Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
—
h er connexion with ancient B u ddhism h er architectural
—
remains her fam o u s tem ples , holy wells and tanks, and
of m om ent , lso , in
a a book of this nature , to m ake som e
observations on the influence which edu cation , E uropean
civilizati on, and, a bove all
,
Christianity , are no w exert
ing upon the ci ty . As Benares h as held a forem ost
place in the history of India for two thou sand five
hundred years, at the l east, so , in all likelihood , she is
destined to retain that position in the new era of eu
drawn u
p by Babu S ital Prasad , Dep uty Inspector of
Schools I would likewise acknowledge m y great
. ob
M A S HERRI N G
. . .
CH APTER I .
—
Early history of Benares S anctity . y — Mythic cha
of th e c it . ~
—
Buddhism first in B enn ett A qu i y of Benares H iouen
n ti t
T hsang s ac coun t of h is visit to th e city in the sev enth c en tury
’
of th e Ch stian era
ri — Mac aulay s desc ription of Benares —C on
’
.
-
Benares the religious cen tre of India
,
NoArc hitec tural rem ains dating p rior to the third century
before Christ y et found in India —Ancien t H indu E difices of
the prhnitive per iod, not of a rude ch arac ter — D id . the H indus
f
borrow rom the A ssy rim and Persian S culptors -
Ancient
remains foun d c hi efly in the north ern q uarter of the city .
d
mo e n
r city
—Origin of the appellation Benares .
CH APTER III .
Parm i c form of
- —
Modern H in d uism Increase of Tem ples in
X CONT E N T S .
t —
B p Tem ple of A d Bish eéwar — T he Well Kass Karwat
a -
. .
T p
em le of S an fc h ar — T he goddess A nn p ur uaand h er tem p le
. .
C H A PT E R IV .
.
,
re s —
po Ghat Tem p le of Briddhkal —S hrines of Marka ndeéwar
’
.
CH APTE R V .
Legen d p
res ec tin g D ivodés — Tem ple of D ivodh eéwar
. .
t
’
— —
Berpen s WelL O ld I m agea Tem p les of Bageswari Jwa ra ,
C H A PT E R VI .
o f
r rom t t n —
heir sac red wri gs Preferen c e of th e O ld Fanes by
i
—Painting in the T riloc han Tem ple, dep icting the P unishm en ts
of H elL—T riloc h an Ghat —G ée Gh at —T em fl es of N irha d
.
dh eé war a d A
n d M ahadeva —Gor Ji the , Guj arati B rahman .
CH APTE R VII .
C H A PT E R VII I .
gh nt
a a T 6 1
6 0 o Tank
r — Tem ple of the Dem on Bh ut Bhairo - .
— —
Tem p le of Bani Ga ue6 Jagannath S atis
. .
The Man -
Man dil Ghat —Tem p le of
D albhy eéwar — Tem ple .
M am edh
G hé t an d Tem ple —Legen d of D asésc m edh .
S iddheswar Te p e
i m l — Chandra Kup, or Well of th e Moon .
— m
Tem ple of the goddess su s Dev i S ankata G hat R am — .
'
CH APTE R XII .
— m Ar —
Anc ient m utilated S tatue Te p le of D ul eéwar Peepu l .
d k
S acre Mo e s
n y — L g
e e n d of Durg an d D u rgi — Durga Kund
or Tank — —
Kurukshetr 6160 or Ta k T he Lolfirik Kfidn or
T n
Tem ple of the Maharaja of Benares at M eag an — Begs
a it i s
’
—
Ch S ngh Tank Virtue of Pilgrimage to the R amnagar
side of Bau m —Tem ple of Vedavy és —Panch kosi R oad or
.
,
un r —
S ac red Bo da y o R ename Pilgrimage of the Punc h kosi
f .
A d-k
eéav T p
em le — n h —
Ber a G é t R éj Ghat Fort ; its use in
185 7 — R M
. m of B uddhist Monastery —Tank of B hairo . .
CH APTE R X VI .
v h
S i ala G at
’ — T h e O ld F ort — R aj a Chait S ingh ; Hi story
of hi s In surrec tion an d of th e p roc eed ings of Warren H astin gs
in c onnexion therewith
CH APTER XVII .
periodically , in Benares
C H APTER XVIII .
D estructron c
'
‘
old in relation to R enam e — Anc ien t R em ains N o I in R Aj , . .
,
u h —
C ha ham b a Mosque An c ient R emains N o IX A urung
k , .
C H A PT E R XX I .
great wealth of
S ourc e of the —
Benares I ts hief Articles of
c
—
.
i
S oc ety s M ission —
’
N ati ve S ch ools of vari ous c lasses T he
Benares I nstitute Public Build ings in the suburbs —Men u :
F
-
C H APT E R XXI I .
society —
.
-
, .
of its is n — —
d cussio s Lec ture of Pau dit Lakshm aj i H is accoun t
of the q
c onse uenc es of H in d uism .
—E fiect ’
of Mi ssions and
APPEND IX A .
APPEND IX B .
from th e “
M m oires sur les Contr es
é é Occid en tales dc H iouen
M S ta nislas Julien the origina l
”
T hsang , of . , translator of
LIS T OF ILLU S TR ATION S .
PA G E
R A JA or A lm n rv s
'
’
TE M P L E p
F rontis iece
TEMP L E AT M A N I KA E N I KA G nu
R A JA or N A GPO E E G nu
’
s
T H E M m s a nr s
T un N E PA LE sE TEMPLE
R AM G u m
N o 11
. .
A u c rm Bunnm sr T E MP LE AT a ir A Kenn
E R RA T A .
—
Page 68 F or Pumasubhakaran,
. read Pumas ubhakarant
'
.
Pg
a e 820. —I n line 21
, and also line 26 , in place of N o X ,
. . read No IX
. .
IN T R O D U C T IO N .
of Benare s Ba nal as
, T he form 1m m was th e wor k p erhaps of
-
.
, ,
b
X VI I I INTRO DU C TI O N .
General C unn ingham sta tes that Baj a Banar is trad iti ona lly believed
to ha ve reb uilt Benares abou t eigh t h undred y ears ago Journ a l of .
O n the age of that work see m y edi tion of P rofessor Wilson s trans
’
,
-
,
thi rd ch ap ter of the Vdm w dgm tha t Vi ranast lies between the ,
“ W m m m u
W W W
W fi fi fim w w fiu m rft m u
xx I N T R O D U UI I O N .
a t er i i i —
F h V v en do S a nt Martin the genesis of whose ficti tious -
first, only suggestion s, very soon ripen in to ind ubitable c erta inti es
“
Cette riviere [th e E péwem c] la derniére de la liste d A rrien, se
’
,
’
while afterwards as if proc ess of tim e nec essarily stood for an ac ces
,
with au a sword
'
. .
Thi s is the oldest form and that rec ogn ized in the H ein e M a ,
-
6 4 94 on Pdnmi,
IV II 90 ; and th e Brahma M 44 .
, .
,
-
.
“
Beja Kati D ideren tly Kdiirdj r K di ip sti otc d esc rip tive of
.
"
, c
, , .
,
Katie .
”
T hat m : m ay be th e same as fl lfi l! End s c lear from
' ’
the M arc i a, A R M M na p
-
d wan, i i 19 49 and 19 5 2
. .
xxii m onum os .
A nge, C ham pfi .
‘
These term s are all actually em pl oyed T he last is also app lied to
, , .
, ,
d
’
-
,
K at ie
i
"
n th e D utc h m an -M i a
Katya .
—
This word , like Kaéikm for whic h see the K ebab/Wrote,
d
U y y p arvm , £1 5 9 07
o a - — m eans, ety m ologic ally , Kasian
.
,
Bu t .
com mentators on old writings exp lain it, and righ tly , to signify
Ki sirfij a and K aty a are used of th e sam e
”
“
king of the Katie .
T he Bugcsdo
’
the for mer we fin d, indeed, in post vaidik book s two D ivodi eas ;
.
