Design and Fabrication of Foot step Power Generation

Authors

Muhammad Tahir Sattar 2015UETSCETRYKMECH10

Muhammad Kaleem 2015UETSCETRYKMECH37
Hamid Mehmood 2015UETSCETRYKMECH39
Mursaleen Shahid 2015UETSCETRYKMECH46

Supervisor

Engr.Altaf Hussain

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY RAHIM YAR KHAN

April 2019
 Design and Fabrication of Foot step power Generation

Author

Muhammad Tahir Sattar 2015UETSCETRYKMECH10

Muhammad Kaleem 2015UETSCETRYKMECH37
Hamid Mehmood 2015UETSCETRYKMECH39
Mursaleen Shahid 2015UETSCETRYKMECH46

A Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering

Project Supervisor:

Engr Altaf Hussain

Designation & Department

Project Supervisor Signature:_____________________________________________

Head of Department Signature:___________________________________________

External Examiner Signature:____________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY RAHIM YAR KHAN
April 2019

i
 Abstract

Energy is a main source for growth of all countries. Most of the developing countries are
facing serious energy crisis and Pakistan is one of those. One of the most important forms
of energy is electrical energy. Pakistan is facing serious crisis in electrical energy. Need
of the hour is that engineers should fulfill this requirement through non-conventional
innovative methods. Our project is one of non-conventional innovative source of
producing electricity.

An energy crisis may be referred to as an oil crisis, petroleum crisis, energy shortage,
electricity crisis. So an alternative energy source is required which is cheap where no
natural input source is required to generate electricity. This project is about generation of
electricity using footstep power generation. The idea has been conceived keeping in view
that people walking is also a naturally existing source of energy. Now a day a trend has
cropped leading to health issues due to the fact that people do not prefer to walk. This
foot step power generation may not be enough to produce electricity to fulfill the power
requirements of a home or shopping mall but it may be used as an innovative method to
encourage people to walk instead of using escalators or lifts in public places such as
shopping malls.

In this project a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy

generated by a pedestrians walking on it. When the pedestrians move over it, it gains
potential energy which is commonly wasted. The foot plate comes down so the rack and
pinion mechanism fitted under the plate converts translational motion into rotary motion.
This in turn rotates a fly wheel at the middle of the shaft which rotates a gear at the end of
the shaft and then rotation transfer to gear train (rpm increased). This in turn rotates a
generator connected through the gear train and hence produces electric power.

ii
 UNDERTAKING

We, Hereby Declare That This Project Neither As A Whole Nor A Part There Of Has

Been Copied Out From Any Source, It Is Further Declared That We Have Developed This

Project And The Accompanied Report Entirely On The Basis Of My Personal Efforts

Made Under The Sincere Guidance Of My Supervisors. No Portion Of The Work

Presented In This Report Has Been Submitted In Support Of Any Other Degree Of

Qualification Of This Or Any Other University Or Institute Of Learning, If Found We

Shall Stand Responsible.

Signature

Muhammad Tahir Sattar

2015UETSCETRYKMECH10

Signature

Muhammad Kaleem

2015UETSCETRYKMECH37

Signature

Hamid Mehmood

2015UETSCETRYKMECH39

Signature
Mursaleen shahid

2015UETSCETRYKMECH46

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all we thank Allah Almighty for giving us the strength and ability to complete this
project thesis.

We would like to thank our supervisor Engr.Altaf Hussain for his guidance and support
throughout the course of this thesis. We are thankful to our other class fellows, teachers
specially Sir Mirza Abu Bakar, Sir Amir shahzad and Sir Imran shabir who guided us
well. At the end special thanks to our parents for their support and prayers because it
would have not been possible without it.

Date:
15 April, 2019

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sample is given below:

Abstract ............................................................................................………...ii

Acknowledgement..........................................................................................iii

List of Figures.................................................................................................vi

List of Tables..................................................................................................vii

Chapter I: Introduction.....................................................................................1

1.1 Background..........................................................................................1

1.2 Problems statement...............................................................................3

1.3 Problems Solution.................................................................................3

1.4 Project Flow Chart Diagram…………………………………………...

Chapter II: Literature Review……………………………………....................4

2.1 Research significance

2.2 Principle of Project

2.3 Defining the Problems

2.4 Renewable energy resources

2.5 Energy crises in Pakistan

2.6 Footstep power generation resources

2.7 Operating System

2.8 Brief Summary

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sample is given below:

Number Page

Fig 2.1Block diagram of xyz block..................................................................8

Fig 2.2 Basis Functions Diagram.....................................................................9

Fig 2.3 Block Diagram of Codec...................................................................10

Fig 3.1Encoder...............................................................................................13

Fig 3.2 Decoder..............................................................................................14

vi
 Chapter 1
Introduction
The power shortage is proving to be unbearable. Pakistan has to import a huge amount
of hydrocarbons from abroad to meet its energy needs. Some of the major energy
resources are oil, gas, petroleum resources, wind and tidal. 90% of the fuels being used
are organic and are decreasing gradually adding more pollution to the environment.
The availability of regular conventional fossil fuels will be the main sources for power
generation, but there is a fear that they will get eliminated eventually by the next few
decades. Therefore, we have to innovate some approximate, alternative, new sources
for the power generation, which are not depleted by the very few years. Another major
problem is the pollution. It is creating suffering for all kinds of living beings including
land and water. Power stations and automobiles are the causes for major pollution.
Therefore, the need of other types of renewable sources that will produce electricity
without using any commercial fossil fuels is necessary.

