + 1
4
+ 1
9
= 49
36
≈ 1.361 of partial sums {Sn} diverges.
1 1 1 205
S4 = 1 + + + = ≈ 1.424
4 9 16 144 11. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a
1 1 1 1 5269
S5 = 1 + 4
+ 9
+ 16
+ 25
= 3600
≈ 1.464 Geometric Series because r = 5
> 1.
2
∞
7 12. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a
6. 4 n −1 Geometric Series because r = 4
n =1
3
> 1.
S1 = 7
7 35
13. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a
S2 = 7 + = = 8.75
4 4 Geometric Series because r = 1.055 > 1.
7 7 146 73
S3 = 7 + 4
+ 16
= 16
= 8
= 9.125
14. This series diverges by the Test for Convergence of a
7 7 7 595
S4 = 7 + + + = ≈ 9.297
4 16 64 64 Geometric Series because r = −1.03 > 1.
7 7 7 7 2387
S5 = 7 + 4
+ 16
+ 64
+ 256
= 256
≈ 9.324
15. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
n +1 n
∞
(−1) lim = 1 ≠ 0.
7. n!
n→∞ n + 1
n =1
16. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
S1 = 1
n 1
S2 = 1 − 1 = 1 = 0.5 lim = ≠ 0.
2 2 n → ∞ 2n + 3 2
S3 = 1 − 1 + 1 = 4 = 2 ≈ 0.6667
2 6 6 3 17. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
S4 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 = 15 = 5 = 0.625
2 6 24 24 8 n2 + 5
lim 2 = 1 ≠ 0.
1 1 1 1 76 19 n →∞ n + 3n + 1
S5 = 1 − 2
+ 6
− 24
+ 120
= 120
= 30
≈ 0.6333
∞
18. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
3n
(−1)
n +1
8. n
2n −1 lim = 1 ≠ 0.
n =1 n→∞ 2
n +1
S1 = 3
∞ ∞
8 1 1
S2 = 3 − 9
2
= − 32 = −1.5 19. Using Property 1, 5n = 8
5n
= 8 = 2.
4
n =1 n =1
S3 = 3 − 9 + 27 = 21 = 5.25
2 4 4
∞ ∞
9 27 81 = − 39 7 1 1 7
S4 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8 8
= −4.875 20. Using Property 1, 6n = 7
6n
= 7 = .
5 5
9 27 81 243 165 n =1 n =1
S5 = 3 − 2
+ 4
− 8
+ 16
= 16
= 10.3125
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 9
21. Using Property 2, 5n + =
6n
5n + 6n = +
4 5
=
20
.
n =1 n =1 n =1
∞ ∞ ∞
15 3 1 1 1 1 3 9
22. Using Properties 1 and 2, 6n − n
5
= 15 n − 3 n = 15 − 3 = 3 −
6 5 5 4 4
= .
4
n =1 n =1 n =1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
662 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
1 2
23. Because a = 3 and r = , you have 26. Because a = 2 and r = , you have
8 3
31 − (1 8) 2 1 − ( − 2 3) 2 1 − ( − 2 3)
n +1 n +1 n +1
Sn = Sn = =
1 − (1 8) 1 − ( − 2 3) 53
31 − (1 8) 6
n +1 n +1
2
= = 1 − − .
78 5 3
6
10
3 1
n
2
= 8 − . S9 = 1 − − ≈ 1.179
7 8 5 3
6
13
3 1
4 2
S 4 = 8 − ≈ 3.428 S12 = 1 − − ≈ 1.206
7 8 5 3
6 2
19
3 1
6
S6 = 8 − ≈ 3.429 S18 = 1 − − ≈ 1.201
7 8 5 3
3 1
10
S10 = 8 − ≈ 3.429 1
27. Because a = 7 and r = , you have
7 8 3
7 21
S = = .
3 1 − (1 3) 2
24. Because a = 6 and r = , you have
4
1
6 1 − (3 4)
n +1
28. Because a = 5 and r = , you have
Sn = 4
1 − ( 3 4) 5 20
S = = .
6 1 − (3 4)
n +1
1 − (1 4) 3
=
14 3
29. Because a = 5 and r = , you have
= 24 1 − (3 4) .
n +1
8
5
S = = 8.
S3 = 241 − (3 4) ≈ 16.406
4
1 − (3 8)
S8 = 241 − (3 4) ≈ 22.198
9
4
30. Because a = 6 and r = , you have
5
S30 = 241 − (3 4) ≈ 23.997
31
6
S = = 30.
1 − ( 4 5)
1
25. Because a = 5 and r = − , you have
2 ∞ ∞ n ∞ n
1 1 1 1
51 − ( −1 2)
n +1
51 − ( −1 2)
n +1 31. 2n − =
3n
2 − 3
Sn = = n=0 n=0 n=0
1 − ( −1 2) 32 1 1
= −
1 − (1 2) 1 − (1 3)
10
n +1
1
= 1 − − . 3 1
3 2 = 2− =
2 2
10 1
6
S5 = 1 − − ≈ 3.281 ∞ ∞ n ∞ n
1 1 1 1
3 2 32. 3n + =
4n
3 + 4
n=0 n=0 n=0
10 1
8
S7 = 1 − − ≈ 3.320 1 1
3 = +
2 1 − (1 3) 1 − (1 4)
10 1
11
3 4 17
S10 = 1 − − ≈ 3.335 = + =
3 2 2 3 6
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.2 Series and Convergence 663
10 40
= + 10 = 43. This series converges by the Test for Convergence of
3 3
∞ ∞ n
8 1
∞ ∞ ∞
a Geometric Series because 5n
= 8 5 and
(0.4) − (0.8) = (0.4) (0.8)
n n n n n=0 n=0
34. −
n=0 n=0 n=0 1
r = < 1.
1 1 5
= −
1 − 0.4 1 − 0.8
5 10 44. This series converges by the Test for Convergence of a
= −5 = − Geometric Series because
3 3
∞ ∞ n
4 1 1
35. The infinite series 2n
= 4 and r =
2 2
< 1.
n=0 n=0
∞
4
9
= 4
9
+ 4
9
+ 4
9
+ 4
9
+
45. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
n =1
∞
0.21 0.21 7
0.21(0.01)
n
39. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because 50. 0.21 = = = =
n=0 1 − 0.01 0.99 33
n +1 1
lim = ≠ 0.
n→∞ 2n − 1 2 60 n
0.09
40. This series diverges by the nth-Term Test because
51. (a) A = 1001 + 12
n =1
n
4n − 7 4 60
0.09
lim
n → ∞ 3n + 1
=
3
≠ 0. = −100 + 1 +
12
n=0
41. This series converges by the Test for Convergence of 100(1 − 1.007561 )
∞ ∞ n (b) A = −100 + ≈ $7598.98
1 1 1 − 1.0075
a Geometric Series because 6n
= 1 6 and
n=0 n=0 n
72
0.015
r =
1
< 1.
52. (a) A = 1501 + 12
6 n =1
72 n
0.015
= −150 + 1501 + 12
n=0
150(1 − 1.0012571 )
(b) A = −150 + ≈ $10,979.62
1 − 1.00125
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
664 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
r
N +1
n n
P 1 − 1 +
N
r N
r 12
53. A = P1 + 12 = −P + P1 +
= −P +
12 r
n =1 n=0 1 − 1 +
12
12 r r
N +1 N +1
12 12
= −P − P 1 − 1 + = P −1 − + 1 +
r 12 r r 12
12 12 r r
N
12 12 r
N
= P −1 + + 1 + 1 + = P − 1 + +
+ 11 +
r r 12 12 r r 12
r
N
12 r
N
12
= P −1 + 1 + 1 + = P 1 + − 1 1 +
12 r 12 r
∞
(n −1) + 1 500
80001 − (0.75) 500(0.60)
n
n −1
60. A = = = $1250 million
8000(0.75) 1 − 0.60
i
56. (a) = n=0
i=0 1 − 0.75
= 32,000(1 − 0.75n ) 61. Vn = 225,000(1 − 0.3) = 225,000(0.7)
n n
V5 = 225,000(0.7) = $37,815.75
5
S9 = 32,0001 − (0.75)
9
≈ 25,597 units
62. Vn = 225,000(1 − 0.25) = 225,000(0.75)
n n
∞
8000
8000(0.75)
i
V5 = 225,000(0.75) ≈ $53,393.55
5
(b) = = 32,000 units
i =1 1 − 0.75
63. T0 = 40,000
57. D1 = 16
D2 = 0.81(16) + 0.81(16) = 32(0.81) T1 = 40,000(1 + 0.04)
T2 = 40,000(1 + 0.04)
2
D3 = 32(0.81)
2
Tn = 40,000(1 + 0.04)
∞ n
32(0.81)
n
D = −16 +
40,000(1 − 1.0440 )
n=0
39
40,000(1 + 0.04)
n
32 =
= −16 + 1 − 1.04
1 − 0.81 n=0
32 ≈ $3,801,020.63
= −16 +
0.19
2896
= ≈ 152.42 feet
19
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.2 Series and Convergence 665
64. T0 = 0.01
T1 = 2(0.01) = 0.02
T2 = 4(0.01) = 0.04
Tn = (0.01)( 2n )
28 0.01(1 − 229 )
(a) After 29 days: (0.01)(2n ) =
1−2
≈ $5,368,709.11
n=0
29 0.01(1 − 230 )
(b) After 30 days: (0.01)(2n ) =
1−2
≈ $10,739,418.23
n=0
30 0.01(1 − 231 )
(c) After 31 days: (0.01)(2n ) =
1−2
≈ $21,474,836.47
n=0
∞ n ∞ n
1 1 1
65. 2 = −1 + 2 = −1 +
1
=1
n =1 n=0 1−
2
∞
n( 12 ) ( 14 ) + 3( 81 ) + 4(161 ) + 5( 321 ) + 6( 641 ) +
n
66. = 1 + 2
2
n =1
1 1 3 1 5 3
= 2
+ 2
+ 8
+ 4
+ 32
+ 32
+
= 2
n 10
1 1
67. P( n) =
70. (a) 880 = (10)(880) = $8800
2 2 i =1
2 168
1 1 1
P ( 2) = =
2 2 8
(b) 880 = (168)(880) = $147,840
i =1
n
1 2 ∞
68. P( n) =
2n3 ( 15 )
n
72. = 115
≈ 1.7969
3 3 64
n =1
2
1 2 4
P( 2) = = ∞
3 3 27 1
73. (2n)! ≈ 0.5431
n =1
1 1
∞ n
1 2 3
= = 3 =1 ∞ n
3 3 2 1 4 44
n=0 1−
3 3
74. n 11 =
49
≈ 0.8980
n =1
1
2 miles away: (0.85) 500
2
lim = 0.
n→∞ n
12 miles away: (0.85) 500 ≈ 71.12 ppm
12
76. False. The summation must begin at n = 0.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
666 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
Skills Warm Up
n! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ( n − 1) ⋅ n 1 3n +1 n 3n ⋅ 3 ⋅ n 3n
1. = = 3. ⋅ n = =
( n + 1) 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1)
! n +1 n +1 3 3 ( n + 1)
n n +1
(n + 1)! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1)
2. = = n +1
n! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ( n − 1) ⋅ n
(n + 1)
2
n! 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1) ⋅ ( n + 1) n +1
4. ⋅ = =
(n + 1)! n 2
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ( n − 1) ⋅ n ⋅ ( n + 1) ⋅ n 2 n2
(n + 1)
2
n 2 + 2n + 1 1 5n +1 5n ⋅ 5
5. lim = lim = lim = 1 6. lim n
= lim = lim 5 = 5
n →∞ n2 n →∞ n2 n →∞ 1 n →∞ 5 n →∞ 5n n →∞
5
5 5 + 1 = lim 5n 5
7. lim ÷ = lim n = lim = 1
n→∞ n + 1 n n→∞ 5 n → ∞ 5( n + 1) n→∞ 5
n
( n + 1)3
( n + 1) n +1
n3 3n ( n + 1) 3n ( n + 1) (n + 1) = 1
3 3 3 3
8. lim n + 1 ÷ n = lim 3 3 = lim = lim = lim
n→∞ 3
3
n→∞
3n
n ( ) n → ∞ 3n ⋅ 3n3 n → ∞ 3n3
n → ∞ 3n + 1 n 3 3
∞ ∞
1 1
9. The series 4n
is geometric because a = 1 and 10. The series n8
is not geometric because it is not of
n =1 n =1
1 ∞
r = .
4
the form ar n .
n =1
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1
1. The series n2 is a p-series with p = 2. 6. n3n
is not a p-series. It is not of the form np
.
n =1 n =1 n =1
∞
1 7. The series
2. The series n6 is a p-series with p = 6.
1 1 1 ∞
1 ∞
1
n =1 1+ 4
2
+ 4 + 4
3 4
+ = 4
n
= n1 4
n =1 n =1
n
∞
1 1 ∞ 1
3. The series 1 5 is not a p-series.
= is a p-series with p = .
n =1 n =1 5n 4
1
This series is geometric with r = . 1 1 1 ∞
1
5 8. The series 1 + +
4 16
+
64
+ = 4n
is not a
n=0
∞
1 3 1
4. n3 4
is a p-series with p = .
4
p-series. This series is geometric with r =
4
.
n =1
∞
∞ 1
5. The series
1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + is not a 9. The series n1.03 converges because p = 1.03 > 1.
n =1 nn 2 3 4 n =1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test 667
∞ n
1 1 21. Because an = n 4 , you have
11. The series n1 6
diverges because p =
6
≤ 1.
n =1
an +1 n + 1 4n
lim = lim n +1 ⋅
∞
1 n →∞ an n →∞ 4 n
12. The series nπ
converges because p = π > 1.
n +1 1
n =1
= lim = <1
n →∞ 4n 4
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1 and the series converges.