-
,
O ne ot .
a ges,
m o re or l ess of notori ety ; and this is , substa n
tially , all th at the Hi nd u m em ori als teach u s .
We read , in th e d u-
p m ds
'
a
at B en res
a , b u t at Pratish th fina an d,
at th e ti m e of
Before P uru ,
his father ,
Y ay i ti , lord of all th e K i i is,
”
g d
rei ne
00p m , p xxii
.
, note 4 .
VI 8
a n t sdga ra ,
- .
, .
appears tha t the kin gs of the latest dy nas ty of Ka nauj from Mada ,
in suc c ession to th eir pred ecessors ; and that they were so is fu lly
from righ t whic h was exh um ed n ear Ben ares i a 179 4 We read
, , .
,
but there stil l rem a ins th e question as to the er a c f the y ear 1083 ,
—
whet her Vikram i dity a s or Shlivi hana s better S i tavi hana s ’
,
’
,
’
,
tion es prin w
, d so m any and so gross that we are forb idden tc
,
that the intersper sed patc h es of the rec ord whic h read as if ccrrec t
xxvi m aonucrros .
no grou nd for creditin g that Gau tam a ever gov erned tha t
city at all, notwithstanding that th ey represent him to
h ave reigned there d uring nineteen several states of
H ic asu T hsang s ’
h
s or t ac c oun t of Benares to , be sa tisfied th at th e
vagues t .
Po Io ni
- v -
an ( var am a
) , an d tells of a c ertain m onaster y at th e
distanc e of en viron an n erd es t da fisu ve de Po lo ml cu
dix li - - -
( V i ri nc)
a t .
Wm ”
is explained to signify h l oc c iden t du
“ ’
Po lo ml u o
' v
ar est)
Gu m" ,
, ,
, . .
,
associations, H iou en Th eang dwells at great length , and
with that lingerin g and m inutiose re m iniscence which
m arks a credulous and fervid pi ety .
- l ac - - -
h d d p v d f f I be em ployed in th e
'
m Pa , m ust
-m m
s o te
r ne or e a e
r o r o o o
had rec ourse to Professor Jam es S umm ers a distingu ished S inolo ,
noti fying that the kingdom so nam ed had aforetime been called by
—
,
-
, , .
—
, ,
should fin d and n ot o ce
n on ly b ut tw ic e — Po lo ie ( V a m p s) if Po , ,
- -s
.
.
other wise ; and he u na vowed ly took for gra nte d besides tha t in , , ,
that the c ity of Benares borrowed its appellati on from tha t of this
i a
m g in ary strem held by him to be id en tic al wi th the E évm w
,
p ,
’
riv ié re auj ou
,
r d h u i Barns l
’
E ri u és és d es G rec s a nd t
,
h e violenc e
’
whic h F ather Vivien do S aint Martin does to h is text haa thua his -
xxx mm onuorron .
V i ri nq
a i 1
3 a V dr
,fina
"
si P o le m i
, n e m a
y in deed stan d for .
o -
, ,
heedless hyperbole of encom ium Con tin ued examina tion has m ulti .
That M Julien for all th e self c om placent air of his Methods has
.
,
-
,
car . . . . .
strangers to th e c oun try m ay h ave been enterta ined wh ile they w ere
,
proof that In dia was ever the thea tre of a Buddhist persec u tion .
very rare if there were any at all N either am ong the H i nd us nor
,
.
the fac t that their book s are n ow but v ery rarely m et with in the
aion of na ti v es of In d ia
p c ssa .
In dian kings who from m oti ves of polic y adiaphorised bet ween
, ,
the two grea t c lasses of the faith ful in to whic h th eir subj ects were
divided F or insta nc e a position of prac tical indifference i n respec t
. ,
—
, ,
F or th e H a rd n ch n t an d th
e e n
- d n n d a of whic h I d isc ov ered
s a a,
copies a fter th ese works had slum bered n eglec ted for many genera
,
, ,
—
th e ei ghbourhood of cities , as Gay fi, M athura, A y o
n
worship . Translation of th e VM a
”
n
ga B oo k V Ch ap ter , .
,
3 “
There is every reason to b elieve th e greater part of th e c on
ten ts of th e E di t Ma gd anterior to th e first a ttac k u pon Benar es by
-
a
translation of th e t a u p wa a
n V ol I P refac e -
pp L XX II
, . .
, , .
to further m etem psych osis ; another to sec ure the attainm ent of ,
for m m p les .
S aints whose aspirations are less am b itions are prom ised store of
good things in fu ture for repeating the Panam aMisti daily This
-
.
c onsists in :
( )
1 ab lu tion, withou t d isrobing i n th e pool of Chakra ,
pushkari l
u, with a prop itiation - ser ice v
ddressed to th e gods m anes a , ,
n am e d in th e A y m M ary , in Mr . Gladwin s ’
tran slation of whic h ,
S aras wa ti Ga n ga and Y am u na
, ,
LI X .
, 114, 115 .
’
m I I nda, etc p .2 88
, . .
English II p 35
A y ers A kbary , Vol . .
,
. .
what we now see it, with its thousand tem ples, and ‘
Ju n, 186 8.
was founded by Jay asim ha : he does not distinguish whic h Jay asixiiha .
T h sang found Benares , in the seventh c entury , of not far from the
T H E S A CR ED C ITY O F T HE HIN D U S .
CHAP T ER I .
Benn histor y of —
Benares S anc tity of the c ity —M y thic c haracter of
vi it to the c ity in t he
s event h ent ry of the C h i tian m
s c u rs
th religio
e history of half the h um an r e — I ts onn exion wi th
us ac c
the f ll of B dd h i m in I ndia —T h
a u Br h m n —Son of th Ganges
s e a a s e .
, ,
th eir pains , and perh aps a few oth ers m ay occasi onally
be drawn forth ; b u t tha t the gau dy coloured fabric o f -
”
a d istanc e of 2 8 8 mi l es P 18 4 T he bri ef inau gural
. . .
chakka ) ‘
. Th ere are two thi n gs said he tha t m ust ,
’
,
‘
q yu it
. Tw e n ty fi ve c enturi es a o
-
g , at th e l east
,
it w a s
a rchy,
or N eb u ch adnezzar had captu red Jeru sal em and ,
the —
capital ncar ,
—
the Ganges , which is fro m eighteen
to ninetee n Ii ( thr ee m il es and u p wards ) lo ng, and
fro m five to six Ii ( abo u t one m ile) broad The villac .
( M ahe é w ara
) S o
. m e c u t o ff th eir h a ir ; oth ers preserv e
are d estit u te of an
y kind of cloth i ng S o m e bes m ea r .
”1
there are twe nty ( Hind u ) tem ples of th e gods .
ficent city still m aintai ns m ost of the freshn ess and all
the beau ty of her early you th F or pictu resqu eness and
.
This conj ec ture regard ing the population of Benares is not correc t .
the c ity m oreov er is very large being one hundred and fi fty or two
, , ,
tem plation could rise into the divinity ; tha t all this
,
14 s au nas PAST AND PRESENT
,
.
—
divine honou rs which is not a m ere freak of a del uded
,
—
cooks it him self should a m an of inferior caste, by
,
their ord er are som e of the Brah m ans that even should , ,
over the temples , the sac red wells , stream s and reser ,
h llow
a ed soil his an xio
,
u s spir it beco m es su d denly
m, a s trange sense of relief co mes over him , and h e
at once ch eered and co m fort ed with th e treachero us
r
myriads of idols, h er swar ms of pilgrim s, h er hosts
daily worshippers togeth er with th e po m p and cir
,
,
—
We com e therefore to this con clusion j ustified I
, , ,
a despotic hand in all his sacred rit es and p rac tices abo u t
, ,
Benares
.
m onu
m ent of art hitherto discovered in the country There .
”l
engineer officer There is reason for suppo sing that
.
anci ent tem ples or religio us m o nas teri es, apa rt fro m the
re B u ddhist H in d w r t si m pl e nd u n so
p us e e as
y e a
-
p h isticated an d ,
p erform ed th e rites of th eir religion
,
F ergu sson
'
s H andbook of Architec ture p
, . 7 .
