Mustansiriyah University

College of Arts
Translation Department

Semantic Analysis of English Verbs in Reuters World Tweets

A Mid-term Paper as Partial requirement of the Course of

Semantics

Submitted by:

Umnia Jamal Lateef

Omniatransma18@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq

Course Tutor

Prof. Ahmed Q, Abed (Ph. D)

2018
 Abstract

This research paper is dealing with two vital elements that do take a major role in people
lives as, it affects them in one way or another. Semantics in general is used in every sound
human produces from the antiquity till the recent days.

First element is language, it is quite known how crucial it is to achieve all variety of
actions, even the mental ones. While the second is represented by the global news which again
takes an essential part of a person’s day to be in touch with people everywhere.

Introduction:

This research paper takes the well-known news agency Reuters World as an instrument to
detect the verbs used by politicians, government spokesmen, reporters, etc. and analyze it to
achieve the purpose of this study.

Verbs in general have more than just to function as being employed for indicating to an
action but, verbs do have hidden meanings which can be used for significant purposes around the
world, starting with saying or telling something to an individual yet mean quite another thing.

Imagine how this criterion can be employed in terms of politics that governs the public
opinion of a society, a country, a continent and of the whole world. It is well understood that
politics can shape people’s life finely as it is capable of deciding whether or not this community
is worthy of a well-managed way of living or it should be chaotic and underdeveloped. So
politics is the sharp uncontrollable tool that affects each and every living human being.

The wonder of politics is of minor manifestations applied to words that directly and
unconsciously redirect and affect people’s opinions and their point of views towards certain
debates, events, entities or decisions.

Now, how does politics work its charm? it is definitely by manipulating the use of words,
and to have a closer look about that we need to analyze each and every word used in an article or
a statement as by that analysis we are able to ‘decode’ the hidden purposes of using that word in
particular for a certain event or situation that is; it reveals the identity of the speaker and what are
his hidden interests.

Getting back to where politics is spread, social media, TV and newspaper. In this
research the examples were taken from Reuters World Tweets.

Reuters is an international news agency established at 1851 and it transmits news in

German, English, French, Italian, Portuguese, Arabic, Russian, Korean, Japanese, Chinese and
Spanish. It is headquartered in London, UK, It divided mainly from Thomson Reuters.
Theoretical Part

In this paper, the English verbs will be analyzed in accordance to the transitivity system
of Halliday “Analyzing clause by Halliday’s Transitivity system”. In this paper, we will acquire
a vivid depict of the transitivity system that functions as one of the analysis methods of clause in
an intellectual language function.

The transitivity system of Halliday is a system that improves the old perception about
transitivity, so if a verb takes a direct object or does not take a direct object is not the major
consideration. Halliday has three components of what he calls a “transitivity system” as the
following: the process used, the participants involved in the process, and the circumstances
related to the process. Then Halliday divides the transitivity system or the types of process into
six processes which are: existential, verbal, behavioral, relational, mental and material.

This analysis will be implemented in correspondence with the theories explained by

M.A.K Halliday in few of his books, in particular An introduction Functional Grammar. This
paper shows that clauses can be analyzed effectively according to the transitivity system.

As Halliday pointed out in his book, (1985a) language has three primary functions
namely: the ideational function, the textual function and the interpersonal function.

The ideational function is identified as the use of language in order to communicate

information and to express content. Where the focus is on the content, the concentrate will be on
the transference of information easily and quickly. The ideational function consists of two major
systems: transitivity and ergativity.

The remaining two functions of language are the textual function and the interpersonal
function.

The textual function of language is represented in the use of language to indicate

discourse. Here, the language is bound to itself and to the context it uses, assuring the preceding
text and the following text, in addition to the context of situation. The textual function is
classified into two structures, the thematic structure (including rhyme and theme) and the
information structure (including new and given). The interpersonal function is realized as the use
of language to maintain and construct social relations. However, we will only explain the
transitivity in detail.

The transitivity is usually realized as the grammatical feature that shows whether the verb
takes or does not take a direct object, below are some of the well-known terms:

 The verb is considered as transitive if it takes a direct object.