13. The series n3 n
= 12 13
n n
= n5 6
n =1 n =1 n =1
5 n2
diverges because p = ≤ 1. 22. Because an = , you have
6 8n
(n + 1)
2
∞ ∞ ∞ an + 1 8n
1 1 1 lim = lim ⋅
14. The series = n ⋅ n3 4
= n7 4
n→∞ an n→∞ 8 n +1
n2
n =1 n 4 n3 n =1 n =1
7 n 2 + 2n + 1 1
converges because p = > 1. = lim = <1
4 n→∞ 8n 2 8
and the series converges.
15. The series
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 9n
1+
2
+
3
+
4
+ = n
= n1 2
23. Because an = , you have
n =1 n =1 n5
1
diverges because p = ≤ 1. an +1 9n + 1 n5
2 lim = lim ⋅
(n + 1)
5
n→∞ an n→∞ 9n
∞
1 1 1 1 1
16. The series 1 + + +
4 9 16
+
25
+ = n2 = lim
9n 5
= 9 >1
(n + 1)
n =1 n→∞ 5
lim
an + 1
= lim
7 n +1
⋅
n!
lim
an +1
= lim
( n + 1)3n +1 ⋅ 2n
n→∞ an n→∞ ( n + 1)! 7n n →∞ an n →∞ 2 n +1 n3n
= lim
7
= 0 <1 3( n + 1) 3
= lim = >1
n→∞ n +1 n →∞ 2n 2
and the series converges. and the series diverges.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
668 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
lim
an + 1
= lim
(−1)n +1 2n +1 ⋅ n!
n→∞ an n→∞ (n + 1)! (−1)n 2n an + 1 1 n1 2
34. lim = lim ⋅
(n + 1)
12
n→∞ an n→∞ 1
2
= lim = 0 <1 12
n→∞ n + 1 n
= lim =1
and the series converges. n → ∞ n + 1
2n! ∞
32. Because an = , you have 1 1 1 1 1 2035
n5 37. n3
≈ + +
1 8 27
+
64
=
1728
≈ 1.1777
n =1
an + 1 2( n + 1)! n5
lim = lim ⋅ The error is less than or equal to
( n + 1) 2n!
5
n →∞ an n →∞
1 1 1
= = .
n
= lim ( n + 1)
5
( p − 1) N p −1 (3 − 1)43 −1 32
= ∞ >1
n →∞ n + 1
and the series diverges.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.3 p-Series and the Ratio Test 669
∞
1 1 1 1
38. n4
≈1+
16
+ +
81 256
≈ 1.0788
n =1
∞ ∞ ∞
2 2 2 2 1
41. 4 3
= n 34
= 2 +
23 4
+ 46. n2
= 2 + +
2
n =1 n n =1 n =1
n =1 n5 n =1
5 ∞ ∞
Converges p-series with p = > 1 4 4
2 49. The series n 4
n
= n5 4
converges by the
n =1 n =1
Matches (e). 5
p-Series Test because p = > 1.
∞ ∞ 4
2 2 2
44. 5 2
= n 25
= 2 + 25 +
2
n =1 n n =1 ∞
1 ∞
1
2
50. The series n 3
n
= n4 3
converges by the
n =1 n =1
Diverges p-series with p = < 1
5 4
p-Series Test because p = > 1.
Matches (b). 3
∞ n
∞
2 ∞
2 2 3
45. = = 2 + + 51. The series − 4 converges by the Geometric Series
n =1 n n n =1 n3 2 23 2 n =1
3
3 Test because r = < 1.
Converges p-series with p = > 1 4
2
Matches (f ).
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
670 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
∞ n ∞ ∞ ∞
7 1 1 1 1
52. The series 6 diverges by the Geometric Series 55. Both series n2 − =
n3
n2
− n3
are
n=0 n =1 n =1 n =1
2 2 n 3n 3n
Geometric Series Test because r = − = < 1. because an = = and
3 3 n! (n − 1)!
an +1 3n +1 ( n − 1)! 3
∞ lim = lim ⋅ = lim = 0 < 1.
54. The series ln n diverges by the nth-Term Test n→∞ an n→∞ n! 3n n→∞ n
n=0
because lim ln n = ∞ ≠ 0. ∞ n
5
4
n→∞
57. The series diverges by the Geometric Series
n=0
5
Test because r = > 1.
4
∞
n(0.4) converges by the Ratio Test because an = n(0.4) and
n n
58. The series
n =1
n +1
lim
an +1
= lim
(n + 1)(0.4) = lim
0.4( n + 1)
= 0.4 < 1.
n(0.4)
n
n →∞ an n→∞ n →∞ n
∞
n! n!
59. The series 4 n −1
diverges by the Ratio Test because an =
4n −1
and
n =1
lim
an +1
= lim
(n + 1)!
⋅
4n −1
= lim
n +1
= ∞ > 1.
n
n→∞ an n→∞ 4 n! n→∞ 4
∞ ∞
n n!
60. The series 3n − 2 diverges by the nth-Term Test 64. The series 6n! + 7 diverges by the nth-Term Test
n =1 n =1
n 1 n! 1
because lim = ≠ 0. because lim = ≠ 0.
n → ∞ 3n − 2 3 n→∞ 6n! + 7 6
∞
6n 65. No, although the terms approach zero, the series diverges
61. The series 6n +1 + 1 diverges by the nth-Term Test because the partial sums approach infinity.
n =1
∞ ∞ n ∞ n
2n 1 2 2
63. 5n − 1
= =
5−1 5
5 5 converges by the
n =1 n =1 n =1
2
Geometric Series Test because r = < 1.
5
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 10 Quiz Yourself 671
−1
n
6n
1. an = 5. This sequence converges because lim = 1.
4 n →∞ 6n − 5
1
−1 1 n 1
a1 = = − 6. This sequence converges because lim = .
4 4 n→∞ 2n + 3 2
2
−1 1 2
a2 = = 7. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
4 16 n→∞ (n + 1)!
3
−1 1
a3 = = −
( −1)
n
4 64
8. This sequence diverges because lim does
−1 1
4 n→∞ 2
a4 = = not exist.
4 256
5
−1 1 n −1
a5 = = − 9. Sample answer: an = , starting at n = 1
4
1024 n3
1 1 1 1 119
S5 = 0 + + + + = = 0.9916
a1 = 5( −1) = −5
1
2 3 8 30 120
a2 = 5( −1) = 5
2
n
(−1)
n +1
13.
a3 = 5( −1) = −5
3
4n −1
S1 = 1
a4 = 5( −1) = 5
4
1 1
a5 = 5( −1) = −5
5 S2 = 1 − = = 0.5
2 2
1 3 11
n−2 S3 = 1 − + = = 0.6875
4. an = 2 16 16
n!
1 3 1 5
1− 2 S4 = 1 − + − = = 0.625
a1 = = −1 2 16 16 8
1!
1 3 1 5 165
2−2 S5 = 1 − + − + = = 0.64453125
a2 = = 0 2 16 16 256 256
2!
3−2 1
a3 = =
3! 6
4−2 2 1
a4 = = =
4! 24 12
5−2 3 1
a5 = = =
5! 120 40
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
672 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
n ∞
∞
1 1
14. 7 6 19. The series n 0.01
diverges by the p-Series Test
n=0 n =1
1
1
3
because p = 0.01 = ≤ 1.
n
7 1 − 100
3
1 6 1813
S3 = 7 =
6 1
=
216
≈ 8.361
∞
1 ∞
1
1−
n=0
6 20. The series = converges by the
n =1
3
n 5
n =1 n5 3
1
5
5
n
7 1 − p-Series Test because p = > 1.
5
1 6 65,317 3
S5 = 7 =
6 1
=
7776
≈ 8.399
n=0 1− ∞
n
6 21. The series (n − 1)! converges by the Ratio Test
1
7 n =1
7 1 −
n n
7
1 6 2,351,461 because an = and
S7 = 7 = = ≈ 8.4 ( n − 1)!
6 1 279,936
n=0 1−
6 an + 1 n + 1 ( n − 1)!
lim = lim ⋅
n→∞ an n→∞ n! n
∞ ∞ n
3 1 3 3 15
15. 5n
= 3 =
5 1 − (1 5)
=
4
=
4 = lim
n +1
= 0 < 1.
n=0 n=0 n→∞ n2
5
∞ ∞ n ∞ ∞ n
1 1 1 1 2
16. 3n − =
3n + 1
3 − 3 ⋅ 3n
22. The series n! diverges by the Ratio Test
3
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
∞ n ∞ n n
1 1 1 2
= −
3 3n=0 3
because an = n! and
3
n=0
an +1 2n ⋅ 2 ⋅ ( n + 1)! 3n
1 1 1 lim = lim n
⋅ n
= − =1
n→∞ an n→∞ 3 ⋅3 2 ⋅ n!
1 31 − 1
1− 2( n + 1)
3 3 = lim = ∞.
n→∞ 3
∞
2n 2 − 1
17. The series n2 + 1
diverges by the nth-Term Test 36
0.06
n 36
200(1.005)
n
n =1 23. (a) A = 2001 + =
2
2n − 1 n =1 12 n =1
because lim = 2 ≠ 0.
n →∞ n2 + 1 36 36
200(1.005) 200(1.005)
n n
(b) = − 200 +
n =1 n=0
∞ n
2
18. The series
converges by the Geometric Series 200(1 − 1.00537 )
n=0 7 = − 200 +
1 − 1.005
1
Test because r = < 1. ≈ $7906.56
2
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = x − 1 2. f ( x) = 3x, g ( x) = 2 x + 1
f ( g ( x)) = ( x − 1)
2
f ( g ( x)) = 3( 2 x + 1) = 6 x + 3
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem 673
3. f ( x) = x + 4, g ( x) = x 2 7. f ( x) = 3e 2 x
f ′( x) = 6e 2 x
f ( g ( x) ) = x2 + 4
f ′′( x ) = 12e 2 x
( )
2
g ( f ( x)) = x+4 = x + 4, x ≥ −4 f ′′′( x) = 24e 2 x
f (4) ( x ) = 48e 2 x
4. f ( x) = e x , g ( x) = x 2
f ( g ( x)) = e x
2 8. f ( x) = ln 2 x
2
f ′( x) =
g ( f ( x)) = (e x ) = e2 x
2
x
2
f ′′( x) = −
5. f ( x) = e − 5 x x2
f ′( x) = − 5e − 5 x 4
f ′′′( x) = 3
x
f ′′( x ) = 25e − 5 x
12
f ′′′( x) = −125e − 5 x f (4) ( x) = − 4
x
f (4) ( x) = 625e − 5 x
6n +1 6n 6n +1 n!
9. ÷ = ⋅ n
6. f ( x) = ln x (n + 1)! n! (n + 1)! 6
1 6n + 1 n!
f ′( x) = = ⋅
x 6n ( n + 1)!
1 6 1 6
f ′′( x) = − = ⋅ =
x2 1 n +1 n +1
2
f ′′′( x) = 3
x
10.
n!
÷
(n + 1)! = n! ⋅ (n + 3)!
( 4)
f ( x) = − 4
6 (n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 2)! (n + 1)!
x n! ⋅ ( n + 2)! ⋅ ( n + 3)
=
(n + 2)! ⋅ n! ⋅ ( n + 1)
n +3
=
n +1
∞ n
x
1. The series 4 is centered at 0.
n=0
∞ n 2 3 4
x x x x x
=1+ + + + +
4 4 4 4 4
n=0
(−1) ( x − 6)
∞ n n
2. The series 3n
is centered at 6.
n =1
(−1) ( x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6) (x − 6)
∞ n n 2 3 4 5
3n
= −
3
+
9
−
27
+
81
−
243
+
n =1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
674 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
n +1
(−1) ( x + 8)
∞ n
3. The series n!
is centered at − 8.
n=0
n +1
(−1) ( x + 8) (x + 8) (x + 8) (x + 8)
∞ n 2 3 4
n!
= −1 + ( x + 8) −
2
+
6
−
24
+
n=0
(−1)
n
∞ xn
4. The series (n − 1)! is centered at 0.
n =1
(−1) x n
∞ n
x3 x4 x5
(n − 1)! = − x + x2 −
2
+
6
−
24
+
n =1
n +1
x
an + 1 x n +1 xn +1 6n x
= lim n
6
5. lim = lim ⋅ n + 1 = lim <1 x < 6
n→∞ an x n n→∞
x n→∞ x n
6 n→∞ 6
6
n +1
an +1x n +1
= lim
( x 5) = lim
x
<1 x < 5
6. lim
( x 5)
n
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n →∞ 5
Radius = 5
n +1
an +1x n +1
=
(−1) xn +1 (n + 1) = lim xn < 1 x < 1
7. lim lim
(−1) xn n
n
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n →∞ n + 1
Radius = 1
n+2
an +1x n +1
= lim
(−1) (n + 1) xn +1 = lim (n + 1) x < 1 x < 1
8. lim n +1
n →∞ an x n n →∞
(−1) nxn n →∞ n
Radius = 1
x5n + 5
9. lim
5n + 5
an + 1 x
= lim
( n + 1)! = lim x5 = 0 − ∞ < x < ∞
n→∞ an x5 n n→∞ x5n n→∞ n + 1
n!
Radius = ∞
n +1
an +1x n +1
= lim
(3x) (n + 1)! = lim 3x = 0 −∞ < x < ∞
10. lim
(3x) n!
n n n →∞ n + 1
n →∞ an x n →∞
Radius = ∞
an +1x n +1
= lim
(n + 1)!x n +1 2n +1 = lim (n + 1) x = ∞
11. lim n
n →∞ an x n →∞ n!x n 2n n →∞ 2
This series converges only at x = 0.
