Project Report

ABSTRACT
Sand compaction pile can be used as effective method for ground improvement. There is considerable
improvement in shear strength, stability, bearing capacity and permeability of soil. Also there &
reduction in the compressibility characteristics of sod.
It is usually found difficult to construct building on soft Sails due to low bearing capacity and high
compressibility. It can be countered: by improving the field property of soil. Sand compaction piles can
be successively employed for achieving the above goal.
Sand pile construction is faster and economical whe» compared to other soil improvement techniques.
Soil such as day, sand clay etc which are weak in nature can be improved by this method.
With this project we are aiming to study the improvement in strength of weak soil by introduction of
sand compaction pile.
Actual fidd properties are determined by taking ondtsturbed sample from the field. Soil sand pile model
were prepared in laboratory. After one month, the improved properties were detormkMxL A comparative
Study was made andhwss observed that there was improvement in strength as well as compressibility
characteristics of soil.
Department of Civil Engineering Study of Properties of Soft Clay in
Sand Compaction Pile Method
mechanical and engineering properties of the soil. However, each technique has some limitations and
suitability to get maximum improvement in the soil conditions with minimum effort.
Kuttanadu region is a unique agricultural land in Kerala where the soil is problematic in nature.
A good portion of this area lies below mean sea level and is submerged under water for more than a
month in every year during raining season. The soil in this region is black or grey marine clay which has
got high organic content. The increase in population and the development of the area has demanded
construction activities to be undertaken in Kuttanadu region. A large number of foundation failures have
occurred in this region due to very low shear strength of the clayey soil. The clay deposit extends to very
large depths that construction in these areas without using any improvement technique would definitely
result in failure of the structure. Extensive studies are thus undertaken in the area of stabilizing Kuttanadu
clay.
Here, in this project, ground improvement has been done by introducing Sand compaction pile.
The improvement in the shear strength parameters has been stressed upon and comparative studies have
been carried out using different methods of shear resistance measurement.
1.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The toughest challenge faced by an engineer now a days is the construction of buildings in weak
strata, encountered in ERNAKULAM, ALAPPUZHA and KOTTAYAM districts. A slight negligence
from part of engineer can cause massive destruction of life of common people. Sand compaction piles
are used primarily to prevent stability failure and reduce settlement. Very soft clayey soil cause a bit
challenge from an engineer to feasibly design the foundation system.
In this project, we make a study of the properties of soft clay before and after the improvement,
which is not attempted so far as locations such as Kuttanadu. This will provide the engineer with
sufficient data for the Kuttanadu soft clay to predict the properties of improved ground.
Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 2

4.5 PROPERTIES OKf|LAY AT FIELD CONDITION 16
4.6 PROPERTIES OF PILED SAMPLE AFTER ONE 16
MONTH
5 PROPERTIES OF SAND 17
5.1 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY 17
5.1.1 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS 18
5.1.2 RESULT 18
5.2 DETERMINATION OF DENSITY 19
5.2.2 RESULT 20
5.3 DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE BY 21
SIEVE ANALYSIS
5.3.2 RESULT 23
5.4 DIRECT SHEAR TEST 24
5.4.2 RESULT 26
6 PROPERTIES OF CLAY AT FIELD CONDITION 27
6.1 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT 27
6.1.2 RESULT 28
6.2 GRAVITY DTERMINATION 29
6.2.2 RESULT 30
6.3 COMBINED SIEVE SIZE AND GRAIN SIZE 31
ANALYSIS
6.3.1 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY SIEVE 31
ANALYSIS
6.3.1.1 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS 31
6.3.2 HYDROMETER ANALYSIS 33
6.3.2.1 OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS 33
6.3.2.2 RESULT 34
6.4 DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY LIMITS 35
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT Ui
iv
LIST OF CONTENTS |
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES X
LIST OF NOTATIONS xii
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NUMBER NUMBER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT 2
U AIM OF PROJECT '3
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
3 SAND COMPACTION PILE METHOD \ % ■■■
3.1 DEFINITION 7
52 PRINCIPLES 7
3.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS 8

3.4 GENERAL CRITERIA AM) PRINCIPLES 9
3.5 IMPROVEMENT PATTERN 10
3.6 STRENGTH REDUCTION AND RECOVERY OF

11
CLAY
3,7 GROUND DEFORMATION DUE TO
12
INSTALLATION OF PILES
3.7.1 HORIZONTAL GROUND DISPLACEMENT 12
3.7^GROUND HEAVING. 12
4 METHODOLOGY 13
4.1 SITE SELECTION: 13
4.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION 14
14
4.3 PREPRATION OF MODEL OF SAND COMPACTION
PILE
4.4 DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES OF SAND 16
IV
6.4.1 LIQUID LIMIT TESTc- 35
44.U OBSERVATIONS ANDCALCULATIONS 36
6.4.K2 RESULT 37
6.4.2 PLASTIC LIMIT TEST 37
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS 38
6.4.2.2 RESULT 39
6.5 ONE DIMEN S ION A L.CDNSOLID ATION 40
6.5.2 RESULT 44
6.6 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST 45
6.6.2 RESULT 46
6.7 TRIAX1AL TEST 47
6.7.2 RESULT 49
6.8 PLATE LOAD TEST 50
6.8.2 RESULT 50
7 PROPERTIES OF PILED SAMPLE AFTER ONE 51
MONTH
7.1 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT 51
1M RESULT 52
73 ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION 52
73.1 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS 55
7.23 RESULT
7.3 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST 56
7.33 RESULT 56
7.4 TRIAXIAL TEST 57
7.4.1 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULTIONS 57
7.4.2 RESULT 58
7.5 PLATE LOAD TEST 59
yl
7.5.2 RESULT - 59
8 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 60
8.1 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES 60
8.2.1 INDEX PROPERTIES 61
8.2.2 PROPERTIES OF SAND 61
9 CONCLUSION 63
10 REFERENCES 64
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO
44
X
FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME
7
3.1 PRINCIPLES OF SCP

3.2 INSERTION OF PILES
3.3
EFFECT OF SIZE AND SPACING OF
SAND COMPACTION PILES
3.4 LAY OUT OF PILES
4.1 LOCATION
4.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION
4.3 PILE SHOE
4.4 PILING
4.5 SAMPLE AFTER PILING
5.1 PYCNOMETER
5.2 CALIBRATING CONTAINER
5.3 SIEVES
5.4 GRADATION CURVE FOR SAND
5.5 DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS
5.6
GRAPH SHO WING NORMAL AND
SHEAR STRESS
6.1 ELECTRIC OVEN
6.2 HYDROMETER APPARATUS
6.3 COMBINED GRADATION CURVE

6.4 CASAGRANDES APPARATUS
6.5 FLOW CURVE
6.6 IS PLASTICITY CHART
6.7 CONSOLIDATION APPARATUS

GRAPH SHOWING LOG TIME AND DIAL
6.8
GAUGE READING
6.9 VOID RATIO STRESS CURVE
XI
LIST OF FIGURES
8
9
10
13
14
13 15 15 17 19 21 22 24 26
27
32
34
35
36
39
39 42
44
X
6.10 45
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTING
APPARATUS
47
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTING
6.11
MACHINE
6.12 PQ CURVE 49
6.13 PLATE LOAD TESTING 50
7.1 53
LOG TIME AND DIAL GAUGE READING
CURVE
7.2 VOID RATIO AND STRESS CURVE 54
7.3 PQ CURVE 57
7.4 FAILURE PATTERN 59
XI
LIST OF NOTATIONS
NO SYMBOLS DESCRIPTION
11
1 Dio EFFECTIVE SIZE
24
2 D30 PARTICLE SIZE CORRESPONDING TO 30 %
FINER
3 D60 11
PARTICLE SIZE CORRESPONDING TO 60 %
FINER
4 Cu UNIFORMITY COEFFICIENT 24
5 Cc COEFFICIENT OF CURVATURE 25
12
s SPACING OF PILE
6 12
7 d DIAMETER OF PILE
21
8 y DENSITY
54
9 c COHESION
28
<D ANGLE OF INTERNAL FRICTION 37
10
A CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF JAR 37
11
Rh HYDROMETER READING 37
12
13 R CORRECTED HYDROMETER READING 37
14 He EFFECTIVE DEPTH 37
24
15 D DIAMETER OF PARTICLE
24
N PERCENTAGE FINER
16
41
17 IF FLOW INDEX
xii
18 IP PLASTICITY INDEX 43
19 Cv COEFFICIENT OF CONSOLIDATION 47
30
20 w WATER CONTENT
19
21 G SPECIFIC GRAVITY
59
Hs EQUIVALENT HEIGHT OF SOLIDS
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO
5.1 OBSERVATION OF SPECIFIC 18