 The verb is described as intransitive if it does not take a direct object.
 The verb is taken as ditransitive if it takes both direct and indirect object.

There is a developed and new concept of transitivity found by Halliday in his

Introduction to functional grammar. As he illustrated, it is not a major consideration whether the
verb does or does not take a direct object as there are few components of the “transitivity
process” as he pointed in the following points:

 The process.
 The participants involved in the process.
 The circumstances linked to the process.

Halliday made a division in the transitivity process which resulted in six processes:

 Material
 Mental
 Relational
 Behavioral
 Verbal
 Existential

Speaking about the transitivity we will need to define the clause: as defined by Halliday
“A clause in English is the simultaneous realization of ideational, interpersonal and textual
meanings.” (Halliday, 1981: 42)
 The clause is highly related to the ideational function in both of the meaning and the
function, therefore it is related to the transitivity.

In reference to Halliday (1985a) he classifies grammar into three kinds:

The first he called ‘theme’ which is the grammar of discourse

The second is ‘mood’ that is the grammar of speech.

The third is ‘transitivity’ as ‘the grammar of clause’ as the structural unit that expresses a certain
extent of ideational meanings.

From the aforementioned quotation we can understand that the clause may be analyzed by the
transitivity system. In which makes the clause more understood to the reader because the specific
processes in the clause become clearer.

The transitivity system is explained in the six processes types below:

Process type Category meaning Participants

Material Doing

Action Doing actor

Event Happening goal

Mental Sensing

Perception Seeing senser

Affection feeling phenomenon

Cognition thinking
Relational Being token, value

Attribution Attributing carrier, attribute

Identification Identifying identified, identifier

Verbal Saying sayer, target

Behavioral Behaving behaver

Existential Existing existent

(Halliday, 1985: 131)

Below there will be a more specific explanation about this system of transitivity from ‘An
Introduction to Functional Grammar’ chapter 5 Halliday (1985b).

1. The material process: the doing process

These processes are of ‘doing’. They describe the concept that an entity “does”
something that may be done ‘to’ another entity. In this type of process we have two roles which
are; the actor and the goal as in the example below:

The tiger Caught The hunter

Actor Process Goal

2. The mental process: sensing process

a) Cognition (understanding, knowing, thinking, etc.)

b) Affection (fearing, liking, etc.)
c) Perception (hearing, seeing, etc.)

Here we have two participants:

The first participant is the senser who (perform the action of feeling, seeing or thinking)
The second participant is the phenomenon (which is the’ sensed’ thought, felt or seen)
For example:

I Believe Him
Senser Process: cognition Phenomenon
 3. Relational process: being process

This process constitutes three kinds of relational process within the clause as follows:
a) Intensive: indicates that two entities establish a sameness relation between them.
‘x is y’
b) Circumstantial: described as the entity is defined in terms of (time, manner and
location). ‘ x is at y’
c) Possessive: shows that an entity owns the other entity. ‘x has y’

Then those three types fall under two modes:

The attributive: the number of participants in this mode is two participants they are: the carrier
and the attribute.

Identifying: this mode contains two participants as well: identifier and identified.

(‘y is the identity of x’).

These modes and types of the relational processes are classified in the below table:

Type Mode
Attributive identifying
The intensive The audition is great Mr. John is the chairman
The chairman is Mr. John
The circumstantial The lesson is on a Sunday Today is the seventeenth
The seventeenth is today
The possessive Ali has three bicycles The three bicycles are Ali’s
Ali’s are the three bicycles
Below there are more examples of this process modes and types in the table:

The attributive clauses:

Attribute of: The Carrier The process The attribute

Quality (Intensive) Chris is / looks good
Circumstance Prof John was in the lecture room
(Circumstantial) The festival last all day
Possession The laptop is / belongs Ali’s / to Ali
(Possessive) Ali has a laptop

The identifying clauses:

Identification by: The identified The process The identifier

Value David is The lecturer
(intensive) Dan played Hamlet
Circumstance Yesterday was the thirteenth
(Circumstantial) His money takes up the entire coffer
Possession The guitar is Sam’s
(Possessive) Sam owns The guitar

4. The behavioral processes:

This type of processes takes place between the material processes and the mental
processes. And because of this, it might be difficult to distinguish between
 Verbs of behavioral process and verbs of material process.
 Verbs of behavioral process and verbs of mental process.