22 E E N A uE s, PA sT AND PRESENT .
vast edifices of wood and stone com bin ed cov ered with ,
—
years preceding th e third cen tury E o , th e earliest da te . .
,
,
—
covered th e probab ility is that if a dili gent search were
, ,
“
His Views of Benares are chi efly of a popul ar cast ,
—
College a beau tiful Gothic structure in th e su burbs of
,
—
the city al though interesting him self in th e ex cavations
,
ston es w ere rem oved from S arn ath and thrown into
the river, to serve as a breakw ater to th e piers ; and
that, in the erection of th e seco nd bridge th e iron ,
of th e city .
c rowd ed with ornam enta tio n ; and both sp ecies are v ery
.
,
was, wi thou t dou bt the earli est introdu ced into B en ares
, ,
above m enti oned fragm ent ary rem ai ns of a v ery old typ e
-
,
an
y of his predecessors If th ere is
. o ne circ u m stance
so uth ern side as com pared with those on the north ern
,
—
tion is w ell ill ustrated by the position of the three
fortresses which the Baj as of B enares hav e occupied
at va rious periods of its history T he old est fort was .
Barna and the Gau ges ; and a few rem ains of it are
sti ll standing In its day it no dou bt formed a part
.
8
34 R EN A R E S , PAST AND PRESEN T .
“
as the el ev enth century A D at a period when . .
,
Hinduis m .
the tem p les m osques and shrines of India belonging to all the nativ e
, , ,
agric ul ture and in vol ved all c lasses in a poverty whic h th e e pire
,
m
had not suflered for m any y ears
'
nev er w er e fam ines m ore c ruel Though freed from the persec u tions .
of the bigoted em peror the tem p les suflered grievously from the
'
g y H i n u ism .
then A ll ov er North In dia espec ia lly the native m erc hants and
.
,
with English armies by the sec urity given by English law to their
,
extens ive trade hav e filled Ben ares and other ci ties wi th new and
,
in state the holy c ity has poured into the lap of the atten dant priests
,
unheard of sum s whic h m ust hav e satisfi ed even their c ovetous and
-
,
T he new sc ool, h dou bting enli ghten ed and , c eases to bu ild new
M ples or endow the old ones T h e old sc hool p rosp ering in trade
, .
, ,
growing in wealth still trusting to the anc ient su persti tions and
, ,
anxiou s to earn m erit for themselves b uild new tem ples an d presen t ,
40 m anna, rm AND PRESENT .
and gov ernors of his co unt ry are att ach ed is m oving the ,
— —
old Ch istianity or Hindu ism is the m ore pow erful
r .
mu m ny
of th e ( a . m otor . al e-
nus .
Kotwéli 26 1 19
Kal Bhairo 2 16 20
t em p u ra 48 54
97
'
J aitpnré 30
53 32
Bhelapuré 15 4 16
6 92 34
145 4 2 72
The Hindus h ave a strange fancy for accu m ulating
idols in certain spots N ot co ntent with depositing an
.
to the end ; y et I well knew the res ult as the sam e thing ,
further use .
“ ”
city wholly given to idolatry T he Hind u, it should
.
receives u po n his foreh ead, from the ofli ciating pri est,
the peculi ar m ark of his god as th e sy m bol of th e ,
pu ta g or
“
o s
s n of th e Ganges, ”
who may be regarded
land with its poisoned waters and has rendered its inhabi
,
are n um erous
; and ea ch h as a history of its own F or .
'
’
Genes especially the god of wisdo m , son of S iva
,
dem ands the hom age of his subjects and will not resign ,
—
m am with shav en hea d, save a long t uft depending
fro m his crown behind th e sacred cord being thrown
,
over one shoulder or ear, and the sym bol of S iva being ’
E E N A E E s, PA sr
'
AND PRESENT . 49
—
tive nakedness his hair dyed and m atted together, and
—
his body bedaubed with ash es though scarcely noticed ,
and so m e of them
,
occasionally are profusely decorated
, ,
are b u ilt i nto the wall flanki ng this cour t Th ese are .
the circu m stan ce, prom ised to take up his abod e in the
well and to reside there for ever It is stated m ore
,
.
,
osted to the god Mah adeva ; and a few steps furth er east
is a temple b uilt in honour of the sam e deity The bu ll .
'
every Monday .
yard and into the fane itself are, both, profusely carved ;
and in addition, th e latte r is crowd ed with figures inter
,
m any persons was too hea vy for her Filled with anxiety , .
the arrangem ent thus m ade produ ced the m ost satis
“
factory resu lts I n hononr of A nnpfirna, the suppli er
.
”
of food , a c u sto m prev ails am on g all classes, by w hich
but as he and all the m em bers of his fam ily can, each
, ,
first dry , and then either cook for food , or sell in the
bazaar I have been told that the great co nsu mption
.
,
bells in this and other Hindu tem ples are not rung but
, , ,
and fascinate her behold ers The tem ple occu pies a l arge
.
'
shrine in which is an i m age of Gauri Sankar and the
, ,
’
of this pa inted m onster wo u ld excite one s la ughter,
Sanichar, is a ,
60 BE N ARE S , r A sr A N D PRE SE N T
.
and thereby vica rio usly inflict ed punishm ent u pon them
for the offences of whi ch th ey w ere guilty I n this .
tem ple are o ther rem arkable obj ects, which wi ll be pre
sently referred to T he worship of D andpan and the
.
,
00 11
BsN A nss
,
rA sr AN D r am . 63
m —
sole n in the presence of th e divine stick adm inister ,
—
corrupted Sanskrit word , is, properly the name of an ,
t
closed all th e day lon g, but 18 opened every morning ,
th e n ine planets
‘ ’
.
god Mah adeva arrived, and looking into the w ell beheld
, ,
quest was that Mah adeva should always reside with him .
ported that Mah ad eva and his wife P arvati w ere one day
seated by the well wh en, ac cid entally a jewel fell fro m
, ,
a lso for the circum stance t hat th e entire str ucture has
—
B enares P roper indispu tably the m ost ancie nt portion
,
figu res of Ganeé and P arv ati ; and to the left of the
‘
unlike the other con tains sweet water and has a raised
, ,
strange events co nnec ted with the dom estic life of the
ruling god of B enares, is worth recounting Raj a .
beco ming still m ore exc ited , sought out the hole in
which the sacrifice was being cons um ed and, throwin g ,
off h is head .
o f th e thre e d eiti es pl a c ed a t th e he ad of th e Hi n du
pantheon proceeded , in great consternati on, to Mahadeva ,
,
religion .
tha t there was a tim e when such a di vinity was not wor
shipped here but divine hono urs were bestowed on a
,
by th e E di t M anda-
I t is said tha t this personage
.
, ,
doned the governm ent abdi cated the thro ne and retired
, ,
were so, it is not un lik ely that D ivodés who was, evi ,
S ee Appendix C .
86 ssN A ass, PAST AND PRESENT .
”
the large eyed an epith et of P a rv at i, S iva s wife,
‘ -
’
,
Krish na, that is, to Kris hna and his wife who are ,
—
m arigold and a rose not artifici al bu t nat u ral flowers ,
.
q y ;
u it a n d ,
fro m th e circ u m sta nce of an ext ensiv e
—
part of the city containi ng th e w ell the w ell bein g
th e m ost im portant and noticeable obj ect th ere : and
so gradually , the i nh abitants associated the Mah alla
,
the first pla ces bu ilt in th ese sub u rbs and frequ ented ,
no —
Hindu te mples incl uding th e tem pl e of Briddh
ké l, which has, undou btedly an antiqu ity of several ,
—
h un dred years wh atever exist to which th e epithets
, ,
‘
old and ancient can properly be appli ed ; thereby
’ ’
tem ples so long as your infor mant can o nly sta te that
,
th e pilgri m s who fro m all pa rts of I ndia, are perp etu ally
,
Puré nas, an d
with th e present featu res of idolatry
am on gst the Hindu ra ce The tem ples which stud
.
in th eir origin .
u on B enares and
p in its pra is e s u ch as th
, e E di t
rahaay a, which nu m bers thirty chapt ers th E i st m ai
l i
; e x c -
—
flec tiom distingu i shed fiom his other two ey es whi ch
‘
are m er ly
e e o s —
yes of b erva tiom percei ved her It is .
exist h ere and are pointed out in the enc losur e of the
,
reward .
high wall ed enclosure the large num ber of ima ges which
-
,
is Kot Lingeéwar
-
from th e circu m stance th at its
,
eli
r g ion is re a
g rd ed by the
,
H indus in th e ligh t of a
,
small oil lam p is kept co nstantly b urn ing not far fro m
the idol , whose da ily su pply of water and flowers — the ,
ffe n —
o ri gs of his worshi ppers would be enough did he , ,
-
.