GRAVITY
5.2 OBSERVATION OF DENSITY 20
5.3 OBSERVATION OF SIEVE ANALYSIS 22
5.4 OBSERVATION OF DIRECT SHEAR 25

6.1 OBSERVATION OF SPECIFIC 29
GRAVITY
6;2 OBSERVATION OF SIEVE ANALYSIS 31
6.3 OBSERVATION OF HYDROMETER 33
ANALYSIS
6.4 OBSERVATION OF LIQUID LIMIT 36
6.5 OBSERVATION OF PLASTIC LIMIT 38
6.6 OBSERVATION OF CONSOLIDATION 42
TEST
6.7 OBSERVATION OF CONSOLIDATION 43
TEST FOR COMPRESSION INDEX
6.8 CALCULATION OF COMPRESSION 44
INDEX
6.9 OBSERVATION OF UNCONFINED 47
COMPRESSION INDEX
6.10 OBSERVATION OF TR1 AXIAL TEST 49
7.1 OBSERVATION OF CONSOLIDATION TEST 53 =
7.2 OBSERVATION OF CONSOLIDATION TEST 54

FOR COMPRESSION INDEX
viii
m 'i <ÂI®LATI0N DECOMPRESSION 55
INDEX
1A OBSERVATlO##TêGNFINED 57
COMPRESSION I^T
7.5 OBSERVATION GFTRIAXIAL TEST 58
COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF
8.1 60
CEAY
8.2.1 PROPERTIES SOIL 61
PROPERTIES iiilND 61
IX
Study of Properties of Soft Ciav
Department of Civil Engineering in Sand Compaction Pile Method
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
All civil engineering constructions are carried out on soil. The behaviour of structures
thus depends on the properties of the soil on which they are constructed. For structures to be
safe and sound, they are to be built on good soils. Soft clay deposits, which are inherently very
low in strength and very high in compressibility, are widespread in coastal and low land regions.
In recent years the scale of design in such soft deposits has increased tremendously as a result
of extensive urbanization and industrialization. Due to these inherent undesirable engineering
characteristics, geotechnical engineers have always been confronted with problems in providing
the most appropriate shallow and deep ground improvement techniques so as to meet the
engineering requirements necessary for the design and construction of the structure. Thus soil
strengthening has become a necessity. The desired properties of the improved soil include
increased strength and reduced compressibility.
General practice is to use shallow foundations for the foundation of structures if the
soil close to the ground surface possesses sufficient bearing capacity. However, where the top
soil is either loose or soft, the load from the superstructure has to be transferred to deeper firm
strata. In such cases, pile or pier foundations are obvious choice. There is also a third method
which may in some cases prove more economical than deep foundation or where the alternate
method may become inevitable due to certain site and other environmental condition. This third
method comes under the title of soil improvement. Soil improvement is frequently termed soil
Stabilization, which in its broadest sense is alteration of any property of a soil to improve its
engineering performance.
Ground improvement is a field process in which the engineer forces the ground to
adopt the project's requirements, by altering the natural state of the soil, instead of having to
alter the design in response to the ground's natural limitations. The results usually include saving
in construction cost and reduction of implementation time. There are number of techniques
available for improving the

Study of Properties of Soft Clay-
1.2 AIM OF PROJECT
Aim of our project is to determine the engineering properties of weak soil in field
condition and to compare the properties of the improved soil, using sand compaction pile,
and then determining the increase in strength. For this
i. Determining the properties, both physical and engineering at the field conditions.
ii. To make model study on the improved properties of the soil at laboratory
iii. To conduct the plate load test on the model before and after improvement of soil
iv. To make comparative study of results before improvement after improvement in
sand compaction pile method

Study of Properties o f Soft Clgy
Department of Civil Engineengg: in Sand Compaction Pile Method
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Zahmatkesh and Choobbasti (2010), investigated the performance sf
granular piles in soft clay using the fmite element program, PLAXIS. The 15-
noded triangular elements were used. Interface elements were used at the
interface between the granular pile and soft clay. The analyses employed elastic-
perfectly plastic constitutive model following the Mohr-Coulomb failure
criterion. The column installation was simulated for calculating the stresses due
to compaction of soil.
Abdelkrim and Buhan (2007), proposed an elastoplastic homogenization
method applied to weak soil reinforced by granular piles. According to this
method, the composite reinforced soil is regarded, from a macroscopic point of
view, as a homogeneous anisotropie continuous medium, the elastic and plastic
properties of which obtained from the solution to an auxiliary problem attached
to the reinforced soil representative cell.
Kempfert and Gebreselassie (2006), pointed out that Priebe's method Is

strictly applicable to an infinite array of granular piles and has some empiricism
in its development; however, it is found to work very well for most applications.
Kim et al (2006), also reported another series of experiments to

investigate the stress concentration mechanism within the unit cell. The test set-
up, where one sand column is placed at the centre of the cylindrical container,
surrounded by clay. Load was applied on the top of the improved ground through
the loading piston (i.e. rigid loading). Kim et sL (2006) noticed that the settlement
reduction factor seemed independent of the applied stress. The stress
concentration ratio was strongly related with the area replacement ratio and the
relative density of sand column. In addition, the stress concentration ratios
measured from the tests were comparable to the predictions.
Study of Properties of Soft Clay
DepartmentoffijCivil Engineering in Sand Compaction Pile Method
Madhav (2000), presented an overview of recent contributions for the analysis and
design of stone columns. Different equations available in the literature for finding bearing
capacity and settlement of stone column improved ground have also being given.
Shahu (2000), proposed a simple theoretical approach to predict the settlement of

uniformly loaded soft ground reinforced by granular piles with granular mat on top. The
approach is based on the unit cell concept and incorporates the equal strain condition, the
distribution of shear stresses and the load sharing between granular pile and soil.
Mitra and Chatopadhyay (1999), studied the effect of different factors influencing
the capacity of stone column improved ground from the available literature and showed that in
the case of columns failing by bulging the critical length is about 3 to 5 times the stone column
diameter.
Poorooshasb and Meyerhof (1997), presented a method based on the unit cell
idealization. The vertical settlement is assumed to be uniform across the surface (i.e., rigid
footing). The derivation of the equations and the model assumptions are quite similar to those
of Priebe (1995), but the main difference lies in the nature of the granular pile deformation
characteristics. The details of the method can be found in the original reference.
Shankar and Shroff (1997), conducted experimental studies to study the effect of
pattern of installation of stone columns and showed that triangular pattern seems to be optimum
and rational.
Alamgir (1996), presented a rational analysis method where, non-uniform surface

deformations are considered. Uniform deformation is assumed at the top of the granular piles
(i.e., rigid footing), but the settlement in the surrounding soil varies from a maximum at the
centre point between the granular piles to a minimum adjacent to the pile.
Priebe (1995), is considered the most common method used in the literature for
calculating the settlement of soft soil reinforced by fully penetrated granular piles
(i.e., end bearing granular piles). The method is based on the unit cell concept and takes
into consideration the angle of internal friction of the granular piles material.
Mitchell and Huber (1985), compared the field performance of stone columns
with the predictions by finite element analysis and reported that the agreement was
generally good. It was concluded further that settlement predictions using other simpler

methods also gave values, which agreed reasonably with the measured values.
Goughnour and Bayuk (1979), proposed a more elaborate prediction method.

The unit cell is discretized vertically, and the stress state in the soil and the granular pile
is initially assumed to be elastic. An iterative process is then used to calculate the strains
and stresses within the soil and the granular pile, and modifications are made to ensure
equilibrium and compatibility within each of the elements.
Hughes and Withers (1974), carried out series of model tests in normally
consolidated clay. The test results indicated that ultimate capacity of stone column was
governed primarily by the maximum radial reaction of the soil against the bulging and the
extend of vertical movement in the stone column was limited to about 4 times the diameter.
Murayama (1957), the SCP construction technique and machinery has evolved
and undergone significant advancement. During the 1950s and 1960s, the hammering
compaction technique was adopted for the construction of the compacted sand column. It
was subsequently phased out and replaced by the vibro-compaction technique, which is
much more energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly. The appearance of auto-control
execution system in the1980s undoubtedly expedited the construction speed and enhanced
its capability to accommodate variation in soil properties. The advancing construction
technique also helped to extend use of sand compaction pile from on-land to near-shOre
construction sand allow for greater improvement depth.