Radius = 0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem 675
(−1)n +1 x n +1
an + 1 x n +1
= lim
(n + 2)(n + 3)
12. lim
(−1) x n
n
n→∞ an x n n→∞
(n + 1)(n + 2)
(−1)n +1 x n +1
= lim
(n + 2)(n + 3)
(−1) x n
n→∞ n
(n + 1)(n + 2)
= lim
(−1)n +1 x n +1 ⋅ (n + 1)(n + 2)
n→∞ (n + 2)(n + 3) (−1) x n
n
x n +1
= lim ⋅ <1 x <1
n→∞ 1 n +3
Radius = 1
n+2
an +1x n +1
=
(−1) x n +1 4n +1 = lim x < 1 x < 4
13. lim lim n +1
n →∞ an x n n →∞
(−1) xn 4n n →∞ 4
Radius = 4
n +1 n +1 n +1
an +1 ( x − 4) (−1) (n + 1)!( x − 4) 3n +1 (n + 1)( x − 4)
14. lim = lim = lim = ∞
an ( x − 4) (−1) (n!)( x − 4)
n n n
n →∞ n →∞ 3 n n →∞ 3
n+2 n +1
an + 1 ( x − 5)
n +1
(−1) ( x − 5) ( n + 1)5n +1
15. lim = lim n +1
an ( x − 5) (−1) ( x − 5) n5n
n→∞ n n→∞ n
x −5 n +1 x −5
= lim ⋅ x −5 < 5 <1 x −5 < 5
n→∞ 5 n 5
Radius = 5
n+2
( x − 7)
n+2
an +1 ( x − 7) (n + 2)8n + 2
16. lim n +1
= lim n +1
n→∞ an ( x − 7) n→∞
( x − 7)
( n + 1)8n +1
n+2
= lim
( x − 7) ⋅
( n + 1)8n +1
n→∞ (n + 2)8n + 2 ( x − 7)n +1
= lim
( x − 7) ⋅ n + 1 ⋅ 1 x −7
<1 x −7 < 8
n→∞ 1 n + 2 8 8
Radius = 8
n +1
an +1( x − 1) (−1)n + 2 ( x − 1)n + 2 (n + 2) n +1
17. lim = lim n +1 n +1
= lim (x − 1) = lim x − 1 < 1 x − 1 < 1
an ( x − 1) (−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1)
n
n →∞ n →∞ n →∞ n+ 2 n →∞
Radius = 1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
676 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
an +1( x − 2)
n +1
(−1)n +1( x − 2)n +1 (n + 1)2n +1 ( x − 2)n x − 2
18. lim = lim = lim <1 <1 x −2 < 2
n →∞ an ( x − 2)
n n→∞
(−1)n +1( x − 2)n n2n n→∞ (n + 1)2 2
Radius = 2
n +1
an +1( x − 3) ( x − 3)
n
3n x−3
19. lim = lim n −1
= lim <1 x−3 < 3
an ( x − 3) ( x − 3)
n
n →∞ n →∞ 3n −1 n →∞ 3
Radius = 3
n +1
an +1x n +1
=
(−1) x2n + 3 (2n + 3) = lim x2 (2n + 1) < 1 x2 < 1 x < 1
20. lim lim
(−1) x2n +1 (2n + 1)
n
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n →∞ 2n + 3
Radius = 1
an +1x n +1
= lim
( n + 1)( −2 x) ( n + 2) = lim −2 x(n + 1)
n 2
< 1 −2 x < 1 −
1
< x <
1
21. lim
n →∞ an x n n →∞ n( −2 x)
n −1
( n + 1) n →∞ n( n + 2) 2 2
1
Radius =
2
Radius = 0
x 3n + 4
23. lim
an +1 x3( n + 1) + 1
= lim
(3n + 4)!
n→∞ an x3n + 1 n→∞ x 3n + 1
(3n + 1)!
x3n + 4 (3n + 1)!
= lim ⋅
n→∞ x3n +1 (3n + 4)!
x3 1
= lim ⋅ = 0 −∞ < x < ∞
n→∞ 1 (3n + 4)(3n + 3)(3n + 2)
Radius = ∞
∞ ∞
n!x n xn
24. Note the series can be simplified as follows: 4n!
= 4
.
n=0 n=0
n +1
x
a xn +1 4 x n +1 4 x
lim n + 1 n = lim = lim ⋅ = lim <1
n→∞ an x n→∞ xn n→∞ x n
4 n → ∞ 1
4
Radius = 1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem 677
25. f ( x) = e x f (1) = e
f ′( x) = e x
f ′(1) = e
f ′′( x) = e x f ′′(1) = e
f ( n) ( x ) = e x f (n) (1) = e
= e .
n=0 n!
n +1
lim
( x − 1) (n + 1)! = lim
x −1
= 0 R = ∞
( x − 1) n!
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
1
26. f ( x) = e − x f (1) =
e
1
f ′( x) = − e − x f ′(1) = −
e
1
f ′′( x) = e − x f ′′(1) =
e
1
f ′′′( x) = − e − x f ′′′(1) = −
e
f (n) (1) =
( −1)n
e
= − + −
e e ⋅ 1! e ⋅ 2! e ⋅ 3! e ⋅ n!
1 ∞
(−1)n ( x − 1)
n
=
e
n!
.
n=0
n +1 n +1
lim
(−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1)! = lim
x −1
= 0 R = ∞
(−1) ( x − 1) n!
n n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
678 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
27. f ( x ) = e3 x f ( 0) = 1 29. f ( x) =
1 f ( 0) = 1
x +1
f ′( x) = 3e 3x
f ′(0) = 3
1
f ′′( x) = 9e 3x
f ′′(0) = 9 f ′( x ) = − f ′(0) = −1
( x + 1)
2
f (n) (0) = 3n 6
f ′′′( x ) = − f ′′′(0) = −6
(x + 1)
4
The power series for f is
f ′′(0) x 2
e3 x = f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
f (n) (0) = ( −1) n!
n
2!
= 1 + 3x +
9x2
+
27 x3
++
(3 x ) + n
The power series for f is
2! 3! n! 1 f ′′(0) x 2
= f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
(3 x )
∞ n
x +1 2!
= n!
.
n=0
=1− x +
2x2
−
6 x3
++
(−1) n!x n + n
n +1 2! 3! n!
lim
(3x) (n + 1)! = lim
3x
= 0 R = ∞ = 1 − x + x 2 − x3 +
(3x) n!
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
∞
(−1)
n
= xn.
28. f ( x) = e −4x
f ( 0) = 1 n=0
n +1
f ′( x) = − 4e −4x
f ′(0) = − 4 lim
(−1) xn +1 = lim x < 1 R = 1
(−1) xn
n→∞ n n→∞
f ′′( x) = 16e − 4 x f ′′(0) = 16
f ′′′( x) = − 64e − 4 x f ′′′(0) = − 64
−1 1
30. f ( x) = ( 2 − x) f ( 0) =
2
f (n) (0) = ( −1) 4n
n 1
f ′( x) = ( 2 − x)
−2
f ′(0) =
4
The power series for f is 2
−3
f ′′( x) = 2( 2 − x) f ′′(0) =
f ′′(0) x 2 8
e − 4 x = f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
2! −4 6
f ′′′( x) = 6( 2 − x) f ′′′(0) =
= 1 − 4x +
16 x 2
++
(−1) 4 x + n n n 16
2! n!
( n) n!
∞
(−1)
n
4n x n ∞
(− 4 x)
n
f ( 0) = n + 1
= n!
= n!
. 2
n=0 n=0
The power series for f is
n +1
lim
(− 4 x) (n + 1)! = lim
− 4x
= 0 R = ∞ 1 f ′′(0) x 2
= f (0) + f ′(0) x + +
(− 4 x) n!
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1 2− x 2!
1 1 2x2 6 x3
= + x + + +
2 4 8 ⋅ 2! 16 ⋅ 3!
1 x x2 x3 xn
= + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n +1 +
2 2 2 2 2
∞
xn
= n +1 .
n=0 2
x n +1 2 n + 2 x
lim = lim <1 x < 2 R = 2
n →∞ x n 2 n +1 n →∞ 2
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem 679
31. f ( x) = x f (1) = 1
1 1
f ′( x) = f ′(1) =
2 x 2
1 1
f ′′( x) = − f ′′(1) = −
4x x 4
3 3
f ′′′( x) = f ′′′(1) =
8x2 x 8
15 15
f (4) ( x) = − f ( 4) (1) = −
16 x 3 x 16
n −1 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ( 2n − 3)
The general pattern (for n ≥ 2) is f (n) (1) = ( −1) .
2n
The power series for f ( x ) = x is
f ′′(1)( x − 1)
2
1 1 1
f (1) + f ′(1)( x − 1) + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) +
2 3
+ =1+
2! 2 8 16
n +1
1 ∞
(−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ( 2n − 3)
( x − 1) + (x − 1) .
n
=1+
2 n=2 2n n!
n +1
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ( 2n − 1)( x − 1) 2
n +1
(n
+ 1)! (2n − 1)( x − 1) x − 1 < 1 R = 1
lim = lim
n→∞ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋅ ( 2n − 3)( x − 1)
n
2 n!
n n → ∞ 2( n + 1)
32. f ( x) = x f ( 4) = 2
1 1
f ′( x) = f ′( 4) =
2 x 4
1 1
f ′′( x) = − f ′′( 4) =
4x x 32
3 3
f ′′′( x) = f ′′′( 4) =
8x2 x 256
15 15
f (4) ( x) = − f (4) ( 4) =
16 x 3 x 2048
n1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ( 2n − 3)
The general pattern (for n ≥ 2) is f (n) ( 4) = ( −1) . The power series for f is
23n −1
f ′′( 4)( x − 4) x − 4 ( x − 4) 3( x − 4) 3 ⋅ 5( x − 4)
2 2 3 4
x = f ( 4) + f ′( 4)( x − 4) + + = 2+ − + − +
2! 4 32 ⋅ 2! 256 ⋅ 3! 2048 ⋅ 4!
(−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 (2n − 3)( x − 4)
∞ n n
x − 4
= 2+
4
− 23n −1 n!
.
n=2
∞
xn
33. Because the power series for e x is e x = n!
, it follows that the power series for e5 x is
n=0
(5 x )
2 3 4 ∞ n ∞
25 x 125 x 625 x 5n x n
e5 x = 1 + 5 x +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ = n!
= n!
.
n=0 n=0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
680 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
∞
xn
34. Because the power series for e x is e x = n!
, it follows that the power series for e − 3 x
n=0
( − 3x) (−1)
∞ n ∞ n n n
9x2 27 x3 81x 4 3 x
is e−3 x = 1 − 3x +
2!
−
3!
+
4!
− = n!
= n!
.
n=0 n=0
∞
xn
4
35. Because the power series for e x is e x = , it follows that the power series for e − x
n=0 n!
(− x 4 )
n
x8 x12 x16 ∞ ∞
(−1)n x 4n .
4
is e− x = 1 − x 4 + − + − = =
2! 3! 4! n=0 n! n=0 n!
∞
xn
1 2
36. Because the power series for e x is e x = , it follows that the power series for e x
n=0 n!
( x1 2 )
n
x x x 32 2 ∞ ∞
x(1 2)x
is e x1 2
=1+ x 12
+
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ = n!
= n!
.
n=0 n=0
1 −2
37. = (1 + x)
(1 + x)
2
= 1 + ( − 2) x +
(− 2)(− 3) x 2 +
(− 2)(− 3)(− 4) x3 +
2! 3!
= 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x3 +
∞
(−1) (n + 1) x n
n
=
n=0
1 −4
38. = (1 + x)
(1 + x)
4
= 1 + ( − 4) x +
(− 4)(− 5) x 2 +
(− 4)(− 5)(− 6) x3 +
2! 3!
20 2 120 3
= 1 − 4x + x − x +
2 6
= 1 − 4 x + 10 x 2 − 20 x3 +
(−1) n( n + 1)( n + 2) x
n n
∞
=1+ 6
n =1
1 −1 3
39. 3
= (1 + x)
1+ x
(− 13 )(− 43 ) x 2
(− 13 )(− 43 )(− 73 ) x 3
( )
= 1 + − 13 x +
2!
+
3!
+
x 4x2 28 x3
=1− + − +
3 9 ⋅ 2! 27 ⋅ 3!
∞ (−1)n 1 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 7 (3n − 2) x n
=1+ n
3 ⋅ n!
n =1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem 681
1 + x = (1 + x)
4 14
40.
( 14 )(− 34 ) x 2
( 14 )(− 34 )(− 74 ) x 3
=1+ ( 14 ) x + 2!
+
3!
+
x 3x 2 21x3
=1+ − + +
4 16 ⋅ 2! 64 ⋅ 3!
n +1
1 ∞ (−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ( 4n − 5) x
n
=1+
4
x + n
4 ⋅ n!
n=2
∞
xn 46. Because the power series for ln x is
41. Because the power series for e x is e x = n!
,
n −1
(−1) ( x − 1)
n=0 ∞ n
( 4 x)
n
∞ ∞
4n x n power series for ln x 2 is
is 3 + e4 x = 3 + n!
= 3+ n!
.
n −1
(−1) ( x − 1)
∞ n
n=0 n=0
ln x 2 = 2 ln x = 2 n
.
∞ n n=0
x
42. Because the power series for e x is e x = n!
,
∞
n=0 1
(−1)
n
47. Because the power series for is xn ,
it follows that the power series for 5 − e −4x 1+ x n=0
∞
( − 4 x)
n ∞
(−1)
n n n
4 x 2x
it follows that the power series for is
is 5 − e− 4 x = 5 − n!
= 5− n!
. 1+ x
n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
( 2 x) ( −1) (−1)
n n
∞ n xn = 2 x n + 1.
x
43. Because the power series for e x is e x = n!
, n=0 n=0
n=0
∞
1
(−1)
n
it follows that the power series for e − 6 x + 7 48. Because the power series for = xn ,
1+ x n=0
( − 6 x) ( −1)
∞ n ∞ n n n
6 x 1
is e− 6 x + 7 = e− 6 xe7 = e7 n!