Plac e of Pilg im ag
r e.
, ,
and
( Gangs) Ganges R especti.
ng these strea m s ,
Mr .
“ ”
Prinsep m ak es th e following observatio ns A virgin -
,
“
he say s, nam ed D horé tpépa , whom Brah m a pro no un ces
’
Princep s Views
’
of Benares—S econd S eries .
110 BENARES, PAST AND PRESENT .
frequ en tly placed lea ving not room enou gh for a dozen
,
orderly m ann er .
a
g gn s Gh at , y
ou ap pro ach th e lofty m os qu e of Au r ung
seb known , by th e nativ es as
, ,
,
“
M adh u das ké D ewhré ”
.
a
114 BENARES, PAST AND PRESENT .
over the victi m who lies prostrate across his lap This .
j hi l or pon d,
and was then ca ll ed th e Mac haudari T irth,
CHAPTER VII I .
R ati e ristocrac of N v A
enares y B
—
.
K v dd
ant D e i, Go ess of the C it of
-
enares y B
Kam ghanta T 5150
or ank — T T p
em le of the em on Bh fit haira — em le of ari
d -
B T p B
—
tem pl e of Jegeéwar m ore correctly Y éjeéwara Lord ‘
, , ,
—
of Sacrifice that is S iva to which all the nobility
’
, , ,
for persons freq u enting the spot But the obj ect of .
Bell eared
-
’
This tank is in a quadrangle between
.
,
are sev eral other figu res but of s maller sta ture, and
,
the tem pl e four bells are su spe nded ; and i m medi ately
,
q y
u it as those j u st d escribed .
124 E E N A E E S , PAsr AN D PE E smvr.
an entrance into the holy city its elf had not Bhairo ,
dem on, tho ugh overcom e and bodiless had lost nei ther ,
addition ,
th at all pilgri ms proceeding to th e city of
Gay s sho u ld be directed first to visit him To this .
he, the dem on, was to take care that none ever did 8 0 .
has, in this case five All the rem aining sides are
,
.
B ishi or Sa in t,
afte rwards th e P ol e S tar once visited ,
Man -
M andi]
G hfit — T e p h
m le of D rilb y ef war — Tem ple of the M oon
‘
.
-
.
the old Observ atory situa ted u pon the banks of the
,
, ypore,
atm osph ere and for the fertilizi ng of the soil , are be
other deities .
‘
T his was written as th e summ er was advancing, before the rains
l 2 DE NARE S , PAST AND PRESENT .
st e
1 a wisdom and providence , Su vai Jey S ingh ,
, Vol . v
.
,
. 17 7, 17 8 .
E EN A R E S , PAST AND PRESENT . 133
—
Maj esty of dignity and power, the sun of the firm s
,
—
king , Mahomm ed S hah, may he ever be tri um phant in
”
battle I
“
Thereupon the E mperor graciously ord ered him to
.
M g fl ww h g d thd r m fi displacem m t
d th m hm d th s chd q and the s hifiing of
—
half, of stone lim e, of perfect stability, with at
an d
D A sAs A n S
’
DE of D ads-am edh
T em ple —C handm Kfip o Well of the M oon
-
. r — T em ple of the god
d S ankata D evi —S ankata C hi t — Ri m G hAt
' '
ess .
T o the outh of
s Mandil C hat is the D a§
th e M én
- ~
m eritorio us ac t.
being not l ess than five or six feet in gi rth and three ,
—
go straight to paradi se th at is th e h eaven of Siva .
, ,
th e m oon —
,
fro m chandra, the m oon , and h ip s, a well .
ded icated to S i va .
CHAPTER XII .
— L gend of R odi n —m
e T ank nd surro n ding T on pl
ar a u i ea
Bfl kri hu
s and C hat
a bhuj I dola — Mfin w T em ple —T h C e t
ur
’
cs ar e r s
I ge
m a of T il h nde war
b u a — '
s .
—
An cient m utilated S tat e Tem pl of u e
which , throu gh its instrum enta lity , they h ave acqu ired .
t ha
,
visited a m ou n ta in form i ng part of th e H i m a
D uaoA K und d S ac re
k —
M on y Lege d of D rg nd D gfi
n
e s x — AuD ev
ao tee — D t y K nd
u u u
o T nk — Ku uks hetr wa
r a s o
r T n k — T he L IArik K ass or W ll
r a O e
An i nt S culptures
c e .
any co nnexion with sin and its forgiv eness ; but their
spot
,
in the m idst of what, it is asserted, was then
wild j ungle : but it seem s to h ave been v ery little
resorted to ; and it is far fro m clear when or by what ,
fill th e road and spaciou s gardens adj acent to the tem ple .
tem ple They are of all sizes and ages, of all tem pers
.
th eir aggregation all the trick ery and c unn ing of which
,
dem on, and d eliver the gods fro m th eir ca lam iti es .
gether his rela tives and serv ants and said to them : ,
”
Seize this woman, and tak e care she do es not escape 1
They th en seized Mahak ali and w ere carrying her
,
bet ween the gods and the de mons now became general,
11
162 E E NAR ES , PAST AND PRESENT .
All the pillars are sim ilarly carved Th eir base rests
.
garl and , rising lik e horns abov e its h ead ; and with
sev eral necklaces of gold coins hanging low down as
far as the ch est A sm all l am p bu rns inside the shri ne ;
.
—
is a m u tilated figure, not I am satisfied , of Hindu ,
—
origin wi th a h ead dress ri sing to an apex h aving a
,
-
,
m of th e M aharaja of Benares at —
M arm a ra R aj a Gheit S ingh s
’
e a . a c -
c
of its tower was erected , abo u t one hun dred years ago,
by Raj a C heit Singh ; but it was co m pl eted by the
prese nt Raj a T he t em ple, incl u ding th e pl atform on
.
and the S aras wat i have each a sep arat e nich e Kri sh na , .
, ,
too has his pl ace ; but he is not alon e, for two of his
,
is over thi s tabl e, and before the face of the idol, that
th e sacred fire is waved T o the le ft is another table,
.
and children , rich and poor, prin ces and pea sants , travel
fish ness is the very root of Hind uism, is its sap and life,
is its branches, and blosso ms , and fru it .
'
p let ed in
,
six days a m arch of ne arly ,
fifty m i les ,
—
B enares are along th e banks of th e Ganges
'
All the .
the M anikarnika Gh at .
in this neighbourhood .
which rise the m any storied edifice s for which the city
-
,
T p B—
em le er na G M t R fi ( 3t-
F ort : its use in moi —R em ain.
B dd
cl M
u hist onastery — ank of Bhaim —Ldg or illar of S iva
T P
A n c ient Pillar —A c count of Distur anc e in enares hen th e aint
. b B w p
'
tance off the road on the right hand side It occ upies
,
.
th e pill ars .
in the dry season, but not during the rains ; and alon g
it an im m ense am ount of traflic of all kin ds passes
to and fro m the railway station on the o th er side T o .
the co u rt d -
of Au ru ngzeb s m o sq ue in which stood’
,
, ,
”
“
T he Hindus h ad a traditio n writes the R ev Wil , .