CHAPTER 3
SAND COMPACTION PILE METHOD
3.1 DEFINITION
Sand compaction piling (SCP) is a cost-effective method of ground improvement
which is commonly used to improve soils. It is developed to improve stability or
compressibility and to prevent liquefaction failure in loose sand, the SCP method is
now often applied to soft clay ground to ensure stability and reduce ground settlement.
It has the following advantages.
Reduction of void ratio (increase of relative density) by compacting effect and thus
densification of the ground.
Increase of shear resistance and horizontal resistance by compaction.
Change in earth pressure by sand compaction pile method.
Formation of uniform sandy ground by compaction.
i.
■fc*'
1ft 3,2 PRINCIPLES
W-
3K ii.
The below figure shows the principles of soil improvement by sand
iii.
compaction pile method.
iv.
1
Fig.3.1 Principles of SCP (Source www.googleitnages.com)

Sand amounting to Ae is introduced into the original ground, the volume of which is
represented by (1 + eo). The original void ratio eo can be reduced to ei.
3.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS
This method consists of driving a hollow steel pipe with a detachable bottom plate
down to the desired depth. The driving can be done either by using an impact hammer or a
vibratory driver. Sand is introduced in lifts with each lift compacted concurrently with the
withdrawal of the pipe pile. Compressed air is blown down inside the casing to hold the
sand in place. The in-situ soil is densified while the pipe is being driven down. The
compacted sand pile prevents collapsing of the surrounding soil as the pipe is withdrawn.
During the process of compaction, the compacted column expands laterally below the pipe
tip forming a caisson pile. This technique is also referred to a vibro-composer method. The
installation process is shown below.
Fig. 3.2 Insertion of pile (Source www.googleimages.com)
The required level of relative density can be achieved by varying the diameter of the
compaction pile and the spacing. The following figure illustrates the effect of variation of
spacing and the size of the compaction pile on relative density.
Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering

Fig. 3.3 Effect of size and spacing of sand
compaction piles (Source
www.googleimages.com)
. ' COMPACTS
The soil at shallow depth may have less density than that below due to lesser
confinement. Further the density will decrease radially outward from the compaction piles.
The increase in density may be computed based on the average surface settlement and the
amount of backfill used.
This method is economical for moderate depths upto 15m although this technique
is costlier for deeper depths compared to other vibration methods, the treated ground
generally has uniform properties.
3.4 GENERAL CRITERIA AND PRACTICES
The construction of sand compaction piles is typically performed on soils with

shear strength from 0.1 to 0.15kg/cm2.Fills,embankments and tanks are routinely placed
on these very soft cohesive soils: strengths as low as 0.05kg/cm2 have been
Sri Veilapally Natesan College of Engineering 9

used. Settlements of land reclaimed from the sea are frequently 2 to 3m.Construction of sand
compaction piles in cohesive soils cause a significant loss of strength due to remolding of the soil
surrounding the pile.; field measurements indicate that typically from 2 to 20 weeks are required
to regain initial strength with perhaps about 4 weeks being more usual.
Sand is usually used for site improvement work although gravel and crushed stone have
been employed on a very limited basis. Typical sand gradation specifications for and compaction
piles require a well graded fine to medium sand with Dio between about 0.2 to 0.8 mm and Deo
between about 0.7 and 4mm.
3.5 IMPROVEMENT PATTERN
The sand compaction pile method has been applied to improve soft clays, organic soils
and loose sandy soils for various purposes and in various ground conditions. For these
improvement purposes, compacted sand piles are constructed in grounds with squares, equilateral
triangles or rectangular pattern.
Fig. 3.4 Layout of piles (Source vrww.googIeimages.com)
Closer pile spacing(S/d< 2) may cause construction difficulties where large spacing(S/d>4) may
have no appreciable effect. Hence a pile spacing S/d between 2.5 and 4 may be adopted with
reasonable accuracy.

3.6 STRENGTH REDUCTION AND RECOVERY OF CLAY
It is well known that clays are subjected to disturbance during installation of vertical
drains. Similar to that, clay is subjected to disturbance during sand piles installation. This
disturbance effect is dominant in SCP improved grounds because the replacements area ratio of
SCP method is much higher than that of vertical drain method. The soil disturbance cause a
significant decrease of soil strength, while the soil strength recovers by the dissipation of excess
pore water pressure developed during sand piles installation.
In marine construction, the SCP method with a relatively high replacement area ratio has
been frequently adopted. This cause soil disturbance of the ground not only between sand piles
but also in the periphery of the improved area. The extent of soil disturbance in the periphery of
improved area has been investigated by field measurements.
Unconfined compressive strength just after sand piles installation (within one month).
Decrease by 18% which is almost same order as between sand pile. As time elapses, unconfmed
compressive strength recovers gradually to 95% of the original strength at 1 to 3 month after. The
strength then recovers further and becomes higher than original strength more than 3 months after
sand pile installation. It should be noted that process of strength recovery is slower in periphery
rather than between sans piles. This indicates that pore water pressure generated during sand piles
installation rapidly between sand piles with the help drainage function of sand piles. This also
emphasizes that permeability of sand piles and sand mat spread on ground surface should be
sufficiently to ensure hydraulic continuity.
3.7 GROUND DEFORMATION DUE TO INSTALLATION OF SAND PILE
3.7.1 Horizontal Ground Displacement
As some amount of sand is installed into a ground, the ground is generally up heaved and
or deformed horizontally. Field data on horizontal displacement due to improvement with a low
replacement area ratio of 0.1 to 0.3.These data were measured at on-land construction sites. The
magnitude of ground horizontal displacement is dependent upon the geometric condition of
improved ground. In
Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering

application to sandy ground, horizontal displacements of the order of 20 cm take p lace

at the periphery of the improved ground. In application to clay and organic grounds. On the other
hand, relatively large ground deformation take place. With horizontal displacements of more than
50 cm found in some case records.
3.7.2 Ground Heaving
As a result of installation some amount of sand into a soft ground, the ground surface can
heave to some extent. Typical case record on the shape of upheaval ground measured at Maizuru
port where sand piles of !.6m in diameter were installed at an interval of 1.7m(as 0.7).The shape
and volume of ground heaving is dependent upon replacement area ratio. Type of execution
machine, construction sequence of sand piles. The up heaved portion was usually excavated to the
original ground level to prevent local failure there. Many researches were carried out to
investigation he soil properties of upheaval ground and showed that strength of upheaval portion
reduced greatly just after the execution but rapidly recovered to the original strength or more.

CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 SITE SELECTION
Site for our project is that, the soil should have very weak engineering properties such as
soil possessing low bearing strength and have high plasticity characteristics. The site should have
immense source of clay.
Fig. 4.1 Location

a
Ambo>%
(AJ
(Source www.googletmages.com)
In this site, the soil is subjected to high rate of settlement, low shearing strength and low

compressibility. Therefore, a single storied building constructed in this type of clay will be
subjected to rapid settlement.