= e7 n!
. it follows that the power series for
1 + x2
n=0 n =0
∞ ∞
1
is f ( x 2 ) = (−1) ( x 2 )
n
(−1)
n n
∞ = = x2n .
xn 1 + x2
44. Because the power series for e x is e x = n!
, n=0 n=0
n=0
3x
Then the power series for is
it follows that the power series for e − 6 x + 7 1 + x2
(5 x )
∞ n ∞ ∞
5n x n 3x f ( x 2 ) = 3x ( −1) x 2 n
n
is e5 x + 0.5 = e5 x e0.5 = e0.5 n!
= e0.5 n!
.
n=0
n=0 n=0
∞
(−1) (3x)x 2n
n
45. Because the power series for ln x is =
n=0
n −1 ∞
(−1) ( x − 1)
∞ n
(−1) 3x2n +1.
n
ln x = n
, it follows that the =
n=0
n=0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
682 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
∞ n ∞
x xn
49. (a) f ( x) = 3 = 3n
n=0 n=0
n +1
lim
( x 3)
x
<1 x < 3
( x 3)
n
n →∞ 3
R = 3
∞
nx n −1
(b) f ′( x) = 3n
n =1
lim
(n + 1) x n 3n +1
= lim
n+1
x = lim
n +1 x
⋅
x
<1 x < 3
n →∞ nx n −1 3n n →∞ 3n n →∞ n 3 3
R = 3
∞ n( n − 1) x n − 2
(c) f ′′( x) = 3n
n=2
lim
(n + 1)nx n −1 3n +1 = lim
n +1 x
⋅
x
<1 x < 3
n →∞ n( n − 1) x n − 2 3n n →∞ n −1 3 3
R = 3
∞
x n +1
(d) f ( x) dx = +C
n = 0 ( n + 1)3
n
x n + 2 ( n + 2)3n +1 n +1 x x
lim = lim ⋅ <1 x < 3
n →∞ x n +1
(n + 1)3 n n →∞ n + 2 3 3
R = 3
∞
xn
50. (a) f ( x) = n7 n
n =1
lim
x n +1
(n + 1)7 n +1
= lim
nx
= lim
n
⋅
x
=
x
<1 x < 7
n →∞ x n7n n n →∞ 7( n + 1) n →∞ n +1 7 7
R = 7
∞
x n −1
(b) f ′( x) = 7n
n =1
x 7 n +1
n
x
lim <1 x < 7
n→∞ x n −1 7 n 7
R = 7
∞
(n − 1) x n − 2
(c) f ′′( x) = 7n
n=2
nx n −1 7 n +1 nx n x x
lim = lim = lim ⋅ <1 x < 7
n →∞ ( n − 1 ) x n−2
7 n n →∞ 7( n − 1) n →∞ n − 1 7 7
R = 7
∞
x n +1
(d) f ( x) dx = C + (n + 1)n7 n
n =1
lim
x n+2
(n + 2)( n + 1)7 n +1
= lim
nx
= lim
n
⋅
x
x
<1 x < 7
n →∞ x n +1
(n + 1)n7n n →∞ 7( n + 2) n →∞ n + 2 7 7
R = 7
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.4 Power Series and Taylor’s Theorem 683
n +1
∞
(x + 1)
51. (a) f ( x) = n +1
n=0
n+2
( x + 1) (n + 2) n +1
lim n +1
= lim ( x + 1) x + 1 < 1
n →∞
( x + 1) (n + 1) n →∞ n+2
R =1
∞
(b) f ′( x) = ( x + 1)
n
n=0
n +1
lim
( x + 1) x +1 <1
( x + 1)
n→∞ n
R =1
∞
n( x + 1)
n −1
(c) f ′′( x) =
n =1
(n + 1)( x + 1)
n
n+1
lim n −1
= lim ( x + 1) x + 1 < 1
n →∞ n( x + 1) n →∞ n
R =1
n+2
∞
(x + 1)
(d) f ( x) dx = (n + 2)(n + 1) +C
n=0
n+3
( x + 1) ( n + 3)(n + 2) (x + 1)( n + 1)
lim = lim x +1 <1
n →∞ n+2
( x + 1) (n + 2)(n + 1) n→∞ (n + 3)
R =1
n +1
( −1) ( x − 1)
∞ n
52. (a) f ( x) = n
n=0
n+2 n +1
lim
(−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1) = lim
n( x − 1)
x −1 < 1
n +1
(−1) ( x − 1) n
n
n →∞ n →∞ n +1
R =1
∞
(−1) ( x − 1)
n +1 n −1
(b) f ′( x) =
n =1
lim
(−1)n + 2 ( x − 1)n x −1 <1
n +1 n −1
n →∞
(−1) ( x − 1)
R =1
∞
(−1) (n − 1) x n − 2
n +1
(c) f ′′( x) =
n=2
(−1) (n)( x n −1 )
n+2
nx
lim = lim x <1
(−1) (n − 1)( x n − 2 )
n +1
n →∞ n →∞ n −1
R =1
n +1 n +1
(−1) ( x − 1) + C
∞
(d)
f ( x) dx = n( n + 1)
n=0
n+2 n+2
lim
(−1) ( x − 1) (n + 1)(n + 2) = lim
n( x − 1)
x −1 < 1
n +1 n +1
n →∞
(−1) ( x − 1) n(n + 1) n →∞ n+2
R =1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
684 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
∞ ∞
1 1
(−1) (−1) ( x − 1) , it
n n n
53. Because the power series for is x n , it 54. Because the power series for is
1+ x n=0 x n=0
n +1
(−1) ( −1) ( x − 1)
∞ n n +1 ∞ n
1 x 1
follows that ln (1 + x) = 1 + x dx = n +1
. follows that ln x = x
dx = n +1
.
n=0 n=0
1
55. Because the power series for − is
x
∞
(−1) ( x − 1) , it follows that
n +1 n
n=0
∞
d 1 1
(−1)
n +1 n −1
− = 2 = n( x − 1) .
dx x x n =1
∞ ∞
xn xn x2 x3 x4
56. Because the power series for e x is n!
, it follows that n!
=1+ x +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ and
n=0 n=0
2 3
d x 2x 3x 4x x2 x3
e = 0 + 1 + + + + =1+ x + + + = ex .
dx 2! 3! 4! 2! 3!
∞
x
n 58. (a) (iii); The sequence of partial sums of the series
57. (a) Let f ( x) = 4 . Then ∞
1
n
n=0
n n
3 is less than the sequence of partial sums
∞ ∞ n=0
5 5 2 5
f =
2
=
4
.
8
∞
2
n
1 2
n=0 n=0 of the series because is less than .
3 3 3
n=0
a 1 8
So, S = = = .
1− r 1 − (5 8) 3 (b) (i); The sequence of partial sums of the series
∞ n
2
3
is greater than the sequence of partial
3
n=0
∞ n
1 2
sums of the series 3 because
3
is greater
n=0
1
0 6 than .
0
3
∞ n ∞
x
(1) . So, each
n
(b) Let f ( x) = 4 . Then (c) (ii); Because x = 3, the series is
n=0
n=0
∞ n ∞ n partial sum is 1 more than the previous partial sum.
5 −5 2 5
f − =
2
4
= − .
8 (d) (iv); The series is alternating.
n=0 n=0
a 1 8
So, S = = = .
1− r 1 − ( − 5 8) 13
1.2
0 6
0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials 685
Skills Warm Up
(3 x ) (3 x ) (3 x )
2 3 4 ∞
3n x n
1. f ( x) = e3x = 1 + (3 x ) +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ = n!
n=0
(− 6 x) ( − 6 x) (− 6 x)
2 3 4
n 6x
∞ n n
2. f ( x ) = e −6 x = 1 + ( − 6 x) +
2!
+
3!
+
4!
+ = (−1)
n=0 !
n
∞
4
3. f ( x) = = 4 1 − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) + = 4 ( −1) ( x − 1)
2 3 n n
x n=0
n −1
(x − 1) (x − 1) (x − 1) ( −1) ( x − 1)
2 3 4 ∞ n
4. f ( x) = ln 5 x = ln 5 + ln x = ln 5 + ( x − 1) − + − + = ln 5 +
2 3 4 n =1 n
x 3x 2 3 ⋅ 7 x3 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11x 4
5. f ( x) = (1 + x )
14
=1+ − + − +
4 16 ⋅ 2! 64 ⋅ 3! 256 ⋅ 4!
x x2 1 ⋅ 3x3 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 x 4
6. f ( x) = 1 + x = (1 + x )
12
−1+ + + + +
2 4 ⋅ 2! 8 ⋅ 3! 16 ⋅ 4!
1
1 1 1 1 47
0 (1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 ) dx = x − x 2 + x3 − x 4 + x 5 =
1
7.
2 3 4 5 0 60
12
12 x x2 5 x3 x2 x3 5x4 311
8. 0 1 + −
3 9
+
27
dx = x +
6
− +
27 108 0
=
576
2 ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) dx = x 2 − x − x3 + x 2 − x + x 4 − x3 + x 2 − x
2 3 2
9. 1 ( x − 1) −
2 3 2 6 2 2 12 3 2 31
2
x4 x3 3x 2 11x 1 3 5
= − + − = − − − =
12 2 2 6 1 3
4 12
3 2
1 − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1)2 − ( x − 1)3 dx = x − x + x + x − x 2 + x − x + x3 − 3x + x
3 2 2 3 4 2
10. 1 2 3 4 2 1
3 2
x4 4 x3 159 25 72
= − + − 3 x 2 + 4 x = − =
4 3 1 64 12 192
1. 1 1 3
x 0 1
4 2 4
x
1+ 1 1.125 1.25 1.375 1.5
2
x x2
1+ + 1 1.1328 1.2813 1.4453 1.625
2 8
x x2 x3
1+ + + 1 1.1331 1.2839 1.4541 1.6458
2 8 48
x x2 x3 x4
1+ + + + 1 1.1331 1.2840 1.4549 1.6484
2 8 48 384
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686 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
2. 1 1 3
x 0 1
4 2 4
f ( x) = ln( x 2 + 1) 0 0.06062 0.22314 0.44629 0.69315
x4
x2 − 0 0.06055 0.21875 0.40430 0.5
2
2 x4 x6
x − + 0 0.06063 0.22396 0.46362 0.83333
2 3
x4 x6 x8
x2 − + − 0 0.06062 0.22298 0.43859 0.58333
2 3 4
( x5 ) (3x4 )
n n
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
x5n 3n x 4 n
3. e x5
= n!
= n!
6. e 3 x4
= n!
= n!
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0
(a) S1 ( x) = 1 + x5 (a) S1 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4
x10 9 8
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 + x 5 + (b) S 2 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4 + x
2 2
x10 x15 9 8 9
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + x 5 + + (c) S3 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4 + x + x12
2 6 2 2
x10 x15 x 20 9 8 9 27 16
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + x5 + + + (d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + 3 x 4 + x + x12 + x
2 6 24 2 2 8
n −1 n
∞
(−1) xn
n ∞
(−1) x
4. e −x 2
= 7. ln ( x + 1) = n
n=0 2n ⋅ n! n =1
x (a) S1 ( x ) = x
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 −
2
x2
2 (b) S2 ( x) = x −
x x 2
(b) S 2 ( x ) = 1 − +
2 8
x2 x3
x x x 2 3 (c) S3 ( x) = x − +
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − + − 2 3
2 8 48
x2 x3 x4
x x2 x3 x4 (d) S4 ( x) = x − + −
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 − + − + 2 3 4
2 8 48 384
n −1
(−1) ( 2 x)
∞ n
∞
2n x n 8. ln ( 2 x + 1) =
5. e 2x
= n!
n =1 n
n=0
(a) S1 ( x ) = 2 x
(a) S1( x) = 1 + 2 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 2 x − 2 x 2
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + 2 x + 2 x 2
8 x3
4 (c) S3 ( x) = 2 x − 2 x 2 +
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + 2 x + 2 x + x 3 2
3
3
8 x3
4 2 (d) S4 ( x) = 2 x − 2 x 2 + − 4x4
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + 2 x + 2 x + x 3 + x 4 2
3
3 3
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Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials 687
∞ ∞
x x2 3x3 3 ⋅ 5x4 4x
14. f ( x ) = = 4 ( −1) x ⋅ x n = 4 ( −1) x n + 1
n n
9. x +1 =1+ − + −
2 ⋅ 1! 4 ⋅ 2! 8 ⋅ 3! 16 ⋅ 4! x +1 n=0 n=0
x (a) S1 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 +
2
x x2 (b) S 2 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x3
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + −
2 8 (c) S3 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x3 − 4 x 4
2 3
x x x
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + − + (d) S 4 ( x) = 4 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x3 − 4 x 4 + 4 x5
2 8 16
x x2 x3 5x4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 + − + − 1 ∞
(−1)
n
2 8 16 128 15. = x2n
1 + x2 n=0
10. 3 x
x +1 =1+ −
2x2
+
2 ⋅ 5 x3
−
2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 8x4 (a) S 2 ( x) = 1 − x 2
3 9 ⋅ 2! 27 ⋅ 3! 81 ⋅ 4!
(b) S 4 ( x) = 1 − x 2 + x 4
x
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 +
3 (c) S6 ( x) = 1 − x 2 + x 4 − x 6
2
x x
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + − (d) S8 ( x) = 1 − x 2 + x 4 − x 6 + x8
3 9
x x2 5 x3
(− 4 x 2 )
n
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + − + ∞ ∞
(−1)n 4n x 2 n
3 9 81 16. e −4 x 2
= n!