Now we need to clarify the verbs of behavioral process are:

a. Intransitive as it hold one participant only and

 b. Indicate an action where both mental and physical aspects are attached and indispensable
to it.
The one participant it has is named the behaver which is the agent who does the action.

Buff neither smiles nor laughs

The behaver The process

5. The verbal processes:

This process is classified by the verbs of saying, the contributors of this process are: the
sayer who speaks, the receiver whom is addressed by the verbalization and the last one is
the verbiage which is the verbalization name.
Another type of the verbal process is when the sayer uses verbs like (insult, praise, abuse,
slander and flatter) in sense of acting directly on another participant verbally using the
ones mentioned. in this case this other participant is named target.
For instance:

She Asked Them a lot of questions

The sayer The process is verbal The Receiver The Verbiage

The target as an example:

He ‘s always praising You to his friends

The sayer The process is verbal Target The recipient
 6. The existential processes:

The verbs of this process refer to the existence of something or something is happening
which is typically denoted by using the verb be or the verb exist that indicates existence
of something or the verb arise following them by a nominal group that function as the
Existent ( that resembles the existed thing in the process) which can also be any type of a
phenomenon and is an event as well.
Here is an example of the above:
There Is a hurricane
The process The existent / event

7. Functions of other participants:

In the English clause, there are two functions of participants namely: Range and
Beneficiary.
The beneficiary: is the person whom the process is indicated to or for him. The verbal
process and the material process are the ones where the beneficiary verbs are found.
An example of it this:

Example The Beneficiary function The process

I bought my love a ring
Alice bought a gift for her
husband
Sam said to Alice
The recipient is the one who is
receiving the goods
The client is the one being Material
served
The one who is addressed Verbal
 While range, is defined as the specifying element of the scope of the process.
Range can occur in verbal processes and material processes.
Here are examples of range:

Examples The range function The process

Sam climbed the tree
Fred played the guitar
She made a long speech
Shows the domain which the
process represent. Material
Demonstrates the process.
The class, quality or the
quantity is expressed by the verbal
element

8. The Circumstantial elements

We need to clarify this point by mentioning more examples as shown in the table below:
Example Category Type
- He runs (for) six miles. Distant
- Marry studied for three Duration Extent
hours.
- We study in the bedroom. Place Location
- I wake up at seven o’clock. Time
- My father went by train. Means
- It was raining heavily. Quality Manner
- It went through my head Comparison
like an earthquake.
- For want of nail the shoe Reason
was lost
- I’m speaking on behalf of Behalf Cause
Uncle Sam.
- For the sake love . . Purpose
- Sam came with John Comitative Accompaniment
- Sam came instead of John Additive
- I worry about his life Matter
- I’m speaking as your boss. Role

Here we can understand that, from the point of view of the writer that he is totally depending
on the transitivity system in accomplishing effective analysis of the clause.

The ‘clause’ is used as the analysis unit in (SFL) systemic functional language rather than using
‘sentence’ or ‘word’.

As it is explained above, using analyzing the clause by the transitivity system enables us to
understand the experience mentioned by the speaker and the exact processes of a language
therefore we are able to know how human are stating their experiences in life.