4.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION
The sample should be collected in three or four moulds. In order to collect the sample,
first of all we need to trench of 3m length and 1m width was excavated. The depth of trench
should be such as to obtain a layer of undisturbed sample.
Fig. 4.2 Sample collection
The size of the cubical box is 30cm and having thickness of 6mm. The boxes are
opened at top. Each box consists of five plates. The plates are bolted each other to form a
cubical shape. The inner faces of the mould are applied with grease before driving into the
ground. The moulds are taken to the trench, kept outside and driven into the ground. Heavy
blows are given to drive the mould. The moulds are driven into the ground up to the level of
trench. The soil around the mould is removed and the moulds are taken out with at most care
without disturbing the sample inside. The excess clay at top is wiped out and surface is
leveled.
4.3 PREPARATION OF MODEL OF SAND COMPACTION PILE In order to study

the properties of improved soil, sand compaction piles have to be driven into the samples
taken into the mould. After collection of sample from the proposed site, next is to select the
sand used for compaction. The properties of sand should have similar geometric similarities.
We assume a spacing of 4cm between piles which is to be driven and a suitable diameter of
1cm casing is selected. For this a

Department of Civil Engineering in Sand Compaction Pi le Method
casing fitted with a concrete shoe at its tip is immersed to foil depth of the mould is kept aside
for a period for one month for regaining strength.
Fig. 4.3 Pile shoe Fig. 4.4 Piling
Fig. 4.5 Piled sample

4.4 DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES OF SAND
i. Determination of specific gravity

ii. Grain size distribution by sieve analysis
i i i. Determination of density
iv. Direct shear test
4.5 PROPERTIES OF CLAY AT FIELD CONDITION
i. Determination of moisture content

ii. Determination of specific Gravity
iii. Determination of consistency limits
iv. Grain size distribution by sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis
v. One dimensional consolidation test
vi. Tri axial test
vii. Unconfined compression-test
4.6 PROPERTIES OF PILED SAMPLE AFTER ONE MONTH
i. Determination of moisture content

ii. Plate load test
iii. One dimensional consolidation test
iv. Unconfined compression test
v. Tri axial compression test
Sri Vellapally Natesan Cpllege of Engineering 17

CHAPTER 5
PROPERTIES OF SAND
5.1. DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GTAVITY (IS 2720 (Part 2)-1973)
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of soil solids to that of an equal
volume of distilled water at that temperature and both the weights being taken in air. The
procedure for doing specific gravity is below.
Fig. 5.1 Pycnometer (Source
First of all clean and dry the pycnometer. Weigh the empty bottle with lid (Wi).
Take about 200 to 400 gm of oven dried oil ample and final the weight of the bottle and oil
(W2). Fill the pycnometer to half of it volume with distilled water and mix it thoroughly
with glass rod. Again fill the bottle completely with distilled water flush with the hole in the
conical cap. Dry the pycnometer from outside and determine the weight of the bottle and
the content (W3).Now empty the bottle and thoroughly clean it Fill the bottle with distilled
water and weigh it. Repeat the same procedure for 2 to 3 times, to take the average reading
of it.

Table: 5.1 Observation of Specific Gravity

5.1.1 Observation and calculation
SL.No Particulars 1 2 3
1. Mass of empty pycnometer (M r), g 667 669 669
2. Mass of pycnometer + dry soil (M2), g 966 969 968

3. Mass of pycnometer + soil + water (M3), g 1714 1712 1704
4. Mass of pycnometer + water (M4), g 1506 1535 1536
5. Specific Gravity 3.28 2.43 2.28
Sample calculation
Mass of empty pycnometer (Wj) = 667g
Mass of pycnometer + dry soil (W2) = 966g
Mass of pycnometer + soil + water (W3) = 1714g
Mass of pycnometer + water (W4) = 1506g

M2—Ml
(5.1)
Specific Gravity | fM £7,
966-
667 _____________
= 3.28
3.28+2.43+2.28
3
m 2.66
(966—667)—(1714—1506)
Average Specific Gravity G

5.1.2 Result Specific Gravity = 2.66

D^m^^t^fCivil^âeering m^Sand C^mpactiori Pilc Methoci
5.2 DETERMINATION OF DENSITY (IS 2720 (Part 28)-I983)
Inorder to determine the density, first a? all fill the sand pouring cylinder
with clean sand so that the level of the sand in the cylinder is within about 10 mm
from the top. Find out the initial weight of the cylinder plus sand (Wi) and this weight
should be maintained constant throughout the test for which the calibration is used.
Allow the sand of volume equal to that of the calibrating container to run out of the
cylinder by opening the shutter, close the shutter and place the cylinder on the glass
sand takes place in the cylinder close the shutter and remove the cylinder carefully.
Weigh the sand collected on the glass plate. Its weight (W2) gives the weight of sand
filling the cone portion of the sand pouring cylinder. Repeat this step at least three
times and take the mean weight (W2). Put the sand back into the sand pouring
cylinder to have the same initial constant weight (W1).
Fig. 5.2 Calibrating container
(Source www.googIeimages.com)
Determine the volume (V) of the container be filling it with water to the brim.
Check this volume by calculating from the measured internal dimensions of the container.
Place the sand poring cylinder centrally on top of the calibrating container making sure that
constant weight (Wi) is maintained. Open the shutter and permit the sand to run into the
container. When no further movement of sand is seen close the shutter, remove the pouring
cylinder and find its weight (W3).
Sri Vellapaliy Natesan College of Engineering 19

5.2.1 Observation and calculations

Table; 4.2 Observation of Density
SI no Particulars 1 2 3
1 ' 1. Mass of container, ( W i) gm 1780 1780 1780
2. Mass of container + dry sand, (W2) gm 3406 3419 3417

. 3. Mass of dry sand, gm 1626 1639 1637
4. Height of container, cm 10 10 10
5. Diameter of container, cm 15 15 15
6. Volume* cm3 1178.097 1178.097 1178.097

7. Density, gm/cmJ 1.40 1.39 1.38
___ : __
Sample Calculation
Volume = 1178.097cm3
Density= -âss— ............ (5.2)
* volume •
3406-1780
1178.097
y — 1.39 g/cc
5.2. Result
Density = 1.39g/cc

5.3 DETERMINATION OF PARTICLE SIZE BY SIEVE ANALYSIS (IS 2720

(Part 4)-1985)
Effective size (DIO) is the particle diameter corresponds to 10% finer in the
grain size distribution graph. It means that 10% of particle is finer than this diameter.
Procedure for doing sieve analysis is given below.
Fig. 5.3 Sieves

(Source www.googleimages.com)
Weigh accurately about 1kg of oven dried soil mass. Clean the sieves and pan
and arrange the sieves as shown in the table. Place the sieve assembly in a sieve shaker
and sieve it for 7-10 minutes. Determine the weight of soil retained.

Department of Civil Engineering
in Sand Compaction Pile Method
Table: 5.3 Observation of Sieve analysis
Sieve no: Sieve size

Weight of % Cumulative % %
soil retained on retained
retained each sieve
10mm 10 0 0 0
4.75mm 4.75 0.010 1 1
2.36mm 2.36 0.038 3.8 4.8
1.18mm 1.18 0.212 21.2 26
600micron 0.600 0.358 35.8 61.8
425micron 0.425 0.130 13 74.8
300micron 0.300 0.126 12.6 87.4
150micron 0.150 0.100 10 97.4
75micron 0.075 0.020 2 99.4
pan - 0.006 0.6 100
Gradation curve
C3
ta
sieve size(mm)
Fig.5.4 Gradation curve for sand

Department of Civil Engineering in Sand Compaction Pile
Method
Sample calculation From
graph,
Effective size, Dio= 0.27
D30= 0.50 D60= 0.90
(5.3)
mo
Cu =3.33
D230
Coefficient of curvature= (5-4)
D10*D60
Cc =1.02
5.3.2 Result
Percentage of silt and sand =1%
Percentage of gravel= 1%
Percentage of sand= 98% 9
Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineerin; 23

i,wii~~fcw.,wwg3BQi%iwcx'-urx^Jv»'w i 'niia i — i a
5.4 DIRECT SHEAR TEST (IS 2720 (Part 13)-1986)
Shear strength of a soil is its maximum resistance to shearing stress. The shear strength
is expressed as s = c - <r tan <p; Where c= effective cohesion, tr= effective stress, and q>=
effective angle of shearing resistance. The shear test can be conducted under three different
drainage conditions. The direct shear test is generally conducted on sandy soils as a consolidated
drained test
Fig .5.5 Direct shear apparatus
Check the inner dimension of the soil container. Put the parts of the soil container
together. Calculate the volume of the container. Weigh the container. Place the soil in smooth
layers (approximately 10 mm thick). If a dense sample is desired tamp the soil. Weigh the soil
container, the difference of these two is the weight of the soil. Calculate the density of the soil.
Make the surface of the soil plane. Put the upper grating on stone and loading block on top of
soil. Measure the thickness of soil specimen. Apply the desired normal load.
Remove the shear pin. Attach the dial gauge which measures the change of volume.
Record the initial reading of the dial gauge and calibration values. Before proceeding to test check
all adjustments to see that there is no connection between two parts except sand/soil. Start the
motor. Take the reading of the shear force and record the reading. Take volume change readings
till failure. Add 5 kg normal stress 0.5 kg/crrr and continue the experiment till failure. Record
carefully all the readings. Set the dial gauges zero, before starting the experiment.