= n!
n=0 n=0
x x2 5 x3 10 x 4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 + − + −
3 9 81 243 (a) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2
1 ∞ (b) S 4 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2 + 8 x 4
(−1) (n + 1) x
n n
11. =
(x + 1)
2
n=0 32 x6
(c) S6 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2 + 8 x 4 −
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 2 x 3
32 x6 32 x8
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 (d) S8 ( x) = 1 − 4 x 2 + 8 x 4 − +
3 3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 2 x + 3x 2 − 4 x3
1
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 − 2 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x3 + 5 x 4 17. f ( x) = 3
x +1
x 2 x 2 14 x3 35 x 4
1 ∞
(−1)n x n ( n + 2)( n + 1) S 4 ( x) = 1 − + − +
12. = 3 9 81 243
(x + 1)
3
n=0 2
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 3 x 18. f ( x) = xe x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 3 x + 6 x 2 x3 x4
S4 ( x) = x + x 2 + +
2 6
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 3 x + 6 x 2 − 10 x3
19. y = − 12 x 2 + 1 is a parabola through (0, 1); matches (d).
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 − 3 x + 6 x 2 − 10 x3 + 15 x 4
1 x4 − 12 x2 + 1 is a fourth-degree polynomial
x 1 ∞ 20. y = 8
13. f ( x) = (−1) x n
n
=1− =1−
x +1 x +1 n =1 through (0, 1); matches (c).
(a) S1 ( x ) = x
21. y = e −1 2 ( x + 1) + 1 is a line; matches (a).
(b) S 2 ( x) = x − x 2
(c) S3 ( x) = x − x 2 + x3
(d) S 4 ( x) = x − x 2 + x3 − x 4
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688 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
23. f ( x) = e − x , c = 0
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
S6 ( x) = 1 − x + − + − +
2 6 24 120 720
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9,210,721
f ≈ 1− + − + − + = ≈ 0.81873
5 5 50 750 15,000 375,000 11,250,000 11,250,000
(1 5)
7
1
R6 ≤
7!
(e0 ) = 393,750,000
≈ 0.0000000025
24. f ( x) = e6 x , c = 0
324 x 5 324 x 6
S6 ( x ) = S6 ( x) = 1 + 6 x + 18 x 2 + 36 x 3 + 54 x 4 +
+
5 5
3 18 81 243 2187 19,683 59,049 9,792,629
f = 1 + + + + + + = ≈ 7.8341
10 5 50 250 5000 5,125,000 51,250,000 1,250,000
(3 10)
7
R6 ≤
7!
(6 7
⋅ e6 (3 10) )
(3 10)
7
R6 ≤
7!
( 6 7 ⋅ e9 5 )
531,441
R6 ≤ ⋅ e9 5 ≈ 0.073486
43,750,000
25. f ( x) = ln x, c = 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
S6 ( x) = ln 2 + ( x − 2) − ( x − 2) + ( x − 2) − ( x − 2) + ( x − 2) − ( x − 2)
2 3 4 5 6
2 8 24 64 160 384
3 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
f = ln 2 + − − + − − + − − ≈ 0.4055
2 2 2 8 4 24 8 64 16 160 32 384 64
(1 2) 720
7
R6 ≤ ≈ 0.000065
7! (3 2)7
26. f ( x) = x, c = 4
S6 ( x) = 2 +
x − 4
−
( x − 4) + ( x − 4) − 5( x − 4) + 7( x − 4) − 21( x − 4)
2 3 4 5 6
(1) 10,395
7
R6 ≤ ≈ 0.0000020
7! 128( 4)13 2
f (6) ( z ) e− z 6 f (6) ( z ) ( x − 1)
6
( x − 1) =
6
27. R5 ≤ x6 = x 28. R5 ≤
6! 6! 6! z7
In the interval [0, 1], it follows that
(1) = 1.
6
1
In the interval 0, , it follows that R5 ≤
(1)
7
1 2
R5 ≤ ≈ 0.00139.
6!
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Section 10.5 Taylor Polynomials 689
29. The ( n + 1) derivative of f ( x) = e x is e x . The maximum value of f n +1( x) on the interval [0, 2] is e 2 < 8.
8
When n = 7, = 1.98 × 10 −4 ≈ 0.000198 < 0.001, so n = 7 will approximate e x with an error
(7 + 1)!
less than 0.001 in [0, 2].
f (n + 1) ( x) =
(−1)n +1 (n + 1)!
.
xn + 2
x6
31. S6 ( x ) = 1 − x 3 +
2
1
1 3 1 x6 x4 x7 23
0 e − x dx ≈ 0 1 − x3 +
2
dx = x −
4
+
14
=
0 28
≈ 0.82143
x4 x6
32. S6 ( x) = x 2 − +
2 3
14
2 x4 x6 x3 x5 x7
ln ( x 2 + 1) dx ≈
14 14
−1 4 −1 4 x −
2
+
3
dx = −
3 10
+
21 −1 4
≈ 0.0102
1 2 3 5 6
33. S6 ( x) = 1 − x + x4 − x
2 8 16
12
12 1 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 x3 3x5 5x7
0 1 + x2
dx ≈ 0 1 − x + x −
2 8
x dx = x −
16 6
+
40
−
112 0
≈ 0.481
1 2 2 14 6
34. S6 ( x) = 1 − x + x4 − x
3 9 81
12
12 1 12 x2 2x4 14 x 6 x3 2 x5 2 x7
0 3
1 + x2
dx ≈ 0 1 −
3
+
9
−
81
dx = x −
9
+
45
−
81 0
≈ 0.4873
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690 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
(b) For h( x) = x 2 e x ,
10 f
x4 x5 x6
P6 ( x) = x + x +2 3 8 P1
+ + is of degree 6. P2
2 6 24 6
4
(c) For n( x) = e x x , 2
x
1 x x2 x3
P3 ( x) =
− 20 10 20
+1+ + + is of degree 3. P3 −2
x 2 6 24 −4
Skills Warm Up
1. f ( x) = x 2 − 4 x − 1, f ( 2.7) = − 4.51 8. 2 x + 7 ≤ 0.01
f ′( x) = 2 x − 4, f ′( 2.7) = 1.4 −0.01 ≤ 2 x + 7 ≤ 0.01
−7.01 ≤ 2 x ≤ −6.99
2. f ( x) = x − 2 x + 1, f ( −0.6) = 0.064
3 2
−3.505 ≤ x ≤ −3.495
f ′( x) = 3x − 4 x, f ′( −0.6) = 3.48
2
9. y = x 2 − x − 2, y = 2 x − 1
3. f ( x) = e 2 x − 2, f (0.35) = e 0.7 − 2 ≈ 0.014 x2 = x − 2 = 2x − 1
6. 4 − 5 x ≤ 0.01 10. y = x 2 , y = x + 1
− 0.01 ≤ 4 − 5 x ≤ 0.01 x2 = x + 1
− 4.01 ≤ −5 x ≤ −3.99
x2 − x − 1 = 0
0.802 ≥ x ≥ 0.798
1± 1 − 4(1)( −1)
x =
x 2
7. 2 − ≤ 0.01
3 1± 5
=
x 2
−0.01 ≤ 2 − ≤ 0.01
3 Points of intersection:
x 1 + 5 3 + 5 1 − 5 3 − 5
−2.01 ≤ − ≤ −1.99
3 , , ,
2 2 2 2
6.03 ≥ x ≥ −5.97
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Section 10.6 Newton’s Method 691
1. f ( x) = x 2 − 5, f ′( x) = 2 x 2. f ( x) = 2 x3 − 4, f ′( x) = 6 x 2
f ( x1 ) ( 2) − 5 = 2.25
2
f ( x1 ) 2(1) − 4
3
x2 = x1 − = 2− 4
f ′( x1 ) 2( 2) x2 = x1 − =1− =
f ( x1 )
′ 6(1)
2
3
f ( x2 ) ( 2.25) − 5 ≈ 2.2361
2
( ) −4
3
x3 = x2 − = 2.25 − f ( x2 ) 4 2 4 91
f ( x2 )
′ 2( 2.25) x3 = x2 − = − 3 = ≈ 1.26839
f ′( x2 )
( 43 )
2
3 6 72
3. f ( x) = x3 + x − 1, f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.5 −0.375 1.75 −0.2143 0.7143
2 0.7143 0.0787 2.5306 0.0311 0.6832
3 0.6832 0.0021 2.4002 0.0009 0.6823
Approximation: x ≈ 0.682
4. f ( x) = x5 + x − 1, f ′( x) = 5 x 4 + 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.5 −0.46875 1.3125 −0.3571 0.8571
2 0.8571 0.3196 3.6983 0.0864 0.7707
3 0.7707 0.0426 2.7640 0.0154 0.7553
4 0.7553 0.0011 2.6272 0.0004 0.7549
Approximation: x ≈ 0.755
1
5. f ( x ) = ln x + x, f ′( x ) = +1
x
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.6 0.0892 2.6667 0.0334 0.5666
2 0.5666 −0.0015 2.7649 −0.0005 0.5671
3 0.5671 −0.0001 2.7634 −0.00004 0.5675
Approximation: x ≈ 0.568
1 1 1 x +1
6. f ( x) = ln x − , f ′( x) = + 2 =
x x x x2
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 1.5 −0.2612 1.1111 −0.2351 1.7351
2 1.7351 −0.0253 0.9085 −0.0278 1.7629
3 1.7629 −0.0003 0.8890 −0.0003 1.7632
Approximation: x ≈ 1.763
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692 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
1 x2
7. f ( x) = e x 2 + x 2 − 3, f ′( x) = e + 2x
2
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 −1.5 −0.2776 −2.7638 0.1005 −1.6005
2 −1.6005 0.0108 −2.9764 −0.0036 −1.5969
3 −1.5969 0.0001 −2.9688 −0.00004 −1.5969
Approximation: x ≈ −1.5969
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 1.0 −0.3513 2.824 −0.1244 1.1244
2 1.1244 0.0188 3.1261 0.0060 1.1184
3 1.1184 0.00009 3.1114 0.00003 1.1184
Approximation: x ≈ 1.1184
2 2
8. f ( x) = e − x − x 2 , f ′( x) = −2 xe− x − 2 x = −2 x e− x + 1 ( 2
)
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0.8 −0.1127 −2.4437 0.0461 0.7539
2 0.7539 −0.0019 −2.3619 0.0008 0.7531
Approximations: x ≈ ±0.753
1
Then h′( x) = 2 − .
2 (x + 4)
3
h ( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h′( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1 0.763932023 1.95527864 0.390702382 0.609297618
2 0.609297618 0.071667753 1.949473656 0.036762617 0.572535001
3 0.572535001 0.00672134 1.948863094 0.003448852 0.569086149
4 0.569086149 0.000630217 1.948805184 0.000323387 0.568762763
5 0.568762763 5.90901E-05 1.948799749 3.03213E-05 0.568732442
Approximation: x ≈ 0.569
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Section 10.6 Newton’s Method 693
1
10. Let 3 − x = and define
( 2
x +1 )
1 2x
h( x ) = + x − 3. Then h′( x) = − + 1.
( )
2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
h ( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h′( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 3 0.1 0.94 0.1064 2.8936
2 2.8936 0.0003 0.9341 0.0003 2.8933
Approximation: x ≈ 2.893
h ( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h′( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1 1.39346934 2.60653066 0.534606925 0.465393075
2 0.465393075 0.138392152 2.792393999 0.049560396 0.415832679
3 0.415832679 0.01939037 2.812274989 0.006894905 0.408937774
4 0.408937774 0.002795447 2.815080101 0.000993026 0.407944748
5 0.407944748 0.000404597 2.815484899 0.000143704 0.407801044
Approximation: x ≈ 0.408
h ( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h′( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
1 1.5 0.0945 −1.6667 −0.0567 1.5567
2 1.5567 0.0007 −1.6424 −0.0004 1.5571
3 1.5571 0.00007 −1.6422 −0.00005 1.5571
Approximation: x ≈ 1.557
13. From the graph, there are two real zeros near x = −1 and x = 2.
1
f ( x) = x 4 − 3x − 3
2 n 1 2 3 4
f ′( x ) = 2 x 3 − 3
xn −1 −0.9 −0.8937 −0.8937
xn + 1 = xn −
(1 2) xn4 − 3xn − 3
=
3 xn4 + 6
2 xn3 − 3 4 xn3 − 6
8
n 1 2 3 4
−8
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
694 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
14. From the graph, there are two real zeros near x = 1.1 and x = 8.
f ( x) = 3 x − 1 − x
n 1 2 3 4
3
f ′( x) = −1
2 x −1 xn 1.1 1.1404 1.1458 1.1459
6( xn − 1) − 2 xn xn − 1
xn + 1 = xn −
3− 2 xn − 1 n 1 2 3 4
3 xn − 6 xn 8 7.8551 7.8541 7.8541
=
2 xn − 1 − 3
2
0 10
−2
15. From the graph, there is one real zero near x = 0.5. 17. From the graph, there is one real zero near x = 1.
f ( x) = 5 xe − 4
x
f ( x) = x3 − cos x
f ′( x) = 5 xe x + 5e x f ′( x) = 3x 2 + sin x
5 xn e xn − 4 xn3 − cos xn
x n + 1 = xn − xn +1 = xn −
5 xn e xn + 5e xn 3xn2 + sin xn
2
cos xn + xn sin xn + 2 xn3
=
−5 2 sin xn + 3 xn2
2
−6 −1 2
Zero: x ≈ 0.490
−2
n 1 2 3
n 1 2 3 4
16. From the graph, there is one real zero near x = 2.
xn 1 0.8803 0.8657 0.8655
f ( x) = x − 3 + ln x
1
f ′( x) = 1 +
x
xn ( xn − 3 + ln xn ) 4 xn − xn ln xn
xn + 1 = xn − =
xn + 1 x +1
6
−9 9
−6
Zero: x ≈ 2.208
n 1 2 3 4
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Section 10.6 Newton’s Method 695
18. From the graph, there are three real zeros near x = 0.5, x = 1, and x = 1.5.
f ( x) = sin π x + x − 1
f ′( x) = π cos π x + 1 n 1 2 3 4 5
sin π xn + xn − 1 xn 0.5 0 0.2415 0.2630 0.2635
xn +1 = xn −
π cos π xn + 1
π xn cos(π xn ) − sin (π xn ) + 1 n 1 2
=
π cos(π xn ) + 1
xn 1 1
2
n 1 2 3 4 5
−3 3
xn 1.5 2 1.7585 1.7370 1.7365
−2
19. y = 2 x3 − 6 x 2 + 6 x − 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
y′ = 6 x 2 + 12 x + 6 n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Newton’s Method fails because f ′( x1 ) = 0. 1 1 1 0 undefined undefined
20. y = x3 − 2 x − 2
y′ = 3 x 2 − 2
Newton’s Method fails because the function fails to converge.