“
th at th e pill ar was grad ually si nki ng ; it h avi ng ac ,
“
It was diflic ult, indeed to tr ust to the native ,
—
tho u ght to see S iva s La ; h as its h ead l evel with the
’
will be ou r religion th en ? ’ ‘
I su ppose the Ch ristian ,
’
“
by no m eans pacified I n the early part of the
.
” “
q uarrel , says Mr B uyers, the M ussal mans, in order
.
slzll
’
entire north ern bound ary of the city , for the space of
between three and four m iles , without any proper an d
ad equ ate m eans of co m m unication with th e co un try
'
—T he O ld F ort — Rj
a a C heit S ingh H i to y of hi
: s r s
India Company ; and his v ast esta tes did not pay tribute ,
S uch was the first seriou s charge brou ght agai nst the
Raj a T he second was, in pri ncipl e, the sam e I again
. .
S ingh for all the caval ry in his pay which he could spare
for ou r service .At that tim e we stood in need of ev ery
aid th at co uld be d evised , to r ep el th e m u ltipli ed d ang ers
“
no m ore success He offered 2 50 but furnished n o ne
.
,
.
his au m ils and t enants w ere enco u raged and h abit uated
to treat E nglish p assengers with inh ospita lity and wi th
en m ity ; that he m ai ntai ned a corresponden ce with th e
Mahrattas and other P owers who either w ere or m ight
, ,
co mm unication .
Its high walls and b uttresses are built with such com
pa c tn ess an d str ength,
th a t ev en,
n ow n ot a tra c
,
e of
d ecay is noticeabl e in th em ; and th ey possess, m ore
ov er, all th e freshness of new b uilt str uctures I n th e
-
.
’
reason for bel ievi ng that the Raj a s followers w ere
acq uai nt ed with this circ um st ance, and, co nsequ ently ,
“
dispatch ed with am m unition, to reinforce and sup
port the first party When the l atter arriv ed at the
.
effected his escape foll owed him ac ross the riv er in the ,
m ent, and
have consequently been saved fro m the ruin
, ,
“
foe Warren H asti ngs says :
. If C heit Si ngh s people, ’
the i nh abitants of the city did not rise and in v est the
garden ; for th ey m ight easily h ave don e so, an d h av e
slain every m an in it T he Governor General rem ained
.
retreat .
14
2 10 ssN A s ss, rA sr A N D Ps xss N r .
were but two, which were to wait the danger and try
,
he sa ys, “
was taken and decl ared and ord ers given
,
gain the open cou ntry before the enem y, having notice
2 12 seru m PAST AND rassR N r
'
.
”
had never departed from it. Raj a C heit S ingh, havin g
“
been guilty of th e deliberate m u rder of our soldi ers ,
descended .
C H A PT E R XVII .
and,
in addition to their religious charac ter , and are
held as m uch for am usem ent and trad e as for grav er
purposes They are, in fact, fairs ; and, in som e in
.
1 T he
. Navaratri M el a, held at Du rga Ku nd during
th e first nin e day s of the m onth of Chait Hindus .
,
.
,
utt ered whi le they are in this sta te, are received as
an o racula r m essage This festival is one of the m ost
.
education .
16 The
. N g Pancham i Mel a held at N ég Kass or
a -
,
this m
seaso t and as is regarded as th e serpent
, ,
-
.
16
226 D EN ARE S
,
PAST AND PRESENT .
on th e followi ng m orning .
B enares occu pies five days O n the fou rth day , when
,
.
an d m erry m aki ng -
Many wear colo ured clothes and
.
,
T n] : Bu ddhi t Ruins
s Antiquity
at S arnAth —Their of th e —S um mary
N arrative of F a H im and H i ou en T hsa ng respecting the buildi ngs
s ,
—
form erly existing at S i rné th and in its neighbourhood Points of
agreem ent in the N arratives — M odern E xplorers of the R u in s —Ex
tent and N ature of the Rem ains — —
T h e G reat T ower D escription of
it by M aj or General C unningha m and A ccou nt of hi E xcav tions
-
,
s a .
eate y r Mr Th om a
-
. Acc ount of them — D isc overy of l rge num
’
s s . a
of an A Tw
n cient o er —Maj or General C unningham s
D escription of
-
’
. s
—
.
,
dhist D ev tees
o —
Rem ains of Vihi ra or T em ple m onastery S m ll -
. a
B d ng
u il i on
, ta ining S ixt y S c ulptures
c T he S e l C ait a —
h y s T be . a
a s u
fir e — F all of Buddhism
“
says that to the north west of the town ( Benares)
, ,
-
,
S ee Appendix A .
m u ss, PAST AND PRESENT . 233
constructio n ,
an d a Vilztir a
,
or te m pl e m on ast e ry -
two ,
S tup or, and, also , a nu m ber of anci ent sto ne seats fifty ,
; an ,
o ,
u t at a ta ,
alike wh ere Buddha d eli v ered his first discou rse , and
where the five herm its cam e forward and paid him
reverence, a S laps or sacred tower has been erected .
S ee Appendix B .
2 36 m u m, PAST AND PRE SENT .
T hom as M Ju dge m
o l and Dr
. F . H s ll,
l
a so, following in the track of these g red explorers,
for many years, rem ained cov ered over with earth but ,
“
T he lower part of the m onum en t has eight proj ect
ing faces each tw en ty one feet six inches in wi dth wi th
,
-
,
“
Fro m the level of th e base of the niches the eight ,
“
has received the approval of Burnouf Of all things
proceeding fro m cause, th eir causes hath th e T a tluigata
( Buddh )
a explained The Gre
.
( )
at S ram ana B u ddha ha th
sixth century .
“
O n th e 2 2u d January I began to exca vate a ho ri
zontal gallery on the level of th e top of the sto ne work
;
-
BsN A ns s, PA sr AND PRESENT . 243
feet, the gallery join ed the shaft which had been sunk ,
to q uarry out the stones ; and the work occ upied them
for several m onths A t l en gth at a depth of one hundred
.
,
”
below the sto ne work but without yield ing any result
-
,
.
244 D sN A nss, r A sr AND p anama .
( tow ers
) aro und Bh ilsa which co ntain the relics of
,
tapes are those represe nted in the Sanchi bass reli efs -
,
is a m agnifi t —
specim en, th e plinth is equal , in
height, to the diam eter of the h emisphere From .
as,
on the east , we en counter a m ere reta ining wall ,
“
sta tes has been
,
preserv ed, as far as the foundations
go to the outside of the doorway block ; and the line
,
BENARES, PA sT AND PRESENT . 2 47
,
—
ban k was l ess early inh u m ed Indeed, as far as can
.
ordinary
It has bee n already re marked that th e excavations ,
follows
“
This is the ruin of th e large b rick amp s ( or to wer ),
which was excavated by B abu Jagat S ingh th e B owen ,
’
pl ace under grou nd , and on the Sam e occasion wi th
-
‘
“
A t m y su ggestion M ajor Kittoe m ade a search for
,
.
,
(
‘
h eap of l ight
,
’
B u ddh a ) caused
,
to be erected in Ké éi
hundreds of fauna and s traghaqzyd S ri S tbzra F 610
' '
’
.
“
My reaso ns for fixing on th e large round hole five ,
’
evidently afforded a ready m eans of testing the man s
verac ity , I enqu ired if h e could poin t out the spot
where the box was left To this qu estion h e replied
.
,
m
Pals , in A D . . 102 6 .
C unninghm A m hmologic
‘ ’
s epor t pp . 104 7 .
m u ss, PAST AND PRESENT . 255
of Lori having l eaped fro m its sum mit, and kill ed him
self Th ere is a m ou nd of solid brickwork seventy four
.
,
-
of the outer wall , I infer that this edifice was not l ess
tha n three or fo ur stories in h eight and th at it m ay ,
squ are alm ost certainly form ed one of the m iddl e archi
trav es of the court .