Proving ring constant 0.25kg/division
S ize of shear box -6x6
-36cm2
Height of shear box == 4.2-1+0.5
jpP 3.5cm
Volume of shear box -- 6 x 6 x 3.5
=126cm3
Mass of sand = density x volume
= 1.39x126 -
175.14 gm
Table: 5.4 Observation of Direct shear

SI no.
Normal stress Stress dial gauge Shear force (kg) Shear stress, (kg/
applied, (kg/ observation at cm2)
cm2) failure
t. 0.3 26 6.5 0.180

2. 0.5 35 8.5 0.243
3. 0.7 15.5 0.420
62
Sample calculation Normal stress =
0.3 kg/ cm2 Dial gauge reading = 26
division

Shear force = 26 x 0.25 =6.5 kg
Shear force
Shear stress = ............ ....... ............................................................................... w J )
Area
=
0.180 kg/ cm2
36
- 1.8kN/m2
Normal stress v/s shear stress
£ 0.35 - ■
9 n.
« o.z cu
SM 0.1 0
2 0.05
P£S
»o
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Normal stress (kN/m2)
Fig. 5.6 Graph showing normal stress and shear stress
5.4.2 Result
Shear strength of given sample = 1.8kN/m2
Angle of internal friction, <& =30 degree

CHAPTER 6
PROPERTIES OF CLAY AT FIELD CONDITION
6.1 DETERMINTAION OF MOISTURE CONTENT (IS 2720 (Part 2)-1973)
The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of
the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio is usually
expressed as percentage.
First of all clean the container with lid dry it and weigh it (Wi)- Then take a specimen of
the sample in the container and weigh with lid (W2). Keep the container in the oven with lid
Fig. 6.1 Electric
oven (Source
www.googleimage
s.com)
removed. Record the final constant weight (W3) of the container with dried soil sample.

6.1.1 Observations and calculations
Weight of container + lid, Wi = 38gm
Weight of container with lid + wet soil, W2 = 85gm
Weight of container with lid + dry soil, W3 = 69gm
W2-W3
Water content, W = W3-W1 xlOO (6.1)
Sample calculation
-51.6%
6.1.2 Result
The natural moisture content of the soil sample is 51.6%

6.2 GRAVITY DETERMINATION (IS 2720 (Part 3)-1980)

Specific gravity G is calculated by density bottle method. Firstly, clean the bottle with
distilled water, dry it in oven, cool in desiccator and weigh it with stopper. Keep about 10-15 g
of this soil in the bottle.ôver the soil with air free distilled water from the glass wash bottle and
leave for a period of 2 to 3 hours for soaking. Add water to fill the bottle to about half. Entrapped
air can be removed by heating the density bottle on a water bath or a sand bath.
Keep the bottle without stopper in vacuum desiccator for about 1 to 2 hours until there is
no further loss of air. Gently stir the soil in the density bottle by a clean glass rod, wash off
carefully adhering particles from the rod with some drops of distilled water and see that no more
soil particles are lost. Repeat the process till no more air bubbles are observed in the soil water
mixture. Observe the temperature of the constant (°C) in the bottle and record. Insert the stopper
in the density bottle, wipe and weigh. Now make the bottle empty, clean thoroughly till the density
bottle with distilled water at the same temperature. Insert the stopper in the bottle, wipe dry from
the outside and weigh. Take at least two such observations for the same soil.
6.2.IObservation and calculations

Table: 6.1 Observations of specific gravity
SI no Particulars 3
1 2
1. Weight of density bottle, W1 gm 63.5 63.5 63.5

i
2. Weight of density bottle + sample, W2 gm 83.6 84.02 83.94
■
j 3. 160 161.2 161.5
_______
; Weight of density bottle + sample + water, W3 gm
4. Weight of density bottle + water, W4 gm 148.4 149.5 149.4
5. Specific gravity, G 2.36 2.33 2.45

Sample calculation
Specific gravity, 0= ................ (6-2)
__ ______83.6-63.5 _______
(83.6—63.5)—(160—148.4)
=236
2:36+2.33+2.45
Average specific gravity = ---------- -- ------
2.38
6.2.2 Result
Specific gravity = 238
Sri Vellapally Natesan College ofEngineering 30

6.3 COMBINED SIEVE SIZE AND HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

6.3.1 Grain size distribution by sieve analysis
If the soil contains substantial quantity of fine particles, wet sieve analysis is required.
All lumps are broken into individual particles. A representative soil sample in the required
quantity is taken and dried in an oven. The dried sample is taken in a tray and oaked with water.
The sample is stirred and left for soaking period of at least one hour. The slurry is then sieved
through a 4.75mm IS sieve, and washed with a jet of water. The material retained on the sieve is
the gravel fraction. It is dried in an oven, and sieved through set of coarse sieves. The material
passing through 4.75mm sieve is sieved through a 75 micron sieve. The material is washed until
the wash water becomes clear. The material retained on the 75micron is collected and dried in an
oven. It is then sieved through a set of fine sieves of the size 2mm, 1mm, 600micron, 425micron,
212micron, 150micron and 75 micron. The material retained on each sieve is collected and
weighed. The material that would have been retained on pan is equal to the total mass of soil
minus the sum of the masses of materials retained on all sieves.
6.3.1.1 Observation and calculations

Table: 6.2 Observations of sieve analysis
I.S Sieve size Weight of soil % Retained Cumulative % %
(mm) retained retained on each sieve finer
10 0 0 0 100
4.75 0.4 0.04 99.96
0.2
2.36 0.9 99.78
1.8 0.22
4.2 0.64 99.36
1.16 2.1
5.2 98.84
0.600 2.6 1.16
0.425 7.8 15.6 2.72 97.28
0.300 0.3 2.72 97.22

0.6
0.150 1.3 3.04 96.96
2.6
0.075 34.2 68.4 9.88 96.96

6.3.2 Hydrometer Analysis
Exactly 1000ml of suspension is prepared. After stirring, the suspension is washed into a
1000ml jar and water is added to it to bring the level to 1000ml mark. The suspension is mixed
thoroughly by placing a bung on the open end of the jar and turning it upside down and back a
few times. The jar is then placed on a table, and a stop watch is started.
Fig. 6.2 Hydrometer apparatus
The hydrometer is inserted in the suspension and the first reading is taken after half minute
of the commencement of the sedimentation. Further readings are taken after one minutes, two
minutes and four minutes of the commencement of the sedimentation. The hydrometer is then
removed from the jar and rinse with distilled water and floated in a comparison cylinder containing
distilled water with the dispersing agent added to the same concentration as in the soil suspension.
Further readings are taken after 8, 15 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours from the
beginning of sedimentation. For each of these readings, the hydrometer is inserted 20 seconds
before the reading. The hydrometer is taken out after the reading and floated in the comparison
cylinder.

Dgptrte'eMi
EngfeBBgrln
g
Study of IhStjJfcgrtieSiof Soft Clay in

SgOj)
6.3.2.1 Observation and calculation

mm
Leogtk of bulb (fe) «t4~§prn Vatassgrfl 64
gm
IDistancebetween Keck and hydrometer
readirig-ft$2 jl) - 1.8£r»
Distant hsifweien'tieek and hydrometer reading 6 ply»9.t ami

\ , , ■ Volume
QrM o| A = . ---------------
J
* HeigHt
_1G0
■ 3.4
^ tm1
Sri V&tlaj^jly Natesan Coliege of Engineerin; 33

Table: B.3 M fay&ro meter analysis

"“ft
Klapsad Time llytlrOfflJiiblr ; Corrected Effective Diameter >
Ifiater
(sec) Reading Rh Reading! ftejttli He, cm Particle 4^
R
jtf * 15 i%k '•*&$» ; 4S.7#
m 11.75 143 ojdî jfct.cS-

112
60 .... '“^KS 14.5 "“11.3 EMBffl
lip lJ.73 13.75 is.7 Ml
rr
'MO 'jU?"'” 13.5 115 o.oSI r
§i.9i ;
13 w 0.Pli7 2^.17
18
... \S ... 10 li.7 0.01W '/dSfM' .... j
""iifio 14.75 ■ 9.75 m 28.44 \
3600 ■ 11 6 15 0Ut&§4 itirf i
24 hr 'Of” 1.5 ;
"1M ..... o.oiQ ...... 4j8