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 0 −2 −2 1 −1
2 −1 −1 1 −1 0
3 0 −2 −2 1 −1
4 −1 −1 1 −1 0
xn2 − a x2 + a
xn + 1 = xn − = n
2 xn 2 xn
xn2 − a x2 + a
n xn xn +1 = xn − = n
2 xn 2 xn
1 3 3.166666667
2 3.166666667 3.162280702
3 3.162280702 3.16227766
Approximation: 10 ≈ 3.162
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696 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
xn +1 = xn −
xnn − a
=
nxnn − xnn + a
=
(n − 1) xnn + a
n −1 n −1
nxn nxn nxnn −1
n xn xn + 1 =
(n − 1) xnn + a
nxnn −1
1 2 1.916666667
2 1.916666667 1.912938458
3 1.912938458 1.912931183
3
Approximation: 7 ≈ 1.913
(x − 1) + ( y − 0)
2 2
23. d =
− 1) + ( 4 − x 2 )
2
= (x 2
= x 2 − 2 x + 1 + 16 − 8 x 2 + x 4
f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 − 14 3 f(x) = 4 − x2
2
4 xn3 − 14 xn − 2 4 xn3 +1 1
xn + 1 = xn − = (1, 0)
x
12 xn2 − 14 6 xn2 −7 −4 −3 −1
−1
1 3 4
−2
n 1 2 3 4 −3
−4
xn 2 1.9412 1.9385 1.9385 The point closest to (1, 0) is approximately (1.939, 0.240).
x2 + 4 x 2 − 6 x + 10
24. The time is T = + .
3 4
To minimize the time, set dT dx equal to zero and solve for x. This produces the equation
7 x 4 − 42 x3 + 43x 2 + 216 x − 324 = 0.
Let f ( x) = 7 x 4 − 42 x3 + 43 x 2 + 216 x − 324. Then f ′( x) = 28 x3 − 126 x 2 + 86 x + 216.
Because f (1) = −100 and f ( 2) = 56, the solution is in the interval (1, 2).
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Section 10.6 Newton’s Method 697
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
3t 2 + t
27. C =
50 + t 3
3t 4 + 2t 3 − 300t − 50
To maximize C, set dC dt equal to zero and solve for t. This produces the equation C ′ = − = 0.
(50 + t 3 )
2
Let f (t ) = 3t 4 + 2t 3 − 300t − 50. Then f ′(t ) = 12t 3 + 6t 2 − 300. Because f ( 4) = −354 and f (5) = 575, the solution is
in the interval ( 4, 5).
f (t n ) f (t n )
n tn f (t n ) f ′(t n ) tn −
f ′(tn ) f ′(tn )
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
698 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
x2 − 1
29. False. Let f ( x) = .
x −1
30. True
a3 = ( − 6) = − 216
3
6. an =
(−1)n
a4 = ( − 6) = 1296
4
n3
(−1)
1
a5 = ( − 6) = − 7776
5
a1 = 3
= −1
1
(−1)
2
( 32 )
n
3. an = 1
a2 = 3
=
2 8
= ( 32 )
1
a1 = 3
(−1)
3
2 1
a3 = = −
= ( 32 )
2 3
a2 = 9 3 27
4
(−1)
4
1
= ( 32 ) a4 = =
3
a3 = 27 3
8 4 64
( −1)
5
= ( 32 )
4
a4 = 81 1
16 a5 = 3
= −
5 125
= ( 32 )
5
a5 = 243
32
n +1
7. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
n − 2 n→∞ n2
4. an =
n2 + 3 5n + 2
8. This sequence converges because lim = 5.
1− 2 1 n→∞ n
a1 = = −
12 + 3 4
n3
2− 2 0 9. This sequence diverges because lim = ∞.
a2 = = = 0 n →∞ 2
n +1
22 + 3 7
3− 2 1 10
a3 = 2
= 10. This sequence converges because lim = 0.
3 +3 12 n→∞ en
4− 2 2
a4 = =
42 + 3 19 1
11. This sequence converges because lim 8 + n = 8.
5− 2 3 n→∞ 7
a5 = =
52 + 3 28
n
12. This sequence converges because lim = 1.
n→∞
n2 + 1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 699
A8 = $3421.42
16. This sequence converges because
A9 = $3558.28
lim
(n − 1)!
= lim
1
= 0. A10 = $3700.61
n→∞ (n + 1)! n → ∞ (n + 1)n
( 34 )
n
25. (a) hn = 16
17. an = 2n + 5, n = 1, 2, 3,
(b) h1 = 12 ft
18. an = 5n + 2, n = 0, 1, 2, h2 = 9 ft
27
h3 = = 6.75 ft
11 4
19. an = , n = 1, 2, 3, OR 81
n! h4 = 16
≈ 5.06 ft
11 243
an = , n = 0, 1, 2, h5 = ≈ 3.80 ft
( + 1)!
n 64
( 34 )
n
(c) The sequence converges; lim 16 = 0.
n n→∞
20. an = 2 , n = 1, 2, 3, OR
n +1
n +1 26. (a) a1 = 15,000
an = , n = 0, 1, 2,
(n + 1) + 1
2 a2 = 15,000 + 10,000(1)
a3 = 15,000 + 10,000( 2)
n −1 2 n −1
21. an = ( −1) n , n = 1, 2, 3, OR
3 an = 15,000 + 10,000( n − 1)
n 2
n
an = ( −1) n + 1 , n = 0, 1, 2, (b) a1 = $15,000
3
a2 = $25,000
n −1
2 a3 = $35,000
22. an = , n = 1, 2, 3, OR
5 a4 = $45,000
n
2 a5 = $55,000
an = , n = 0, 1, 2,
5 a6 = $65,000
(c) The sequence diverges.
23. An = 1000(1 + 0.0025)
n
A1 = $1002.50 27. S1 = 4
≈ 1.333
3
A2 = $1005.01 4 16 28
S2 = 3
+ 9
= 9
≈ 3.111
A3 = $1007.52
4 16 64 148
A4 = $1010.04 S3 = 3
+ 9
+ 27
= 27
≈ 5.481
4 16 64 256 700
A5 = $1012.56 S4 = 3
+ 9
+ 27
+ 81
= 81
≈ 8.642
A6 = $1015.09 S5 = 4
+ 16
+ 64
+ 256
+ 1024
= 3124
≈ 12.856
3 9 27 81 243 243
A7 = $1017.63
A8 = $1020.18
A9 = $1022.73
A10 = $1025.28
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
700 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
1
28. S1 = 2
= 0.5
S2 = 1 − 1 = 1 = 0.25
2 4 4
1 1 1 5
S3 = 2
− 4
+ 6
= 12
≈ 0.4167
1 1 1 1 7
S4 = 2
− 4
+ 6
− 8
= 24
≈ 0.2917
1 1 1 1 1 47
S5 = 2
− 4
+ 6
− 8
+ 10
= 120
≈ 0.3917
1
29. S1 = = 0.5
2
1 1 11
S2 = − = ≈ 0.4583
2 24 24
1 1 1 331
S3 = − + = ≈ 0.4597
2 24 720 720
1 1 1 1 18,535
S4 = − + − = ≈ 0.4597
2 24 720 40,320 40,320
1 1 1 1 1 1,668,151
S5 = − + − + = ≈ 0.4597
2 24 720 40,320 3,628,800 3,628,800
30. S1 = 1 n 2 + 6n + 1 1
33. lim = ≠ 0, and the series diverges.
1 9 n →∞ 3n 2 − 2n − 1 3
S2 = 1 + = = 1.125
8 8
n 1
1 1 251 34. lim = ≠ 0, and the series diverges.
S3 = 1 + + = ≈ 1.1620 n→∞ 2
4n + 1 2
8 27 216
1 1 1 2035 2
S4 = 1 + + + = ≈ 1.1777 35. Because a = 2 and r = , you have
8 27 64 1728 3
1 1 1 1 256,103
2 1 − ( 2 3) 2 1 − ( 2 3)
n +1 n +1
S5 = 1 + + + + = ≈ 1.1857
8 27 64 125 216,000 Sn = = .
1− 23 13
2n 130
S3 = 6 1 − ( 2 3) =
4
31. lim = 2 ≠ 0, and the series diverges. ≈ 4.8148
n→∞ n + 5 27
1330
S5 = 6 1 − ( 2 3) =
6
n3 ≈ 5.4733
32. lim = −1 ≠ 0, and the series diverges. 243
n →∞ 1 − n3 350,198
S10 = 6 1 − ( 2 3) =
11
≈ 5.9306
59,049
31 − ( −1 5) 31 − ( −1 5)
n +1 n +1
1
36. Because a = 3 and r = − , you have Sn = =
5 1 − ( −1 5) 65
5 1563
1 − ( −1 5) =
5
S4 = = 2.5008
2 625
5 4,882,812
S9 = 1 − ( −1 5) =
10
≈ 2.5000
2 1,953,125
5 238,418,579,101,563
1 − ( −1 5) =
21
S 20 = ≈ 2.5000
2 95,367,431,640,625
n ∞
3(− 43 )
∞ n
5
37. The geometric series 6 converges because 38. The geometric series
n=0
diverges because
n=0
5 r = 4 ≥ 1.
r = < 1. 3
6
∞
1
14 (4) diverges because
n
S = = 6 39. The geometric series
1 − 56 n=0
r = 4 ≥ 1.
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 701
∞ n ∞ n
1 1
40. The geometric series 6 − 7 converges because 44. The geometric series 3 converges because
n=0 n=0
1 r = 1
< 1.
r = < 1. 3
7
∞
6 6 21
5 (− 87 )
n
S = = = 45 The geometric series diverges because
1− ( )− 17 8
7
4 n =1
8
r = 7
≥ 1.
41. The sum of the two geometric series
∞
(0.5) + (0.2) converges because each series
n n ∞ n
1
n=0 46. The geometric series 10 9 converges because
n =1
converges: r = 0.5 < 1, and r = 0.2 < 1.
1
r = < 1.
The sum S is 9
∞
1 1
(0.5) + (0.2)
n n 10 10
= + 9 9 5
n=0 1 − 0.5 1 − 0.2 S = 1
= 8
=
1− 9 9
4
5 13
= 2 + = .
4 4 ∞
2 (0.25)
n +1
47. The geometric series converges because
42. The sum of the two geometric series n=0
∞ r = 0.25 < 1.
(1.5) + (0.2) diverges because the first series
n n
n=0
∞
n3
diverges: r = 1.5 ≥ 1. 48. The series n
diverges by the nth-Term Test
n =1
∞ 2
n +1 n3
43. The series n(n + 1) diverges by the nth-Term Test because lim
n→∞ n
= lim
n→∞
n = ∞ ≠ 0.
n =1
n2 + 1
because lim = 1 ≠ 0.
n→∞ n( n + 1)
36 n 36
0.045
2501 + 250(1.00375)
n
49. (a) =
n =1 12 n =1
48 (1 − 1.0037549 )
250(1.00375) = − 250 + 250
n
(b) − 250 + = $13,170.16
n=0 1 − 1.00375
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
702 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
56. T1 = 50,000
n th person: 500(0.75)
n T2 = 50,000 + 50,000(0.055) = 50,000(1 + 0.055)
T3 = 50,000(1 + 0.05)
∞ 2
500(0.75)
n
= $1500
n =1
n −1
52. 1st person: 250(0.80) = 200 Tn = 50,000(1 + 0.055)
5
p-Series Test because p = > 1.
n th person: 450(0.775)
n 4
∞
450(0.775)
∞
n
≈ $1550 n 4n
n =1
61. The series n!
converges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
lim
(n + 1)4n +1 ⋅
n!
= lim
4
= 0 < 1.
n→∞ (n + 1)! n4 n n → ∞ n
∞
n!
62. The series 8n
diverges by the Ratio Test because
n=0
lim
(n + 1)! 8n
⋅ = lim
(n + 1)!
⋅
8n
= lim
n +1
= ∞.
n +1
n→∞ 8 n! n→∞ n! 8n + 1 n→∞ 8
(−1)
∞ n n
3
63. The series n
diverges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
n +1 n +1
lim
(−1) 3
⋅
n
= lim
3n
= 3 > 1.