Now we shall be dealing with Arabic Systemic Functional Grammar

There are three grammatically metafunctions of systemic functional grammar in Arabic and the
can be named as following

1. ‫ فكرية‬Ideational
2. ‫ تبادلية‬Interpersonal
3. ‫ نصية‬Textual

Starting with the first one:

1. Arabic Ideational Metafunction.

The meaning of Arabic clause is classified into

A. Logical meanings ‫منطقي‬

B. Experiential meanings ‫تجريبي‬
 1.1. The experiential meaning

This meaning of clauses in Arabic may be explained through the transitivity system. The six
kinds of processes or ‫ العمليات‬they are realized with related participants ‫الحدود او المشتركين‬

And the circumstances ‫الظروف‬

1.1.1. The material process

According to the systemic functional Arabic, the material processes are realized by verbs of
‘doing’ like ‫ لعب‬, ‫ كسر‬,‫ ضرب‬they are divided into ones which are done by animate participants
called “actions” and the others which are done by inanimate participants called “processes.

Al-Mowtoukel (1986:45) pointed out that the last is done by non-human characters that express
and control actions.

Adding to that, their initiator watches the action. And the latter are produced external resources
which is illustrated by inanimate entities that do not have the ability of controlling the process.

There are 4 possible entities involved with this kind of processes like

Ac, Gr, Ra and Be Al-Mwtoukel (ibid.: 33) explained that participants of Arabic clauses are
obligatory ones like ( ‫ )الحدود الموضوعات‬or may by optional ones ( ‫ )الحدود اللواحق‬these are examples
below to illustrate this process:

 Ali ate an apple.

(Goal) ‫( التفاحة‬Actor) ‫( علي‬Material process) ‫اكل‬

 The cat jumped a jump.

‫( قفزا‬Range) ‫( القط‬Actor) ‫( قفز‬Material process)

 1.1.2. The mental process

The mental processes stand for the inner feelings of the entities (human) like sadness, happiness,
and fear (Al-Mwtoukel (1986: 45).

In Arabic it is represented by what is called ‘Verbs of Heart” as mentioned by (Hassan, 2005: 59)

As these verbs are not used for indicating to to physical actions, but for cognition, affection and
perception instead (Al-Samara’ee, 2000: 6),

These verbs involve:

 Cognition ‫ علم‬,‫ ظن‬,‫رأى‬

 Affection ‫ جبن‬,‫ فرح‬,‫رغب‬
 Perception ‫ رأى‬,‫سمع‬

This process may be preceded by (‫ )أ‬al Hamza as pointed out by (Hassan, 2005: 59).

 The sad boy becomes happy

(Senser) ‫الحزين‬ ‫( فرح‬Mental process)

 Khalid saw a good house

‫رأى خالد المنزل الجيد‬

Mental process / ‫رأى‬

Senser / ‫خالد‬

Phenomenon / ‫المنزل الجيد‬

 1.1.3. The behavioral processes

This process is expressed in Arabic by verbs like ‫ احمر‬,‫ ضحك‬,‫ حلم‬for example, as stated by
Barakat(2007: 110) that processes of this type may be used to show degrees of affection
like the power of colors or faults.

Also he added that the verbs of this type take one participant only as they are intransitive
ones, Be (the obligatory). Hassan (2005; 185) explained that there might be another
participant ‘cognate object’ for these verbs as they are the restatement of the mentioned
processes.

 The baby laughed ‫ضحك الطفل‬

 The baby laughed hard ‫ضحك الطفل ضحكا شديدا‬

1.1.4. The verbal process

The verbs of this process in Arabic are expressed by the following examples as ‫ قال‬,‫ ابلغ‬or other
verbs related to them as their synonyms like .‫اعلم‬

Some or all of th four participants may be utilized in the processes discussed here according to
(Ryding, 2005: 425; Aziz, 1989; 888):

 I said that Ali has travelled ‫قلت عليا مسافرا‬

 Ahmed told people that Zaid was honest ‫ابلغ احمد الناس زيد صادقا‬

1.1.5. The relational process

According to (Al-Mwtoukel, 1995:87) this type of processes is named as positions.