“
Continu in g m y excavations on th e high ground to
th e w estward , I cam e u po n th e re m ains of a b uildin g
of a to tally different description The walls of th e
.
into three parts from west to east ; and the central part
,
to the north and south, were covered with stat ues and
bass reliefs
-
. The entrance verandah of one of the
mhcira ca ves at Kanh eri , in Salsette , is adorned in a
'
sim ilar m anner ; and, even in the prese nt day , the inner
walls of the tem ples, both in Ladak and in Burmah ,
—
side th e wal ls also , I found a great num ber abo u t fifty
,
—
or sixty of deeply carv ed large stones, which had once
-
the pri ncipal bass relief which represe nts the four great
-
,
262 m m m m
” “
m ore fun dam ental remarks Mr H odgsou , than thi s
, .
is th e
grand object of all Buddha vows .
three v arieties of incl u sive cha ity as, there were found
speci m ens of a m ore pri mitive form of th e sam e m anu
,
age ,
however his habits changed ; and beco m ing an
, ,
m anical , faith
. Much, though not all, of this eviden ce
is gathered fro m coins and inscriptions E ven in th e
.
rah —
that is, in B m avarta Proper, th e law of B u ddha
was not h eld in hono ur Bu t this was th e origina l seat
.
exh austion ,
th ey are co m pelled to give place to th em ,
PA S T AN D .
all ,
°
“
Gm eral C u nningham , the last votaries of Bu ddha
of imago
a by the deparfing m onka are form d
c onc ealed
troy ed by fire .
”
A nd, in a note, he adds z
“
I wrota
this passage from m y own knowledgo, as l made m any
exca vations around Sam ath in 1835 36 . Major Kittoe
has Since ( 18 5 1) m ost fully c onfirm ed m y O pinion by
—
burned priests tem ples idols all together ; for in som e
, , , ,
day require m ent ; and the iron n ails which conn ec ted
the cross ratters still fixed in the larger beams that ha d
,
chiragh or lam p ,
of the pointed wick holder descripti on-
,
AN C I E NT R uins at Bakariy h R ur
a l — Rem ains W all
of old .
—
there , casting into th e Shade the elder creed , and as
serti ng pro u dl y its triu mph over it, —it is highly interest
ing to inquire wh at B u ddhist re mains are yet traceable
in the city, whereby its historical position, as one of
the chief sea ts of B u ddhism , m ay be t ested S trange to .
th e prese nt city .
—
Buddhist m on as teri es to m ost or all of which tem ples
,
,
—
were probably attached and, with them about three
, ,
h ave all been Swept away with the lapse of ages and ,
“ ”
h ave left not a wreck behind Several of these were .
,
the city in the Alipore Mahalla and are vis ible fro m
, ,
is abo u t five h undred and fifty feet in len gth, and two
hundred and seventy five in breadth -
.
and thirty feet bro ad, two h un dred and sev enty feet lon g
portio ns are still sta nding O n the north ern face abou t
.
,
—
B uddhist cloister and of the m odern character of the
,
A few
steps ofl is an enclosure in the form of an
‘
connected togeth er .
feet wide, and five feet four inch es high, susta inin g a
terrace now used as a Moh am medan burial ground T he -
.
sim plicity , com bined with the great stre ngth, of its parts ,
—
teched to th em as in the case of the m onasteries at
,
—
Sarnath were situated h ere on the banks of th e Kund .
,
—
su pporting su ch ca ps or kala8 e8 , one of them n ine feet
—
in diam eter, as have been referred to in this description .
An ci en t eR m a in s , N o . IL , ne ar R d j Gh at F o r t — n c ie nt A
R e m ai ns ,
N o II I , S m a ll
. . M q
os u e in the Buddori M
ahalla — n c ient A ou n or M d
i ge — n cient
Rd A Rem ai ns, N o IV , T iliyi a
. . and Maqdam S dhi b .
B K
a t is
t b A
ha m ha — ncient R
em ains, N o V I L, . r bai A
Kangfira
M q
os u e —
H d T p in u em le o f K i rtt i R ie m an n — nc ient Aem ains, N o R .
M q
V I I L, C h au kh am bha os e u — Anc ient R
ema ins, N o I X , A uru ng . .
zb M q
e s
’
os u e, n ear Bi s h es
'
w a r T p
em le — A
n ci ent R
em a ins, N o X , . .
'
-
T p
A d Bish es war e
'
m le a n d n eig h b
o ur in g osM qu e — n c ient A em ains, R
S
N o X L,
. P td
o n e ill a r s t a n i n g in S o n e ka T AM — ote N .
term s ancient
‘ ’
and old wil l th erefore, not be ap’
,
period .
—
order, app earin g in fact, like one i mm ense structure
,
—
of gigantic proportions, which extends along th e banks
of the Ganges for m ore than two m iles, having a cir
c u m feren ce of at least six and which is regarded by, ,
epithet of ancient
‘ ’
So m e of th e buildi ngs of which
.
self : Here are the sto nes ; but where are th e bu ildings
What was their form What th eir age And , with
the help of th e rui ns of oth er pl aces he would be abl e to
,
—
chapter excepted as we have discovered in Bm ar es
,
AN CI ENT R EMAI N S , N o . I .
ev er since , th e Ra
j Gh at Fort There is a
. b elief ,
ornam enta tion on these pill ars ; but the chess board and -
shifting of pla ces, but that new pill ars ca rved in recent
,
s .
the stone floor from one extrem ity to the other ; and
, ,
—
or the British Governm ent authorities we k now not ,
—
which , ia th eir care for th ese beautiful works of art ,
the m onastery ; and th ere are still the found ations of one
rem aining which defied all atte m pts at its destruction
,
.
ANCIENT R E MAI N S ,
N o 11 . .
mm as; am am .
rese mbl ing a ch ain of lotos seed pods The capitals are -
.
faces T he ceili ng is very beau tifully sculptu red, and
.
with garl and and arml ets , m uch m utilated Th ere are .
,
ANCIENT R EMA I N S , No . II I .
-
in an enclosu re — m ade u p to a great exten t, of old
,
,
city of Ben ares was com prised wi thin the lim its of this
wall , stretching across from the B erni to the Ganges,
ma rkin g off a tongu e of land as far as the confluence of
the two rivers and in cl u di ng th e high l and of th e a s
, ;
Gh at Fort which was, in all probability once cover ed
, ,
tended to Sarnath .
T iliy a N els.
—
two architrav es, and seven bases, one of the last bei ng
extensiv ely carved All these are the spoils of so m e
.
ANCIENT nm um s, N o I V . .
stood , th ere were, th erefore one row of six dou ble pilla rs,
,
once stood it was qu ite fifty four feet in l ength and about
,
-
,
fallen into the mild and u pon its banks ; and oth ers h ave ,
ANCIENT R EMAI N S , N o . V .
M : Bhairo .
per c ap by re,
m oving th e pla st er w hich con n ects it
with the flooring below, in order to gain a view of the
ston e pi ll ar which it now concea ls but o gr t is the
; s ea
so
30 6 BENARES, s r m PassE s r
'
.
sto ne col umn, of which the concealed pillar is, dou btless ,
repo rted was cov ered with ancient carvin gs which were
, , ,
,
308 m u m, PM we n eem .
of the stone .
ANCIENT R EMAI N S, N o . VI .
Battis M M .
Form erly , each corner had four pillars , thus incr easing
th e present nu m ber by eight ; and the n, of course the ,
entire nu m ber was thi rty two : but two fro m each
-
t em ples
.
ANCIENT R E MA I N S , N o . VII .
a ttached
; bu t it is ha rd to sa
y wheth er any portion of
312 EE N A aE s, PA sr AND PE E sE NT .
H INDU TEMPLE or xi E TT I BI S HE S ’
WAB .
inscription, in A rabic
“
T he translation of which is : Turn yo ur face toward s
th e sacred m o sque ”
1077 H igira, or A D 1659 . .
. .
but the pillars at the extre m iti es are not singl e but ,
all the four sides is the boss ornam enta tion, each boss
,
—
would not allow th em to pu t u p worship the spo u t ,
that the tank is the site of the old te m ple ; b ut, if the
te m ple was a large one, as is likely it m ust have cc ,
A w ay : M osque, m BM T emp le .