(−1)
n n
n→∞ n +1 3 n→∞ n +1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 703
∞
11n
64. The series diverges by the Ratio Test because
n =1 n
∞
n2
65. The series 7n converges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
(n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 1)
2 2 2
7n 7n 1 1
lim n +1
⋅ = lim ⋅ = lim ⋅ = < 1.
n→∞ 7 n2 n→∞ n 2
7 n +1 n→∞ n 2
7 7
∞
2n
66. The series 1 − 4n converges by the Ratio Test because
n =1
2( n + 1) 1 − 4n n + 1 4n − 1 1
lim ⋅ = lim n +1 = < 1.
n→∞ 1 − 4(n + 1) 2n n→∞ n 4 − 1 4
∞ ∞
3 3
67. n
matches (b). The series diverges by the p-Series 69. n
matches (a). The series diverges by the p-Series
n =1 n =1
(x − 7)
∞ n
71. The series 2n
is centered at c = 7.
n =1
(x − 7) ( x − 7 ) + ( x − 7) + ( x − 7 ) + ( x − 7) +
∞ n 2 3 4 5
x − 7
2 n
=
2
+
4 8 16 32
n =1
(x + 5)
∞ n
72. The series n!
is centered at c = − 5.
n=0
(x + 5) (x + 5) (x + 5) (x + 5)
∞ n 2 3 4
n!
= 1 + ( x + 5) +
2
+
6
+
24
+
n=0
n +1
(−1)
n
∞ xn ( x 10) x x
73. The series is centered at c = 0. 75. lim = lim < 1 x < 10
( x 10)
n
n =1 3n n →∞ n→∞ 10 10
∞
( −1)
n
xn x x2 x3 x4 x5 R = 10
3 n
= −
3
+
9
−
27
+
81
−
243
+
n =1
76. lim
( 2 x) n + 1 = lim 2 x 2 x < 1 x <
1
∞
(−1)
n +1
xn
n→∞
( 2 x)n n→∞ 2
74. The series is centered at c = 0.
n = 0 ( n + 1)!
1
R =
n +1
2
∞
(−1) x n x x2 x3 x4
(n + 1)! = −1 +
2
−
6
+ −
24 120
+ 4n +1 x n +1 n! 4x
n=0 77. lim ⋅ = lim = 4 x (0) < 1, for
n→∞ (n + 1)! 4n x n n → ∞ n + 1
all x.
R = ∞
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
704 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
n +1 n +1
(−1) ( x − 2) (n + 2) (n + 1) ( x − 2)
2 2
78. lim = lim x − 2 <1
(−1) ( x − 2) (n + 1) (n + 2)
n →∞ n n 2 n→∞ 2
R =1
n +1
3n + 1 ( x − 2) (n + 1) 3n( x − 2) 1
79. lim = lim 3 x − 2 <1x − 2 <
3 ( x − 2) n
n
n→∞ n n→∞ n +1 3
1
R =
3
n +1
(n + 1)!( x − 3)
80. lim = lim (n + 1)( x − 3) = ∞
n!( x − 3)
n→∞ n n→∞
R = 0
n +1
(x + 5)
n +1
81. lim 5n + 1 = lim
( x + 5) ⋅
5n
= lim
(x + 5)
<1 x +5 < 5
( x + 5) ( x + 5) 5n + 1
n n
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ 5
n
5
R = 5
n +1 2 n + 2
82. lim
(−1) x
⋅
(2n)! = lim
x2
= x 2 (0) < 1, for all x.
n→∞ ( 2n + 2)! ( −1) x 2 n
n n→∞ (2n + 2)(2n + 1)
R = ∞
83. f ( x ) = e −0.5 x f ( 0) = 1
1 1
f ′( x ) = − e −0.5 x f ′(0) = −
2 2
1 −0.5 x 1
f ′′( x ) = e f ′′(0) =
4 4
1 1
f ′′′( x ) = − e −0.5 x f ′′′(0) = −
8 8
n
1
f ( n ) ( 0) = −
2
∞ n
1 1 x2 1 x3 1 xn
The power series for f is e−0.5 x = 1 −
2
x + ⋅
4 2!
− ⋅
8 3!
+ = − 2 n!
.
n=0
n +1 n +1
(−1) x 2n n! x x
lim ⋅ = lim = (0) < 1, for all x.
n→∞ 2n + 1( n + 1)! (−1)
n
x n n→∞ 2( n + 1) 2
R = ∞
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 705
84. f ( x) = e − x 3 f ( 0) = 1
1 1
f ′( x ) = − e − x 3 f ′(0) = −
3 3
1 −x 3 1
f ′′( x) = e f ′′(0) =
9 9
1 −x 3 1
f ′′′( x) = − e f ′′′(0) = −
27 27
n
1
f ( n ) ( 0) = −
3
(−1)
n
x x2 x3 ∞ xn
The power series for f is e − x 3 = 1 −
3
+ 2 − 3
3 ⋅ 2! 3 ⋅ 3!
+ = n
3 n!
.
n=0
n +1 n +1
(−1) x 3n ⋅ n! x x
lim ⋅ = lim = (0) < 1, for all x.
n→∞ 3n + 1 ( n + 1)! (−1)
n
xn n→∞ 3( n + 1) 3
R = ∞
85. f ( x) = x −1 2 f (1) = 1
1 1
f ′( x) = − x −3 2 f ′(1) = −
2 2
3 3 1⋅3
f ′′( x) = x −5 2 f ′′(1) = = 2
4 4 2
15 −7 2 15 1⋅3⋅5
f ′′′( x) = − x f ′′′(1) = − = −
8 8 23
f (n) (1) =
( −1)n +11 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ( 2n − 1)
, ( n ≥ 1)
n
2
( −1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ( 2n − 1)( x − 1)
∞ n n
1 1 3 3⋅5
( x − 1) + 2 ( x − 1) − 3 ( x − 1) + = 1 +
2 3
The power series for f is =1− .
x 2 2 2! 2 3! n =1 2n n!
n +1 n +1
lim
(−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ( 2n + 1)( x − 1)
⋅
2n ⋅ n!
= lim
(2n + 1)( x − 1) = x −1 < 1 R = 1
n →∞ 2 n +1
(n + 1)! (−1) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 (2n − 1)( x − 1)
n n n →∞ 2( n + 1)
1
86. f ( x) = f ( −1) = −1
x
1
f ′( x) = − f ′( −1) = −1
x2
2
f ′′( x) = 3 f ′′( −1) = −2
x
6 f ′′′( −1) = −6
f ′′′( x) = − 4
x
f (n) ( −1) = −( n!)
The power series for f is
2( x + 1) 6( x + 1)
2 3 ∞
1
= −1 − ( x + 1) − − = − 1 + ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) + = − ( x + 1) .
2 3 n
−
x 2! 3! n=0
n +1
lim
( x + 1) = lim x + 1 = x + 1 < 1 R = 1
( x + 1)
n→∞ n n→∞
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
706 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
87. f ( x) = (1 + x)
14
f (0) = 1
1 1
f ′(0) =
−3 4
f ′( x) = (1 + x)
4 4
3 3 3
f ′′(0) = −
−7 4
f ′′( x) = − (1 + x) = − 2
16 16 4
21 21 3⋅7
f ′′′(0) =
−11 4
f ′′′( x) = (1 + x) =
64 64 43
(−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ( 4n − 5)
n
f (n) (0) = , ( n ≥ 2)
4n
The power series for f is
( −1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ( 4n − 5) x n
∞ n
1 3 3⋅7 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 4 x
4
1+ x =1+
4
x − 2 x 2 + 3 x3 −
4 2! 4 3! 4 4 4!
x + =1+
4
− 4 n n!
.
n=2
n +1
lim
(−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 ( 4n − 1) x n + 1
⋅
4n ⋅ n!
= lim
(4n − 1) x = x <1 R =1
n→∞ 4 n +1
(n + 1)! (−1) 3 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11 (4n − 5) x n
n n→∞ 4( n + 1)
1
88. f ( x) = f ( 0) = 1
(1 + x)
3
3
f ′( x) = − f ′(0) = − 3
(1 + x)
4
12
f ′′( x) = f ′′(0) = 12
(1 + x)
5
60
f ′′′( x) = − f ′′′(0) = − 60
(1 + x)
6
( n)
( 0) = ( −1) 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5( n + 2), ( n ≥ 1)
n
f
The power series for f is
1 3 ⋅ 4x2 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 x3 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 6x4 ∞
(−1)n 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 (n + 2) x n
= 1 − 3x + − + − =1− .
(1 + x)3 2! 3! 4! n =1 n!
n +1
lim
(−1) 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 ( n + 3) x n + 1
⋅
n!
= lim
(n + 3) x
= x <1 R =1
n→∞ (n + 1)! (−1) 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 (n + 2) x n
n n→∞ n +1
x x 1 1 1 3 1 4 ∞
xn
(−1)
n +1
89. ln ( x + 2) = ln 2 + 1 = ln 2 + ln + 1 = ln 2 + x − x 2 + x − x + = ln 2 +
2 2 2 8 24 64 n =1 2n n
( 4 x) + =
2 ∞
(4 x)
n ∞
4n x n
90. e 4 x + 5 = e5 ⋅ e 4 x = e 1 + 4 x +
2!
e5 n!
= e5 n!
n=0 n=0
(7 x ) (7 x ) (7 x ) (7 x )
2 3 4 ∞ n ∞ n n
n +1 7 x
(−1) (−1) n
n +1
91. ln (7 x + 1) = 7 x − + − + = =
2 3 4 n =1 n n =1
( − 8 x) ( −1)
n n n
∞ ∞ 8 xn
92. f ( x) = 9 + e −8 x = 9 + n!
= 9 + n!
n=0 n=0
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Review Exercises for Chapter 10 707
∞ ∞
1
(−1) ( x1 2 ) (−1) x( )
n n n 12 n
93. 12
= 1 − x1 2 + x − x 3 2 + = =
x +1 n=0 n=0
94. f ( x) =
1
= ( x + 1)
−6
= 1 − 6x +
( − 6)(− 7) ⋅ x2
+
(− 6)( − 7)(− 8) x3 −
(x + 1)
6
2! 3!
∞
xn x2 ∞
xn + 2
95. f ( x) = x 2e x = x 2 = x 2 1 + x + + =
n=0 n! 2! n=0 n!
∞ ∞
x
96. f ( x) = x ( −1) x n = (−1) x n + (1 2)
n n
=
x +1 n=0 n=0
1
97. f ( x) = e − 4 x f (0) = 1 a0 = =1
0!
−4
f ′( x) = − 4e − 4 x f ′(0) = − 4 a1 = = −4
1!
16
f ′′( x) = 16e − 4 x f ′′(0) = 16 a2 = = 8
2!
− 64 32
f ′′′( x) = − 64e − 4 x f ′′′(0) = − 64 a3 = = −
3! 3
256 32
f (4) ( x) = 256e− 4 x f (4) (0) = 256 a4 = =
4! 3
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 4 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 4 x + 8 x 2
32 3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 4 x + 8 x 2 − x
3
32 3 32 4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 − 4 x + 8 x 2 − x + x
3 3
e
98. f ( x) = e x + 1 f (0) = e a0 = = e
0!
e
f ′( x) = e x +1 f ′(0) = e a1 = = e
1!
e e
f ′′( x) = e x +1 f ′′(0) = e a2 = =
2! 2
e e
f ′′′( x) = e x +1 f ′′′(0) = e a3 = =
3! 6
e e
f (4) ( x) = e x +1 f (4) (0) = e a4 = =
4! 24
(a) S1 ( x ) = e + ex
ex 2
(b) S 2 ( x ) = e + ex +
2
ex 2 ex3
(c) S3 ( x) = e + ex + +
2 6
ex 2 ex3 ex 4
(d) S4 ( x) = e + ex + + +
2 6 24
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708 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
ln 3
99. f ( x) = ln ( x + 3) f (0) = ln 3 a0 = = ln 2
0!
1
1 1 1
f ′( x) = f ′(0) = a1 = 3
=
x +3 3 1! 3
1 1 − 19 1
f ′′( x) = − f ′′(0) = − a2 = = −
(x + 3)
2
9 2! 18
2
2 2 1
f ′′′( x) = f ′′′(0) = a3 = 27
=
(x + 3)
3
27 3! 81
3
− 27
6 3 1
f ( 4) ( x ) = − f (4) (0) = − a4 = =
( x + 3)
4
27 4! 324
x
(a) S1 ( x ) = ln 3 +
3
x x2
(b) S2 ( x) = ln 3 + −
3 18
x x2 x2
(c) S3 ( x) = ln 3 + − +
3 18 81
x x2 x3 x4
(d) S4 ( x) = ln 3 + − + −
3 18 81 324
1
f ( x) = ( x + 1) f ( 0) = 1
15
100. a0 = =1
0!
1
1 −4 5 1 1
f ′( x) = ( x + 1) f ′(0) = a1 = 5
=
5 5 1! 5
4
− 25
4 −9 5 4 2
f ′′( x) = − ( x + 1) f ′′(0) = − a2 = = −
25 25 2! 25
36
36 36 6
f ′′′( x) = ( x + 1)−14 5 f ′′′(0) = a3 = 125
=
125 125 3! 125
504 504 − 504 21
f ( 4) ( x ) = − f (4) (0) = −
−19 5
( x + 1) a4 = 625
= −
625 625 4! 625
1
(a) S1 ( x) = 1 + x
5
1 2 2
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 + x − x
5 25
1 2 2 6 3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + x − x + x
5 25 125
1 2 2 6 3 21 4
(d) S 4 ( x) = 1 + x − x + x − x
5 25 125 625
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Review Exercises for Chapter 10 709
−8 1
101. f ( x) = ( x + 1) f (0) = 1 a0 = =1
0!
−9 −8
f ′( x) = − 8( x + 1) f ′(0) = − 8 a1 = = −8
1!
−10 72
f ′′( x) = 72( x + 1) f ′′(0) = 72 a2 = = 36
2!
−11 − 720
f ′′′( x) = − 720( x + 1) f ′′′(0) = − 720 a3 = = −120
3!
7920
f (4) ( x) = 7920( x + 1) f (4) (0) = 7920
−12
a4 = = 330
4!
(a) S1 ( x ) = 1 − 8 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 1 − 8 x + 36 x 2
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 − 8 x + 36 x 2 − 120 x3
−2 3
102. f ( x) = 3( x + 1) f (0) = 3 a0 = = 3
0!
