#What is Diabetes?

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition where the person has high blood sugar, either because the body
doesn’t produce enough insulin, or else the cells do not respond to the insulin produced.
It is commonly referred as Diabetes.

#How does diabetes happen?

Glucose enters the bloodstream ,from the food we eat.This is later used for fuel in the body.Our
pancreas located near the stomach makes insulin,which plays a role in moving glucose to muscles,liver
cells, and fat.

- The pancreas then fails to make enough insulin.

- Fat or liver cells fail to respond to insulin properly.

#Nusrat: Increasing Prevalence of Diabetes in Bangladesh and other South Asian Countries:

#Risk factors in Bangladesh:

1. Underweighted babies:
Underweight babies : have a high risk of diabetes, which is very relevant to Bangladesh, said physicians.
At least 22.6 percent babies in Bangladesh are born with low birth weight (below 2.5kg), according to
the National Low Birth Weight Survey Bangladesh 2015. Low birth weight : linked to child marriage and
malnutrition of mothers, said Professor Azad and suggested that ensuring mothers' nutrition during
pregnancy can play a major role in preventing diabetes.

*Nusrat: 2. Unplanned urbanization

3. Excessive intake of food (Self-explanatory)

*Nusrat: 4. Too many junk joints (Self-explanatory)

5. Absence of physical activity (Self-explanatory)

#Types of Diabetes:

*Nusrat: Type 1

Maxim’s points:
# Symptoms of diabetes:

*Nusrat: 1. Polydipsia (Increased thirst)

2. Polyuria:
Polyuria is defined as the frequent passage of large volumes of urine - more than 3 litres a day compared
to the normal daily urine output in adults of about one to two litres. The most common cause of
polyuria in both adults and children is uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, which causes osmotic diuresis,
when glucose levels are so high that glucose is excreted in the urine. Water follows the glucose
concentration passively, leading to abnormally high urine output

*Nusrat: 3. Polyphagia (Increased hunger)

4. Fatigue:
Two common reasons for tiredness or lethargy are having too high or too low blood sugar levels. In both
cases, the tiredness is the result of having an imbalance between one’s level of blood glucose and the
amount or effectiveness of circulating insulin. If you feel tired during the day, despite having slept well,
it could be a result of either high or low sugar levels. It is best to test your blood glucose levels to see
whether the tiredness is indeed a result of having high or low sugar levels.

*Nusrat: 5. Dry skin

6.Frequent infection
Some types of infection occur more frequently in patients with diabetes. This increased risk is largely
attributable to an altered immune response due to chronic hyperglycemia, but increased susceptibility
to infection may also result from diabetic complications such as diabetic neuropathy and vascular
insufficiency.

*Nusrat: 7. Feet ulcer

8.Loss of sensibilities in lower legs

It occurs due to peripheral neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage caused by chronically
high blood sugar and diabetes. It leads to numbness, loss of sensation, and sometimes pain in your feet,
legs, or hands. It is the most common complication of diabetes.

*Nusrat: 9. Erectile Dysfunction

Complications of diabetes: (Ami board dekhe
dekhe bolbo)
1.Retinopathy (Blindness)

2.Nephropathy (Kidney problem)

3.Feet ulceration

4.Hypertension (High blood pressure)

5.Hyperlipidemia (High level of cholesterol)

6.Erectile dysfunction
7.Prone to infection

Nusrat: #Treatment and Control

#Prevention: (Board dekhe or mukhosto):

#Well balanced diet

#Exercise

#Medication when appropriate

#Timely access to health care services

#No tobacco and alcohol