Combined gradation curve

120
110
100
90
80
* 50
40
30
20
10
0
0.00 0.01 0.1 1
1
Sieve size(mm)
Fig.6.3 Combined gradation curve
Effective size, Dio= 0.055mm
D30 = 0.14mm
D60 = 0.32mm
0.14 x 0.14
0.055 x 0.2
Uniformity coefficient, Cu =
Coefficient of 1.1
curvature, Cc =
63.2.2 Resalt
Graph between particle diameter D and percentage Finer N is plotted.
Effective size, Dio=0.055mm Uniformity co-efficient, Cu= 6.4 Co-
efficient of curvature, Cc=l.l

6.4 DETERMINATION OF CONSISTENCY LIMITS

6.4.1 Liquid Limit Test (IS 2720 (Part 5 - 1985)
The liquid limit is the moisture content at which the groove, formed by a standard
tool into the sample of soil taken in the standard cup, closes for 10 mm on being given 25
blows in a standard manner. At this limit the soil possess low shear strength.
Fig.6.4 Casagrandes Apparatus (Source ww.googleimages.com)
The procedure is that first of all a portion of the paste is placed in the cup of the Liquid
limit device. Level the mix so as to have a maximum depth of 1 cm. Draw the grooving tool
through the sample along die symmetrical axis of the cup, holding the tool perpendicular to the
cup. For normal fine grained soil .The Casagrande tool is used which cuts a groove of width 2
mm at die bottom, 11 mm at the top and 8 mm deep. For sandy soil: The ASTM tool is used
which cuts a groove of width 2 mm at bottom, 13.6 mm at top and 10 mm deep. After the soil pat
has been cut by proper grooving tool, the handle is rotated at the rate of about 2 revolutions per
second and the nos. of blows counted till the two parts of the soil sample come into contact for
about 10 mm length.
Take about 10 g of soil near the closed groove & find water content. The soil of the cup
is transferred to the dish containing the soil paste and mixed thoroughly after adding a little more water.
Repeat the test. By altering the water content of the

soil and repeating the foregoing operations, obtain at least 5 readings in the range of 15 - 35
blows. Don’t mix dry soil to change its consistency. Liquid limit is determined by plotting a
‘flow curve* on semi-log graph between nos. of blows on logarithmic scale and water content
on arithmetical scale. Water content corresponding to 25 blows is the value of Liquid limit.
6.4.1.1 Observation and calculations
Table: 6.4 Observation of liquid limit

Determination number 1 2 3 4 5
100 100 100 100 100
Weight of dry soil Wi, gm
50 55 60 65 70
Weight of water W2,gm
No of blows, N 32 29 18 16 10
Flow curve
No of blows
Fig. 6.5 Flow curve

Sample calculation
Weight of w$tar ** 50g
Weight of dry soil ^ g
Number 0f bloWS 32
From graph,
Flow index, h = ........ 4PM J
= 22.36
6.4.1.2 Result
Liquid limit of the given soil = 54%
Flow index = 22.36
6.4.2 Plastic Limit Test (IS 2720 (Part 5)-1985)
Procedure for doing plastic limit is that: take about 8 g of the soil and roll it with
fingers on* glass plat®- The rate of rolling shad b& between 801® 90 strokes per minutes
to form a 3 mm diameter. If the diameter of the threads becomes less than 3 mm without
cracks, it shows that water content is more than its plastic limit. Kneed the soil to reduce
the water content and roll it agaii thread. Repeat the prodess of alternate tolling sad
kneading until the thread crumbles. Collect the pieces of crumbled soil thread in a
moisture content container. Repeat the process at least twice more with fresh samples of
plastic soil each time.
6.4.2.1 Observations and calculations

Study of PWaperties of Soft Clay
Department of Civil-£ngineering in S$pd Compaction Pile Method
Table: 6.5 Observation of plastic limit
SL No 1 2 3
Weight of container 4- lid (Wi) gm 26 26 26
Weight of container +lid + wet soil, (W2) gm 51 49 54
Weight of container lid + dry soil, (W3) gm 47 44 50
Weight of dry soil, (W3-W1) gm 21 18 24

Weight of water (W2-W1), gm 25 23 28
Moisture content, W 19.04 27.27 16.66
Sample calculation
Weight of water - 25 gm
Weight of dry soil = 21gm
Moisture content = 19.04%

, . _ 19.04+27.27+16.66
Average plastic limit ------------- -- -------
= 21%
Plastic index = liquid limit - plastic limit
= 54-21 IP = 33%
, • , IP
Toughness index = — ..............(6.5)
33
22.36
= 1.47

6.5 ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION (IS 2720 (Part 15)-1986)
Clean and dry the metal ring. Measure its diameter and height. Take the mass of
the empty ring. Press die ring into the soil sample at the desired density and the water
content. The ring is to be pressed with hands. Any voids in the specimen due to the removal
of large particles should be filled back by pressing the soil lightly. Trim the specimen flush
with the top and bottom of the ring. Saturate the porous stones by boiling them in distilled
water for about 15 minutes.
ill
Fig.6.7 Consolidation Apparatus
Assemble the consolidometer. Place the bottom porous stone, bottom filter paper,
specimen, top filter paper and the top porous stone, one by one. Position the loading block
centrally on the top porous stone. Mount the mould assembly on the loading frame. Centre
it such that the load applied is axial in the lever-loading system. Set the dial gauge in the
position. Allow sufficient margin for the swelling of the soil. Connect the mould assembly
to the water reservoir having the water level at about the same level as the soil specimen.
Allow the water flow into the specimen till it is folly saturated. Take the initial reading of
the dial gauge.
Apply an initial setting load to give a pressure of 0.05kg/cm2 to the assembly so

that there is no swelling and allow the setting load to stand till there is no change in the
dial gauge reading or for 24 hours. Take the final gauge reading under the initial

Department of Civil engineering in Sand Compaction Pi le Method
setting load. Normal sequence of pressure to be applied is 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0
and 16.0 kg /cm2 and take the dial gauge reading after application of each load at a
time sequence of 0.25, 1.0, 2.25, 4.0, 6.25, 12.25, 16, 20, 25, 36, 49, 64 and finally
1440 minutes.
Table: 6.6 Observation of consolidation test

Time(minutes) Dial gauge(mm)
0 676
0.25 674
i 666
2.25 656
4 646
6.25 630
9 618
12.25 606
16 588
20.25 578
25 566
36 566
49 558
64 558
1440 556

Department of Civil Engineering in Sand Compaction Pi le Melitod
m fSTrBrcnwaa
ill wisfasrww
O M N ) U ) 4 ^ U 1 0 1 N J 0 0
Log time fitting graph
Dial gauge reading xlO*2 (mm)
Si
1
B | 111!]-. 5]
L 10 Logt (minutes) 1(
o
.1 3
X)
Fig.6.8 Graph showing log time and 0.988*0.988 dial gauge reading
= 0.196 *
d2
Coefficient of consolidation, Cv = 0.196 * .(6.5)
= 0.027cm2/sec
Table: 6.7 Observation of consolidation test for compression index

Load (Kg/cm2)
Dial gauge reading at time 1440
minutes (mm)
0.1 556
0.3 293
0.5 264

Sample calculation
Dry density =
66
.( . )
1+w
1.22
1+0.8995 = 0.649g/cc
Dry weight of specimen = 36.706
ws
Equivalent height of solids, Hs
(6.7)
= --------------------------------------------------
G * yW *A
36.706
2.385*1*28.27 ** 0.5443cm
Table 6.8: Calculation of compression index
Load (kN/m2) Void ratio = H Hs
Hs
0 2.6743
9.81 2.40
29,43 1.5938
49.05 1.8734
The result of consolidation tests are plotted in the form f a plot between the void ratio and
the effective stress. It is, therefore, required to determine the void ratio at various load
increment. Height of solids method is used for the calculation of compression index. In this
method, equivalent height of solids is determined from the mass of the soil.