—
interest, not for its own sake for notwithstanding its
, ,
th e
’
retaining wall of the tom es, one s attention is
arrested by peculiar openi ngs or niches , in the wall ; ,
high pill ars , m oreover , on its north ern face have been
transferred fro m the sam e spacio us b uildi ng These .
—
presen t, m ust be thoroughly investigated A fter su c h .
ANCIENT R EMAI N S , N o x
. .
A d Bish eéwar
-
is the nam e of a lofty te m ple situawd a
short distance fro m A urungzeb s m osque just referred to
’
,
'
There is no doubt in our m ind , that the A d Bisheé
,
-
Afd Bisheswar
-
Y et, whil e allowi ng that the edific e
.
.
,
the bu ttre ss, and the lower portion of the retaining wall .
AN CI ENT R EMAIN S , N o . XI .
the point of its junction with seve ral oth er roads The .
21
322 E E NAR E s
,
PAST AND PRESENT .
N ote .
'
Ist n a e —
tiv B nk rs I t P oor
a e— I nc reased d e i
s e fo Ed tion
s r— Th r uc a e
tlernen of Bena re s.
pe rit y, i n N orthern In di a
,
an d,
I i m agi ne ,
in the
country at large is seen in the taste , now al most
,
manufac tu re.
—
In Benares there are three Missions belonging to
m u s , PMs AND PRESENT . 333
y a n G h os é l) who
,
founded it in 18 17 for
,
the educ
,
ation
ari es,
three n ative cat echi sts th ree candidates for the
,
for the sacred books of their coun try, and have estab
lish ed a new sect known as th e B rahm o S om éj Nativ es .
, ,
—
Sanskri t Arabic and P ers ian literatu re, som e are pro
fessera and teach ers in coll eges, oth ers are m agistra tes
and judges in the courts of law, whil e all are m en
although it m a
, y b e no t a lw a
,
ys sati sfa ctory in its im
nativ e secreta ries The sec tions are d evo ted to the fol
.
riv er
,
to th e south of which th e grea ter portion of
the m ilitary cantonm ents and buildings connected th ere
with are situated and lik ewise th e English Church
, , , ,
the Governm ent College the Medical Hall , the old Mint,
,
22
338 m u ms , rasr sun
'
PRESENT .
—
B enares and a nu m ber of E uropean ge ntl em en , wh o
were all kill ed togeth er on the 14th of January, 1 7 9 9 .
resentm en t .
—
B enares , descendant of th e fam ous Raj a Gh eit Sin gh ,
— a person of m u ch am iability and geniality of dis ~
lished .
CH APTER XXII .
8m m d
d by the contem plation of the city of Benares
engen ere
I ts history the hi to y of I ndia — Princ iples of progress at work in
, s r
th c ity
e C hanges v isible in native soc iety —T h e Brahm o S a ndi
.
-
. .
of C h ristianity t .
- —
Pries s of Pisé ch Mochan T ank Literary and B
'
T HE nci ent
a and m odern buildings of Benares and
for the m ost part, passed away, but have left these
behind them, illustrative of their power and
skill of their greatness and glory By examining these
,
.
to God .
and oth er citi es and towns in which the soci ety called
consci ences of the natives can not fail to raise them far
abov e the d egra d ed social and sp iri tual condition in
m ined and
destroyed ; for the thou ght constantly rises u p
in their m inds, that th eir sons are a different race from
th em selves with new and enlarged ideas, antagonistic to
,
cou rse of study, they h ave reflected u pon the facts of his
tory, of scien ce and of the Christian religion, that have
,
to sac ri fice property positi on, fam ily , and fri ends for
, ,
oth ers ; and som e are too fi ivolou s and thou ghtl ess to
'
one who does not hold Hinduis m with a lighter and loos er
have introdu ced into the country, have l ent their aid ;
but the m ost potent and efficaciou s instrum ent of aH it ,
has been the custo m , for sev eral y ears past, for t his ta nk
to be visited, occasionally , by m issi onaries and native
evangelists fro m the m issions in the city for th e pur
,
23
354 BENARES, PAST AND PRESENT .
Paudit says
“
Then we com e to th e Au gean stabl es of ou r religio n
— the nev er failing source of all our m isery of all ou r ,
two kinds one idol atrous and the other m onoth eistic ;
,
“
P urity of personal character is nothing to m an y of
us : th e Gangs ( Gauges) and our idols h elp us to hea ven !
But, sir, we are not free agents ; what we do we do ,
stition
,
and false philosophy , in associa tion therewith ,
fallen before it .
—
peopl e are thinking, co mparing arguing, not knowing
,
—
dares to think and has ev er dared , thou gh h e lacks the
,
—
courage to ac t up to new convictions y et the inspira
tion of earnestness has e ntered his breast ; and, as his
convictions beco m e fix ed and defi nite, he will, I doubt
not, fling away fro m h im the weight of prej u dic e an d
p leted ,
wi ll u nite th e e xtrem es of the P enins u l a,
open
h itherto i naccessible tracts , and b ri ng all parts close
to each other and to the civilized wo rld Already th e .
“
It has steadily increased the trad e of the cou ntry ,
which , before the days of Cliv e co uld be convey ed in a ,
—
lish ed weekly in B engal , three of them in E nglish , by
362 R E N A R E s, PA sT AND PR E sE N T .
—
the natives, thirty native presses in Madras, and 1 kn
not h ow m any in Bom bay and Cey lon a n d twen ty fl -
,
this m ass is all thro ugh and thro ugh, and m ore a:
,
M Laadrem .
M 1836 . ca m e a
r - M W
h
t is day . S till following for twelve
,
A PPE N D I x A
. 365
chapel in th is plac e .
y ears this C he m en ( S ram ana) Kiu tan ( Gauta ma ) has p rac tised
austeri ties ; ea ting daily only one h em p seed and one ra in of ric e ;
g
-
, ,
.
,
body m outh and though ts how could one ac com plish the doc trine
, , ,
down and began to turn the Wheel of the Law From am ong the
, .
KI NGDO M or r e m -
m e ss .
m m ) .
h
t ou san d —
lis ( 6 6 7 m iles) in c ircui t T o the west near the Ganges
‘
. , ,
an d u pwards ) long an d from five to six lis ( abou t one m ile) broad
, .
lation .Fam ilies of very great wealth whose houses are stored ,
c lim ate is tem perate grain is ab u n dant th e frui t trees are lu xurian t
, ,
-
,
. . .
m en t a stone c olum n has been set up som e sev enty feet hig h
, ,
last Bu ddhas reposed on tha t spot and there walked for ex erc ise , .
g ate ) w as at R a j ag rih a
( W on g c he w in g) o n [ M o un t] -V u l tur e P e a k ,
-
( rG id h ra k fita
) h e a dd,re ss ed th e P i tso a
( Bh i k h sh u s ) as fo ll o w s : -
anc e .H e will ren ounce his fam ily will atta in to superi or kn owledge ,
the behoof of all m en T hose whom h e will con vert an d save are
.
APPEND IX B . 369
heard these words oa ddha rose from his sest and said to Buddha : ,
T ss chi
’
- Then Jon lat ( the Tathagata) spoke to h im -
yn ur .
of ch a sm ( fi ky s M a ni ) .
hiss ttws ) received this predic tion to the south are anc ien t ston e , ,
x
e am ine T hey are sbout fifty paoes in length and seven fest in
.
,
height and con sist of blue stones A sta tus of Jon lei ( the Tatha
,
.
-
there, and dv
the i ine o p wer displays itself with efiulgw oe ’
sac re d m onuments .
is deep ,
evil d oors tra m ple on this ston e c ontem p tuously the king dra gon
-
,
-
,
th e rain .
, , ,
garm ent) bent his bow and awaited his p rey T he king of the
, , .
372 m m s .
y our kin dness even to a being not y et bom . Very well l t will
—
take y our plac e to day .
”
cam ot m -
per t e ven .