It expresses both identifying and attributive ones and each one of them have a subtype of
possessive, circumstantial and intensive.
 1.1.5.1. The intensive relational process

The nominal sentences are taking the role for expressing this type of processes and less
frequently expressed by verbal sentences, this type can function as identifying process like the
following example:

 Ahmed is active ‫احمد نشيط‬

 The basis of a poem is passion ‫القصيدة اساسها العاطفه‬

1.1.5.2. The circumstantial relational processes

This process is represented by the meaning of place, time, cause, etc. the nominal sentences are
used in Arabic language to refer to circumstantial processes, with this type of processes, the
adverbials and the prepositional phrases may be employed in the attribute (Faiadh, 1995: 93)
with the concern of identifying circumstances, the adverbs and the prepositional phrases are
employed as attributives (ibid).

In addition, the processes can encode the circumstantial processes ( Al-Mwtoukel,1995: 87) as
the below examples:

 The girl is at the door ‫( البنت في الحجرة‬Att: circumstance of location)

Adverbs and prepositional phrase as attributive:

 Tomorrow is the first day of the new year ‫غدا اول ايام السنه الجديدة‬
‫ اول ايام السنه الجديدة‬is (Va: circumstance of time)
‫ غدا‬is ( To: circumstance of time)
 1.1.5.3. The relational possessive process

The possession is recognized usually by means of semi-prepositions or prepositions, and it

usually is the initial element of the sentence. For the reason that prediction is in a prepositional
phrase’s form.

The nominative case is shown in the item which is the subject of the equational sentence
(Ryding,2005: 61). Also it may be represented by the process itself as in:

 We have the capacity ‫نحن نمتلك القدرة‬

(Att) ‫( القدرة‬RP) ‫نمتلك‬
 She owns a company ‫تمتلك هي شركة‬
(Att) ‫( شركة‬Po) ‫( هي‬RP) ‫تمتلك‬

1.1.6. The existential process

As pointed out by Ryding (2005: 61), the existential processes of Arabic language may be
expressed by adverbs such as ‫ ثمة‬, ‫ هناك‬and some verbs like ‫ يوجد‬.

The adverbs ‫ هناك‬and ‫ ثمة‬do ot have transitivity function:

 There are few factors ‫هناك عوامل قليلة‬

(EX) ‫( عوامل قليلة‬no entity or participant role) ‫هناك‬

 There is a woman at the door ‫توجد امرأة في الباب‬

(Circumstance of location ) ‫( في الباب‬Ex) ‫امرأة‬ (EP) ‫توجد‬

 1.1.7. The circumstances

As referred by Hurford(1994: 10) he said that the adverbs that are considered the most typical
ones add some specific information about manner, time, place to the actual meaning of the whole
clause or the verb,

(Huford, ibid: 70) states that this optional staus is refered to in Arabic as ‫ فضلة‬a surplus or extra
section of the sentence rather than core prediction or part of the kernel (Ryding, 2005:276).

They involve adverbs of manner, degree, time, place, adverbial accusative of specification,
numerical, cognate accusative (ibid).

The circumstances in Arabic can be objects so they receive other roles of participants.

Case study

As an application for the above mentioned processes in the theoretical part of this research paper,
we shall be analyzing the verbs taken from the tweets of Reuters World and shall translate these
examples and figure out the differences or the change happens to the sentences after being
translated.

For translation , there are several approaches used in translating texts and the one chosen here is
the semantic translation introduced by Peter Newmark. According to him, the semantic
translation is an approach by which the translator ties to render the syntactic and semantic
structures as closely as possible, within the limits of the source language, the same contextual
meaning of the source text. (1981, P. 39).

The text is readable yet it stays within the borders of the original text in culture and aids the
reader merely in the connotations if they persist in the essential message of the original text.

It is more complex, more detailed, more awkward, and teds to use overtranslation thus, it is less
general that the source in transmitting nuances of meaning. The semantic translation connects to
the word-group or word (1981 , p. 60).
Starting with the first example

1.