Study of Properties of Soft
Department of Civil Clay
Engineering in Sand Compaction Pile
Method
Void ratio v/s stress
98
97
96
2 95
-o
94
93
92
91
10 15 20 25 30
Stress(kg/cm2)
Fig 6.9: Void ratio stress

curve
From graph,
0.8
Compression index
log 49
=
6.5.6 Result = 0.473
Compression index = 0.473
Coefficient of consolidation =

Department of CMI Engineering , _ jp Sand Compaction Pile Method
0.027cm2/sec

Department of Civil Engineering in Sand Compaction Pi 1c Method
6.6 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST (IS 2720 (Partl0)-1973)
The unconfmed compressive strength is the load per unit area at which the
cylindrical specimen of a cohesive soil fails in compression.
Fig.6.10 Unconfined compression Testing Apparatus (Source

Loading frame to apply compressive load at constant rate of strain. Measure the
length and cross section area of the sample. Place the cylindrical soil sample in the
machine. Set the dial gauge and proving ring to zero to measure the deformation and
axial load. Use a strain rate of 0.5 to 1% per minute. Record the proving ring reading
Sri Vellapaliy Natesan College of Engineering 46

Department of CMI Engineering , _ jp Sand Compaction Pile Method
corresponding to specific deformation dial gauge reading. Apply the load until failure planes have
definitely developed.
Table: 6.9 Observation of unconfined compression test
Load (N) Deflection (mm)
Dial gauge reading Shear stress kN/m2
division
2 4.4 5.3 3.697
3 6.6 6.1 5.54
5 ll 6.1 9.24
2 4.4 3.65 3.697
Sample calculation
Dial gauge reading = 5 division
Load “ 11.ON
Deflection **;6.1mm
Area = 1.19 x 10'3 m2
Shear stress, S - ....... ... ........................................................................................... .... .... (6.8)

Area
=— - 9.24 kN/m2
1.19
qu
Shear strength = — .................. (6.9)
9.24
2
-4.62 kN/m2
6.6.2 Result
Shear strength = 4.62 kN/m2

6.7 TRI AXIAL TEST
The triaxial compression test is used for the determination of shear characteristics
of all types of soils under different drainage conditions. In this test, a cylindrical specimen
is stressed under conditions of axial symmetry. In the first stage of the test, the specimen
is subjected to an all round confining pressure on the sides and at the top and the bottom.
In the second stage, called the shearing stage, an additional axial stress known as deviator
stress is applied on the top of the specimen through a ram.
Fig.6.11 Triaxial compression testing machine

The test was carried out as pec IS: 2720 (Part 1 l)-l 993. The procedure of the test is as
follows: Air dried soil was-taken and mixed up with required amount of water. Compacted the soil
in constant volume. Pressed hollow cylindrical cutters into the compacted soil and obtained the
requisite size specimen. Covered the pedestal in the tri-axial cell with a solid end cap. Placed the
specimen assembly centrally on the pedestal. Assembled the cell with" the loading ram initially
clear of the top of the specimen and placed it in the loading machine. Admitted the operating fluid
in the cell and raised
Department itsEngineering
of Civil pressure to the desired value. Adjusted the loading
in Sand machine
Compaction to bring the
Pile Method
loading ram a short distanee away from the seat on the top of the specimen. Noted the initial reading
of the dial measuring axial compression. Applied the compressive force at constant rate of axial
compression. Taken the simultaneous readings of load and deformation dials. Continued the test
until failure or 20% axial strain. After completion of the test, the loading was shut off. Unloaded the
specimen and drained off cell fluid. Dismantled the cell and taken out the specimen. Kept samples
for water content determination.

Table: 6.10 Observation of triaxial test
Dial gauge Confining Deviator Minor Major
division pressure stress Principle Principle
Kg/cm2 Kg/cm2 stress Kg/cm2 stress Kg/cm2
3 1 0.9 1 2.58
5 2 1.58 2 3.58
5 3 1.58 o 4.58
SH Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 49

Pq Curve
°-9r~
as 4-
0.7 -j -----
h|o.6 T
^0.5 f
rso.4 |—
0.3 -j—
0.2 4-
01 T o 4-
0 1 2 I 4 I
p(kN/m2)
Fig.6.12 Pq curve
From graph,
a ^©degree
a* ^ kg/cm2 = 8 kN/m2
Sin <p =tan a .................. (610)
Therefore, cp =0 degree
C cos cp - a
Therefore, 08 kN/m2
6.7.2 Result
Coefficient of Cohesion = 8KN/m2
Angle of internal friction ** 8 degree
Average shear strength = 8 KN/m2

6.8 PLATE LOAD TEST
Fig.6.13 Plate load testing
6.8.1 Observation and calculation Load at
failure = 3.8kN
Compressive strength of piled sample = 380 kN/m2
6.8.2 Result
Compressive strength of sample is 380kN/m2

CHAPTER 7
PROPERTIES OF PILED SAMPLE AFTER ONE MONTH
7.1DETERMINTAION OF MOISTURE CONTENT (IS 2720 (Part 2) 1973)
7,1.1 Observations and calculations
Weight of container + lid, Wi55138gm
Weight of container with lid + wet soil, W2 = 82gm
Weight of container with lid + dry soil, W3 = 73.36gm

Sample calculation
(7.1)
W2^W3
Water content, W «* 100
82-73,36
73.36-38
¥100
= 24.41%
7.1.2 Result
The natural moisture content of the soil sample is 24.41%

Stud) of Properties of Soft Clay
7.2 ONE DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION (IS 2720 (Part 15)-1986) 7.2.1
Observation and calculation
Table: 7.1 Observation of consolidation test

Time(minutes) Dial gauge(mm)
698
0
0.25 687
1 676
2.25 666
4 656
6.25 656
9 651
12.25 645
16 641
20.25 630
25 627
36 621 .
49 618
64 606
1440 606
(7.2)
Coefficient of consolidation, Cv = 0.196 * —

t50
0.988*0.988
==0.196 * ------ I ------
6
= 0.01 cm2/sec

Log time fitting graph
?
800
700
Si
6,
600
on
500
-3
400
2
300
DC
CS 200
S
DC
Is 100
5 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 log time(min)
0.01
Fig.7.1 Log time and dial gauge reading curve

Table: 7.2 Observation of consolidation test for compression index
Load (Kg/ cmz)
Dial gauge reading at time 1440 minutes (mm)
0.1 691
0.3 650
0.5 79
Sample calculation
yb
Dry density=—~ ....................(73)
131
~ 1+0.6073
= 0.8149g/cc
Dry weight of specimen 1 45.8
Fig.7.2 Void ratio and stress curve
From graph,
. , 0.4399
Compression index = -——
log 49

Equivalent height of solids, Hs= ..................................................................... ;4* (7.4)
45.8
2.385*1*28.27
-0.260
v/«T.-ê%gryvar xyi ’'

Table: 7.3 Calculation of compression index

Load (kN/m2) %T . , ^ M-H* Void ratio
Hs
0 L742
9.81 nr
29.43 1.674
49.05 1.302
The result of consolidation tests are plotted in the form f a plot between the void ratio and
the effective stress. It is, therefore, required to determine the void ratio at various load
increment. Height of solids method is used for the calculation of compression index. In
this method, equivalent height of solids is determined from the mass of the $oiL
Void ratio v/s stress

2
1.9
IS
.2 1.7
1.6
1m 1.5
s
lo 1.4
> 1.3
1.2
1.1
1
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Stress(kg/cm2)
7.2.2 Result
Compression index = 0.260 Coefficient of
consolidation = O.Olcnr/sec

7.3 UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST (IS 2720 (Parfl0)-1973) 7.3.1
Observation and calculation

Table: 7.4 Observation of unconfined compression test
Dial gauge Load Deflection (mm) Shear stress

reading division m kN/m2
5 it 1 4.5 9.208
8 17.6 5 14.73
8
17.6 6
14.73
Sample calculation
Dial gauge reading = 8 division
Load = 17.6N
Deflection = §. I mm
Area = 1.19 x 10'J m2

, Load
Shear stress, S --- ----- (7.5)
Area
=— = 14.78 kN/m2
1.19
Shear strength = —
&2 (7.6)
= - 7.6 kN/m2
2
7.3.2 Result
Shear strength = 7.6 kN/m2

Study of Properties of Sort Clay
7.4 TRI AXIAL TEST
Table: 7.5 Observation of tri axial test
Dial gauge Confining Deviator Minor Principle Major Principle

division pressure stress stress Kg/cm2 stress Kg/cm2
2 2
Kg/cm Kg/cm
T** 2.405 3.405
10 1
12 2 3.3048 2 5.348
15 3 3.74 1 6.74
Pq Curve
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
S 1.2
<5 1
w 0.8
cr 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
P (kN/m )
Fig .7.3 Pq curve
From graph,
ct si IP degree a =*1.2
kg/cm2 = 12 kN/m2
Sin = tan a ................... (7.7)
Therefore, <p =*20.14 degree
C cos 9=a* ....... ..(7.8)