F rom two to three lis [ about half a m ile] to the sou th - west of
the m onastery is a S tfip c , abou t three h un dred feet in heig h t . I t is
placed (on its sum mit) a kin d of devotee s water pot in va fiod ’
‘
, .
persons of his fam ily and to the ( two) m aternal unc les ( of the
,
u pon the m ounta ins and in ths plains, and lives apart in the m idst
of th e forests . On this account I ordery ou to follow his steps, and
ascertain whers he dwells palac e y ou are his paternal
. Wi thin the ,
and m aternal un cles ; abroad ou are at once prin ces and m i nisters
y ,
.
from life and death from transm igration] Then they said to .
one anot er h :
“
When any one aspires after knowledge is it oh ,
”
tained by austsrities mr in the bcsom of j oy ?
T wo of thw ans wered : j kn “
ow I t is in tranquillity and oy that
ledge is obtain ed But th e other three m aintained that it was by
”
.
,
and th e other three were still dispu ting the point withou t havin g ,
m m m m m m m m w :
in .
him ssll with doer s okin ; ex hibit burning zesl mnd fiort h
’
a pnt ena »
et o s erts
g
dwe
lt m the m oemes ot the palm m d livsd hs ppily in the m
a he wc rth
M ) , to lead the life c f a vile and abj oct man I y to .
'
m am ad Marta -
f
o godc aa d m He m ained immovablo a nd
sa e vd .
“
T hia son of
’
Yo hs, “
hm devotsd h i n t
l
c over, withaL ths sc ience of ths I §isMs . T heir books infi
h im , that ‘
the E ishia, en o d wed with a divine pc wsr . pom fl
of livi ng etsrnally I f y ou wish to aoquire this sc ienos, it is l
.
l .
dish ing his sword hs will issue his order s ; and h e will bs gn
,
“
When the rsoluse had learned the seoret of beoom ing a .
i
m an: s. 377
fm S efitill g pain
'
and fatigue . But when the fii th y ear had ’
alm ost
and gave him five hun dred p ieces of gold adding : When y ou shall
,
have spent them , y ou m ust com e and ask m e for m ors . I beg it of
’
y ou not to m om m e .
From that tim e, he oflen gave him valuable presents , sec retl y
ons thing to ask of you, whic h is, M ply not to u tter a word
Wh y do y ou p k
s ea ,
’
ans wered the h
c am pion ,
‘
of merely keep
I wou ld
’
ing silencs ? n ot m fuss evsn to die for y ou .
I h ea ved desp sighs ; and I also resolvsd not to speak for agea in
ac knowledgem ent of y our gen erosity fi i ortl aftsr, I was born again ,
y .
ready see m y self broken by old age ; this infant is m y onl y c hild .
”
‘
A ll this perturbation was
onl y the work of Mars ( the
“
T he brave cham pion testified his gratimds to him H o grow ed .
-
coir o
f the H ero
n am e m ay go down to posterity
”
.
of whieh, he was expelled from the sac red city , and, aocording to
the Vi ym foun ded another on the banks of ths Gomati .
rei nin
g g bs twsen the Ga nges and the Y am un a ( or in the D oab ) .
ing to this au th ority , from 8ary 6ti, ths son of Manu S udeva, th e .
enem ies.
”
lished the kingdom of Kafi .
edition ) vol iv
, .pp 33 40
.
, .
,
.
I N D E X .
310 - 81 3
At ir . 16 1
A or Alu m . 28 , 83. 30
“v 10, 112. 123. 19 1.
306 , an 313
,
A ursngssb s sre- sra, sat
am a m 8 7, 1 16, 117,
N o Vl l
. . A hi l
r Kangfim Mosque
,
w
310- 312
Hind
No
u
w
mm
ll
m
T
M q
of K
a
, 26. 2 7. as. 2 15, 2 16. fits- 2 87.
29 3. see. m , 310, 323
Balhhs dra, m
g
. bht os ue, 314,
31
v
ig
h
m mm bou Mo q e Balw t;
'
s u , 318 321
-
ant 2»
K 8 , 80ne ki T filfio,
B ntu Raj
a , a, 86, 100, 292
ra m m m n sa u g m
250.
ne w 213 ,
D ity 111
a a,
D aksh, s a, 77, 79 , 80
D ah hezwsr, 76 . 80
D fl bh
63.
mmé
, 129 , 180
8‘
s
elh, 229 M
Melt 2 17, 222
M u m edh Ghttt and
l) attktreys 16 1
a i son, i r , 2 6 1
.
D vd .
s sdstta , 371
Dh n o bi
a , v ro of, 22 8
Dh T an eras els, 228
D hsnwantsri, 2 19
D haraddi elt , 228 M Gan M
elt , 214
D im ma, 6 , 86
-
03 8
9 , 1 , 1
40 60-
16 2
D harmanads, 107 Gauri 160
D hsrmd war, 86
°
Gauri 8 69
DM kflp, 86 . 86
‘
y
Ga e, 6, 124 139
D harmshlh, or hostel, 179 0 62 1 m m 2 15, 2 13
D helh C hauth elt, 22 1 M ou t M ta 11
‘
2 15
D v
hru , D hruvefi rar, D hruvsi wsrs, 128 cm 2 13
D hu 61, 177 GhantAkarns, 118
m m pa a, 107 p Gor 11 Paudit, 90, 106
,
Guru uruimh, 2 18 .
Koi ab e of 38 1
g F it edws d Lihrn ian
a, rac ,
H all, r. t r , of the
Indi 0 61 3 35 233 331 331 ”
?
a 0 , . , .
gfiI fi
'
t eV R S pen09 3 6
Kelli
4
H ari Gup 26 1 e, 79 , 8 3
H ariuath em e of, 149
. Ks j ri, 29 0
B sri Vafiu a d 31111,
’
1 .
H s ryad ws, K
ing of the Kfl is, 88 1 Kit 74
II 0 4‘ Kh li 8 ankar Ghoshl, s
’
388
fi h ffih
86 , 364 s,
n t 119 Kalkh 226 .
B d T p
in u em lB
es in enares, num er of, b Kt l-Kop, 6 6
4 1 42 Kames m , Khmanhn6th, 118, 114
m in T i d 135
a ra ,
Kandhs ws 177 :
H iouen T hsang, 8, 2 31, 232, 234, 236, Ktm heri, caves at, 269
255 , 25 3, 239 , 232, 237, 233, 272, Kautit, aja of 2 20 R ,
om of,
Indian Architecture 22 24, 28 Khsi -m hh tm ya, 96
'
62
2
, , ,
I ndra 130 131 170 171 Kasi pura 11311 11111, 117
'
, , , .
“has 26 1 , K
ant-M 96
I si pata na Vib hrs , 6 , 6, 11, 266 Kts u
'
ha, 36 9 B dd
t h at , Rs ya, 36 6 , 36 8
Kedhr, 93, 96 , 149 , 166
i
l sv ar-Gan i, 116 220 876 168
' '
g
I -tsio i-tc h mg ( S m i rthasiddhs) ,
o
,
7 1a m , 11 W “, 124
3“
13?if?
3
Mis si on 1110, 11 1,
. 11 2
t: C hi t 84. 03. 2 24
a
Lolhrik Km , 15 7, 22 1
”M 38 4
M utiny , T he M . 29 4
Sultan 2 16, 28 9
.
E p
M ahommsd 811111, m eror, 182, 183
M ahomet, 18
Ghtt, 6 7, 69 ,
R i-lim
m m a,
a
N
N ig ult li k 16 016, 2 17
M an-M andi] 0 1141, 129 , 137, 189 N W N im itfi, 6. 26 7. 2 0 1. 86 8 . 86 4,
M i n Maudil Observe
-
48, 129 , 131,
186 , 136 , 137. 273. c a m er a s“ m ut t.
W
gm , 160 , 16 1 . 372
Bays, 42, 16 1 0 -11 1 - 211 -11 11 ( 1 2 434 m um )
’
to on
M ann. 38 1
Paneh 163141, 2 14
ngi
0 7 33 P Q R d
anch 031 oa , 47, 12 8, 174 , 179
,
180 , 18 1, 184, 8 2 1, 327
Panch -host 169 16, 226
Panehmukhi, 84