Far-right Bolsonaro wins Brazil presidential race

‫يربح اليميني المتطرف بولسونارو سباق الرئاسه البرازيلي‬

Wins material process

Bolsonaro Actor
presidential race Goal

Actor ‫بولسونارو‬
Material process ‫يربح‬
Goal ‫سباق الرئاسه البرازيلي‬

2.
Israeli cabinet honors victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting

‫الحكومة االسرائيلية تكرم ضحايا بتسبورغ‬

Israeli cabinet Senser

Honors Mental process: cognition
Victims Phenomenon
Senser ‫الحكومة االسرائيلية‬
Mental process ‫تكرم‬
Phenomenon ‫ضحايا بتسبورغ‬

The following tweets will be taken as examples to reflect the process types of English verbs
and their Arabic translation.

‫خامنئي يدعو للقتال ضد تسلل العدو‬

Khamenei sayer
calls verbal
For action verbiage

‫خامنئي‬ sayer
‫يدعو‬ verbal
‫للقتال‬ verbiage
 ‫االطفال يلقون حتفهم بسبب األيبوال وبنسب غير متوقعة في الكونغو – وزارة الصحة‬

Children Behaver

Dying Behavioral process

Of Ebola Reason
‫االطفال‬ Actor
‫يلقون‬ Material process
‫حتفهم‬ Goal

This example analyzed above show the difference in types of verb process in terms of
translating English to Arabic as the behavioral process in the English clause changed into
material in the translated clause.
 ‫ازمة سريالنكا تتحول الى عنف بمقتل احدهم في مكتب الوزير السابق‬

crisis carrier
turns Relational- Attributive
violent Atttribute
‫ازمة سريالنكا‬ Carrier
‫تتحول‬ Relational process
‫الى عنف‬ Attribute
 ‫الرئيس المكسيكي الجديد يشكل لجنة تحقيقية بشأن الطالب المفقودين‬

‫‪President‬‬ ‫‪actor‬‬
‫‪Forms‬‬ ‫‪Material process‬‬
‫‪new agency‬‬ ‫‪goal‬‬
‫الرئيس‬ ‫‪actor‬‬
‫يشكل‬ ‫‪material‬‬
‫لجنة‬ ‫‪goal‬‬
 ‫الواليات المتحدة تتوقع تنفيذ فوري من الصين حول معاهدات التجارة‬

Us senser
Expects Mental process - cognition
Action phenomenon
‫الواليات المتحدة‬ senser
‫تتوقع‬ Mental process - cognition
‫تنفيذ‬ phenomenon
 ‫ميشيل اوباما تكرر زيارتها لمدرسه لندن التي الهمت مسيرة التعليم‬

Michelle actor
Revisits Material process
School goal
‫ميشيل‬ actor
‫تكرر‬ Material process
‫مدرسة‬ goal
 ‫تيمر البرازيلي ينشأ وكاله امن معلومات – غازيت الرسمية‬

Temer actor
creates Material process
agency Goal
‫تيمير‬ actor
‫ينشأ‬ Material process
‫وكالة‬ goal
 ‫رئيس الوزراء يصرح ان بأمكان صربيا التدخل ان اعدت كوسوفو جيشا كامال‬

‫‪PM‬‬ ‫‪sayer‬‬
‫‪Suggstes‬‬ ‫‪Verbal process‬‬
‫‪Intervine if Kosovo sets up full army‬‬ ‫‪verbiage‬‬
‫رئيس الوزراء‬ ‫‪sayer‬‬
‫يصرح‬ ‫‪Verbal process‬‬
‫التدخل ان اعدت كوسوفو جيشا كامال‬ ‫‪verbiage‬‬
 ‫االمير السعودي يغادر الجزائر بعد زياره رسمية‬

prince actor
leaves Material process
Algeria Goal
‫االمير‬ actor
‫يغادر‬ Material process
‫الجزائر‬ goal
Conclusion

In terms of translating tweets of Reuters it was quite clear that the verbs which behave as a
particular process is not obligated to behave the same process after being translated.

That is on top of the numeral differences that hinder the translator while dealing with two
distant languages which both endure radically different features than the other, in terms of
syntax, vocabulary, phonology, morphology and even on a cultural level.

Here we may conclude that even the same verb can by analyzed differently between the
original form and its equivalence in the translated form.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters

https://twitter.com/ReutersWorld

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