−3 −6
f ′( x) = − 6( x + 1) f ′(0) = − 6 a1 = = −6
1!
−4 18
f ′′( x) = 18( x + 1) f ′′(0) = 18 a2 = = 9
2!
−5 − 72
f ′′′( x) = − 72( x + 1) f ′′′(0) = − 72 a3 = = −12
3!
360
f (4) ( x) = 360( x + 1) f (4) (0) = 360
−6
a4 = = 15
4!
(a) S1 ( x ) = 3 − 6 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 3 − 6 x + 9 x 2
(c) S3 ( x) = 3 − 6 x + 9 x 2 − 12 x3
(d) S 4 ( x) = 3 − 6 x + 9 x 2 − 12 x3 + 15 x 4
103. f ( x) = e x 3 , c = 0
x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
f ( x) ≈ 1 + + + + + +
3 18 162 1944 29,160 524,880
1.25 (1.25) (1.25) + (1.25) + (1.25) + (1.25) ≈ 1.5169
2 3 4 5 6
f (1.25) ≈ 1 + + +
3 18 162 1944 29,160 524,880
f (n +1) ( z ) n +1
Error = Rn = (x − c)
(n + 1)!
ex 3
f ( x ) = e x 3 f ( 7) ( x ) =
2187
f (7) (1.25)(1.25)
7
R6 = ≈ 0.00000066
7!
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710 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
1
104. f ( x) = , c =1
x
R6 = ≈ 0.00000013
7!
105. f ( x ) = ln (1 + x ), c = 1
x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x − 1) − ( x − 1) + ( x − 1) − ( x − 1)
2 3 4 5 6
f ( x) ≈ ln 2 + − +
2 8 24 64 160 384
f (7) (1)(0.5)
7
R6 = ≈ 0.0000087
7!
106. f ( x) = e x −1, c = 0
1 x x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
f ( x) ≈ + + + + + +
e e 2e 6e 24e 120e 720e
1 1.75 1.752 1.753 1.754 1.755 1.756
f (1.75) ≈ + + + + + + ≈ 2.1123
e e 2e 6e 24e 120e 720e
f (n +1) ( z ) n +1
Error = Rn = ( x − c)
( n + 1 )!
f ( x) = e x −1 f (7) ( x) = e x −1
f (7) (1.75)(1.75)
7
R6 = ≈ 0.02111
7!
x6 x9
( )
107. ln x3 + 1 = x3 −
2
+
3
−
1
3 x6 x4 x7 5
ln ( x 3 + 1) dx ≈
1 1
0 0 x −
2
dx =
4
− =
14 0 28
≈ 0.179
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Review Exercises for Chapter 10 711
2 9 x4 9 x6 x3 x6
108. e− 3 x = 1 − 3x 2 + − + 109. 1 + x2 = 1 + − +
2 2 2 8
0.3
9 x5 9 x7 9
1 0.3 x4 x7
0
1
1 + x3 dx ≈ x + − ≈ 0.301
0 e
− 3 x2
dx ≈ x − x 3 + − = ≈ 0.257
10 14 0 35 8 56 0
x2 x4 5x6
( x2 + 1)
13
110. =1+ − + +
3 9 81
1
x2 x4 5x6 x3 x5 5x7 3112
0 (x + 1)
1 13 1
0
2
dx ≈ 1 + − + dx = x + − + = ≈ 1.098
3 9 81 9 45 567 0 2835
111. f ( x) = x3 + 3x − 1
f ′( x ) = 3 x 2 + 3
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ 0.322
112. f ( x) = x3 + 4 x + 2
f ′( x ) = 3 x 2 + 4
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
1 −1 –3 7 – 0.428571429 – 0.571428571
2 – 0.571428571 – 0.472303207 4.979591837 – 0.094847775 – 0.476580796
3 – 0.476580796 – 0.014568626 4.681387766 – 0.003112032 – 0.473468765
4 – 0.473468765 – 1.38165E-05 4.672518013 – 2.95698E-06 – 0.473465808
Approximation: x ≈ − 0.473
113. f ( x) = x + 4 + x
1
f ′( x) = +1
2 x + 4
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ −1.562
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712 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
x x x
114. f ( x) = ln + = ln x − ln 3 +
3 3 3
1 1
f ′( x) = +
x 3
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ 1.701
115. f ( x) = x 4 + x − 3
f ′( x) = 4 x3 + 1
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ −1.453
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ 1.164
116. f ( x) = x 4 + x 2 − 1
f ′( x) = 4 x3 + 2 x
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
f ( xn ) f ( xn )
n xn f ( xn ) f ′ ( xn ) xn −
f ′( xn ) f ′( xn )
Approximations: x ≈ ± 0.786
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Review Exercises for Chapter 10 713
Then h′( x) = 5 x 4 − 1.
f ( xn ) x5 − x −3
xn +1 = xn − = xn − n 4 n
f ′( xn ) 5 xn − 1
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ 1.341
Then h′( x) = − 5 x 4 − 1.
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ − 0.755
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ 0.773
h( xn ) h( xn )
n xn h ( xn ) h ′ ( xn ) xn −
h′( xn ) h′( xn )
Approximation: x ≈ 0.972
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714 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
121. From the graph there is one real zero near x = − 3. 122. From the graph there are two real zeros near x = − 2
9 and x = −1.
4
−9 9 −6 6
−3
f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x 2 − x + 5 −4
f ( x) = x 4 + x3 − 3x 2 + 2
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 + 4 x − 1
f ′( x ) = 4 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 6 x
f ( xn ) x − xn3 + 2 xn2 − xn + 5
xn +1 = xn − = n f ( xn ) x 4 + x3 − 3x 2 + 2
f ′( xn ) 3xn2 + 4 xn − 1 xn + 1 = xn − = xn − n 3 n 2 n
f ′( xn ) 4 xn + 3 xn − 6 xn
n 1 2 3 4
n 1 2 3 4 5
xn –3.0 –2.9286 –2.9259 –2.9259
xn –2.0 –2.25 –2.1877 –2.1823 –2.1823
Zero: x ≈ − 2.926
n 1 2 3 4
xn –1.0 –0.8 –0.7952 –0.7952
Zeros: x ≈ − 2.182, − 0.795
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Chapter 10 Test Yourself 715
8. The sequence converges to 0, because 14. The series diverges by the p-Series Test because
4n ∞ 3
n ∞
n1 3 ∞
1 1
lim
n → ∞ ( n − 1)!
= 0. n = n1 2 = n1 6 and p = 6 < 1.
n =1 n =1 n =1
9. {14 , − 72 , 123 , − 194 , 285 , } 15. The series diverges by the Geometric Series Test because
∞
2( 53 )
n
n +1 n and r = 5
> 1.
an = ( −1) , starting at n = 1 3
n2 + 3 n=0
10. (a) an = 2.4n + 309 16. The series converges by the p-Series Test because
∞ ∞
6 6 7
325
3 7 = n7 3 and p = 3 > 1.
n =1 n n =1
an =
(n + 1)! and
11. The series converges by the Ratio Test because
5n
4n
an =
n!
and
lim
an + 1
= lim
(n + 2)! ⋅ 5n
n→∞ an n → ∞ 5n + 1 (n + 1)!
an + 1 4 n +1 n! 4
lim = lim ⋅ = lim = 0 < 1. n + 2
n →∞ an n →∞ (n + 1)! 4n n →∞ n = lim
n→∞ 5
12. The series diverges by the nth-Term Test because = ∞ > 1.
n +1
lim = 1 ≠ 0. ∞
1
n
n →∞ n − 3 19. 2
7
n=0
13. The series converges by the Test for Convergence of a
2 1 − (1 7)
4
3 n
1 = 800 ≈ 2.327
2 =
∞ ∞ n
2 1
Geometric Series because 5n
= 2 5 and n=0 7 1 − (1 7) 343
n=0 n=0
2 1 − (1 7)
7
n
1 6
1 = 274,514 ≈ 2.333
r =
5
< 1. 2 =
7 1 − (1 7) 117,649
n=0
2 1 − (1 7)
10
9 n
1 = 941,584,216 ≈ 2.333
2 =
7 1 − ( )
1 7 40,353,607
n=0
∞ n
n +1
x
20. (−1)
3
n=0
(a) Centered at c = 0
(b) S0 = −1
x
S1 = −1 +
3
x x2
S 2 = −1 + −
3 9
x x2 x3
S3 = −1 + − +
3 9 27
x x2 x3 x4
S 4 = −1 + − + −
3 9 27 81
n+2 n +1
(c) lim
an + 1x n +1
= lim
( −1) ( x 3) = lim
x
<1 x < 3
n +1
(−1) ( x 3)
n
n→∞ an x n n→∞ n→∞ 3
Radius = 3
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716 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
∞
xn
21.
n = 0 ( n + 1)!
(a) Centered at c = 0
(b) S0 = 1
x
S1 = 1 +
2
x x2
S2 = 1 + +
2 6
x x2 x3
S3 = 1 + + +
2 6 24
x x2 x3 x4
S4 = 1 + + + +
2 6 24 120
an + 1 x n + 1 x n + 1 ( n + 2)! x
(c) lim = lim = lim = 0 −∞ < x < ∞
n→∞ an x n n→∞ x n ( n + 1)! n→∞ n + 2
Radius = ∞
∞
(−1)n ( x − 3)n
22.
n=0 ( n + 4) 2
(a) Centered at c = 3
1
(b) S0 =
16
S1 =
1
−
( x − 3)
16 25
( x − 3) + ( x − 3)
2
1
S2 = −
16 25 36
( x − 3) + ( x − 3) − ( x − 4)
2 3
1
S3 = −
16 25 36 49
S4 =
1
−
( x − 3) + ( x − 3) − ( x − 4) + ( x − 4)
2 3 4
16 25 36 49 64
n +1 n +1
(−1) ( x − 3) (n + 5) (n + 4) ( x − 3)
2 2
an + 1x n + 1
(c) lim = lim = lim = lim x − 3 < 1 x − 3 < 1
(−1) ( x − 3) (n + 4) (n + 5)
n n 2 2
n→∞ an x n n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
Radius = 1
23. f ( x ) = e3 x +1 f ( 0) = e a0 = e 0!
f ′( x) = 3e 3 x +1
f ′(0) = 3e a1 = 3e 1!
f ′′( x) = 9e3 x +1 f ′′(0) = 9e a2 = 9e 2!
f ′′′( x) = 27e3 x +1 f ′′′(0) = 27e a3 = 27e 3!
3n e
f (n) ( x) = 3n e3 x +1 f (n) (0) = 3n e an =
n!
∞ ∞
3n ex n 3n x n
The power series for f is e3 x +1 = n!
= e
n!
.
n=0 n=0
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Chapter 10 Test Yourself 717
2 2x2 8 x3 56 x 4 2x x2 4 x3 7 x4
24. (1 + x)
23
=1+ x − + − + =1+ − + − +
3 9 ⋅ 2! 27 ⋅ 3! 81 ⋅ 4! 3 9 81 243
1
25. f ( x) = e x 4
f (0) = 1 a0 = =1
0!
1
1 x 1 1
f ′( x) = e 4
f ′(0) = a1 = 4 =
4 4 1! 4
1
1 x 1 1
f ′′( x) = e 4
f ′′(0) = a2 = 16
=
16 16 2! 32
1
1 x 1 1
f ′′′( x) = e 4
f ′′′(0) = a3 = 64
=
64 64 3! 384
1
1 x 1 1
f ( 4) ( x ) = e 4
f (4) (0) = a4 = 256
=
256 256 4! 6144
x
(a) S1 ( x) = 1 +
4
x x2
(b) S2 ( x) = 1 + +
4 32
x x2 x3
(c) S3 ( x) = 1 + + +
4 32 384
x x2 x3 x4
(d) S4 ( x) = 1 + + + +
4 32 384 6144
0
26. f ( x) = ln (5 x + 1) f (0) = 0 a0 = = 0
0!
5 5
f ′( x) = f ′(0) = 5 a1 = = 5
5x + 1 1!
−2 − 25 25
f ′′( x) = − 25(5 x + 1) f ′′(0) = − 25 a2 = = −
2! 2
−3 250 125
f ′′′( x) = 250(5 x + 1) f ′′′(0) = 250 a3 = =
3! 3
− 3750 625
f (4) ( x) = − 3750(5 x + 1) f (4) (0) = − 3750 a4 =
−4
= −
4! 4
(a) S1 ( x ) = 5 x
25 x 2
(b) S2 ( x) = 5 x −
2
25 x 2 125 x3
(c) S3 ( x) = 5 x − +
2 3
25 x 2 125 x 2 625 x 4
(d) S4 ( x) = 5 x − + −
2 3 4
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718 Chapter 10 Series and Taylor Polynomials
2 2
27. f ( x) = f ( 0) = 2 a0 = = 2
(x + 1)
4
0!
8 −8
f ′( x) = − f ′(0) = − 8 a1 = = −8
(x + 1)
5
1!
40 40
f ′′( x) = f ′′(0) = 40 a2 = = 20
(x + 1)
6
2!
240 − 240
f ′′′( x) = − f ′′′(0) = − 240 a3 = = − 40
(x + 1)
7
3!
1680 1680
f ( 4) ( x ) = f (4) (0) = 1680 a4 = = 70
( x + 1) 8
4!
(a) S1 ( x ) = 2 − 8 x
(b) S 2 ( x) = 2 − 8 x + 20 x 2
(c) S3 ( x) = 2 − 8 x + 20 x 2 − 40 x3
(d) S 4 ( x) = 2 − 8 x + 20 x 2 − 40 x3 + 70 x 4
2
1
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
Zero: x ≈ 1.213
Graphing utility: x ≈ 1.213
n 1 2 3 4 5
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