2
Therefore, C- 12.78 kN/m

Department of Civil Engineering >j^ „ in Sand Compaction Pile Method
7.4.2 Result Cohesion =
12.78kN/m2 Angle of internal
friction = 20.14 Average shear
strength = 12kN/m2

in Sand Compaction Pile Method
Department of Civil Engineering
7.5 PLATE LOAD TEST
Fig. 7.4 Failure pattern
7.5.1 Observation and calculation Load at failure
=* 5kN
Compressive strength of piled sample = 500 kN/m2
6.5.2 Result
Compressive strength of sample is 500KN/m2

Department of Civil Engineering it) Sand Compaction Pi le Method
CHAPTER 8
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
8.1 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES

Table: 8.1 Comparison of Properties of clay
SNflr' Test Property Piled sample
Sample at field
condition
1 Moisture content Moisture 51.6% 24.41%

content
2 Shear strength 4.62 kN/m* " 7.365 kN/m2
Unconfmed
compressive strength
3 Pate load test Compressive 380 kN/m2 500 kN/m2
strength
4’ 7.8 kN/m2 18.34 kN/m2
Triaxial compression Shear strength
test Cohesion Angle
of friction 4.12 kN/m2 8 11.77 kN/rtP ) 14
degree degree
5 Consolidation 0.0273 1.23cm2/sec
Coefficient of
cm2/sec
consolidation
0.26
Compression
0.473
index
£ Density Dry density 0.649 g/cc 0.814 g/cc

8.2 INDEX PROPERTIES

Table: 8.2.1 Properties of soil
SI No. Properties Value
1. Liquid limit 54%
2. Flow index 22.36

3. Plastic limit 21%
4. Plastic index 33%
i Roughness index 1.47
6. Specific gravity 2.38

7. Effective size 0.055
8. Uniformity coefficient 6.4

9. Coefficient of curvature 1.1
8.3 PROPERTIES OF SAND
Table: 8.2.2 Properties of sand

SI No. Properties Value
1. Specific gravity 2.66

Effective size 0.27
[%
3. Uniformity coefficient 3.33
4. Coefficient of curvature 1.02
5. Shear strength 1.8 kN/m2
lit this, we can compare the result by following ways.
i. Moisture content of the soil sample were reduced to a significant amount as a

result of this method
ii. Unconfined compression strength of soil increases from 4.62 kN/m2 to
7.36kN/m2
iii. During plate load test, the strength increased from 380kN/m2 to 500kN/m2
iv. Triaxial compression strength of soil increased from a negligibly low value
7.8kN/m2 to 18.34kN/m2
v. During consolidation test, the coefficient of consolidation changes from
0.0273 cm2/sec to 1.23 cm"/sec

vi. Density increases from 0.649g/cc to 0.814g/cc

Department of Civil Engineering Compaction Pile Method
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
Based on oarprerjtct. we came to a conclusion that by using sand compaction pile
method as an jpjund improvement technique, the Kuttanadu clay has immense changes in its
engineering properties.
i. There was an improvement in the bearing capacity of clay

ii. Compressibility characteristics of clay had reduced i'u,
The shear length has increased
The compressibility characteristics had been reduced which can be inferred from
the values of coefficient of consolidation and compression index.
Similarly the shear strength had also improved due to installation of sUnd compacted
pjte/There was a tremendous change in bearing: capacity of day. More Study required fe predict
other efeatêriîpS' of -cfayr* Therefore the results of experiments that WUobtained, infers that
sand fsgtpactidp pile method is ad effective method of ground improvement ‘feaghpique. The
clay its property as time
elapse.
CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
!. Arora.S.R (2005),” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering”, Standard publishers.
2. BowlesJ.E (1968),” Foundation Analysis and Design”, McGraw-Hill, Newyork.
3. Esrig/Bachus (1089),” Deep Foundation Improvement”, ASTM SP 1089.
4. IS: 2720 (Part 2),” Methods of Test for Soils ”, Determination of water content. Bureau of
Indian Standards. New Delhi, 1973.
5. IS 2720 (Part 3),” Methods of Test for Soils’’, Determination of specific gravity, Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1980.
6. IS 2720 (Part 4), “Methods of Test for Soils ”, Grain size analysis, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi. 1985.
Sri Vellapally Natesari {JCSfisgfe i)f 63

7. IS 2720 (Part 5), ''Method of determination of consistency limits”, Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi, 1985.
8. IS 2720 (Part 10), “ Methods of Test for Soils, Determination of unconfined compressive
strength ”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1973.
9. IS 2720 (Part 13), “ Methods of Test for Soils”, Determination of shear parameters by direct
shear test, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1986.
10. IS 2720 (Part 15),” Methods of Test for Soils ”, Determination of consolidation test, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1986.
11. IS 2720 (Part 28), ”Methods of Test for Soils”, Determination of density, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1983.
12. Kitazume Masaki(2000),” The Sand Compaction Pile Method “
13. Lee W.Abromson, Joe C Drumheller and James P. HUSS1N(1997),” Ground
Improvement”, ASCE.
14. Murthy.V.N.S(2007)J* Advanced Foundation Engineering”, CBS publishers.
15. Satyendra Mittat , Shukla J P(2003), “Soil Testing of Engineers” , CSB publishers
and distributors.
16. Terzaghi kharl and Ralp.B.Pech (1960), "Soil mechanics in Engineering practice “.
17. Varghese.P.C(2005),’'Foundation Engineering’’, Hall of India PVT Limited.
* 9.7292cm

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ABSTRACT

1.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 2

3.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS 8

3.5 IMPROVEMENT PATTERN 10

3.6 STRENGTH REDUCTION AND RECOVERY OF

3.1 PRINCIPLES OF SCP

6.2 HYDROMETER APPARATUS

6.3 COMBINED GRADATION CURVE

6.7 CONSOLIDATION APPARATUS

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

5.1 OBSERVATION OF SPECIFIC 18

5.4 OBSERVATION OF DIRECT SHEAR 25

6.8 CALCULATION OF COMPRESSION 44

7.2 OBSERVATION OF CONSOLIDATION TEST 54

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 1

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 3

Kempfert and Gebreselassie (2006), pointed out that Priebe's method Is

Kim et al (2006), also reported another series of experiments to

Shahu (2000), proposed a simple theoretical approach to predict the settlement of

Alamgir (1996), presented a rational analysis method where, non-uniform surface

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 5

Goughnour and Bayuk (1979), proposed a more elaborate prediction method.

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 6

SAND COMPACTION PILE METHOD

Fig.3.1 Principles of SCP (Source www.googleitnages.com)

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 7

3.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS

Fig. 3.2 Insertion of pile (Source www.googleimages.com)

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering

Fig. 3.3 Effect of size and spacing of sand

compaction piles (Source

3.4 GENERAL CRITERIA AND PRACTICES

The construction of sand compaction piles is typically performed on soils with

Sri Veilapally Natesan College of Engineering 9

3.5 IMPROVEMENT PATTERN

Fig. 3.4 Layout of piles (Source vrww.googIeimages.com)

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 10

3.6 STRENGTH REDUCTION AND RECOVERY OF CLAY

3.7 GROUND DEFORMATION DUE TO INSTALLATION OF SAND PILE

3.7.1 Horizontal Ground Displacement

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering

application to sandy ground, horizontal displacements of the order of 20 cm take p lace

3.7.2 Ground Heaving

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 12

4.1 SITE SELECTION

Fig. 4.1 Location

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 13

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 14

4.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION

Fig. 4.2 Sample collection

4.3 PREPARATION OF MODEL OF SAND COMPACTION PILE In order to study

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 15

for a period for one month for regaining strength.

Fig. 4.3 Pile shoe Fig. 4.4 Piling

Fig. 4.5 Piled sample

Sri Vellapally Natesan College of Engineering 16

4.4 DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES OF SAND

i. Determination of specific gravity

4.5 PROPERTIES OF CLAY AT FIELD CONDITION

i. Determination of moisture content

4.6 PROPERTIES OF PILED SAMPLE AFTER ONE MONTH

i. Determination of moisture content