For reduction of carbon dioxide emission, renewable energies are considered as

proper energy. Renewable energies mainly refer to the wind, solar, biomass and marine
currents which are less harmful to environment, attracting a wide attention of
researchers in design and development of renewable energy conversion systems.

Such systems are already existing that use renewable energy such as solar
wind, OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversions) etc. for power generation. The latest
technology which is used to generate the power by such renewable energy is the power
hump.

Electricity, phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electric charges.

Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter and is borne by elementary
particles. In electricity the particle involved is the electron, which carries a charge
designated, by convention, as negative. It is one of most widely used form of energy.
Electricity is the secondary source of the energy and we can get the electricity from the

vii
transformation of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and
other natural sources, which are called primary sources.

The number of consumers of electricity has increased owing to the rapid

urbanization process. The facility of electricity is now provided to the remote villages.
We waste a lot of energy, about 15 to 20 percent through poor distribution system.
Industrial, transport and domestic sectors are the three important consumers of energy.
It is assumed that a misplaced use of energy is rampant in industries which need to be
curtailed.

The availability of power and its per-capita consumptions is regarded as the

index of national standard of living in the present day. Energy is an important input in
all the sectors of any countries economy. Energy crisis is due to two reasons, firstly the
population of the world has been increased rapidly and secondly standard of living of
human beings has increased. India is the country, which majorly suffers with lack of
sufficient power generation. The capital energy consumption of U.S.A. is about 8000
K.W.H., whereas per INDIA is only 150 K.W.H. U.S.A. with 7% of world population
consumes 32% of total power generation whereas INDIA as developing country with
20% of world population consumes only 1% of total energy consumed in the world .

Pakistan has been suffering from an energy crisis for about half a decade now.
Despite having enormous renewable resources of energy, Pakistan has to import a huge
amount of hydrocarbons to meet its energy needs. As recently in 2002, the country had
4,000 megawatts of excess power capacity. Today, unfortunately the situation has
gained threatening prospects. According to a research most of the high enthalpy
geothermal resources of the world lie within the seismic belts passing through
Pakistan. Pakistan has a history of geotectonic events. Tectonic plates are segments of
earth’s lithosphere, hard rocky outer shell. Hence this geothermal energy can be used
in a better sense. The major resources of energy such as oil, gas, petroleum products,
coal, nuclear, solar, biomass and wind energy are too costly and require time to build.
Petroleum resources are decreasing day by day and we have to import most of our
petroleum products which effects our economy.

viii
For a last few years Pakistan had to face a shortfall of about 6000MW. Work is being
done on large projects which can produce power in Megawatts but they will take many
years for completion. According to (Pakistan Energy Year Book, 2009) about
430GWh of the electricity was consumed by street lights in Pakistan, so in order to
reduce the load on national grid we need to produce the power which is cheaper and
portable. Electricity from footstep can help too much in this regard.

An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy
resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil and additionally to
electricity or other natural resources. Political riots that occurred during the 2007
Burmese antigovernment protests were initially sparked by rising energy prices.
Likewise the Russia Ukraine gas dispute and the Russia-Belarus energy dispute have
been mostly resolved before entering a prolonged crisis stage .

In many systems and processes, dissipation of energy is inevitable whatever

renewable or conventional energy was used. For instance, as a Man passes over a
footstep, most of men kinetic energy will be wasted as heat in it. On other hand, to
ensure the security of the populated areas of streets, the footstep are required.

ix
1.2 Purpose

The objective of this project is to generate the electric power through the fabrication of
foot step arrangement. Now a day’s demand is increased, so this project is used to
generate the electrical power in order to compensate the electric power demand. The
whole human/bio-energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be
great indentation and crowd energy frames will be very useful energy in crowded
countries.

In this project the conversation of the force energy into electrical energy by mechanical
energy. The control mechanism carries the spring, metal plates, metal bars, rack and
pinion gears, chain drive system, bearings, small size generator and inverter which are
used to drive AC/DC loads. The inverter is used to convert the 12 volts DC to 220
Volts of AC.

Man has needed and used energy at a increasing rate since a long time with the energy
consumption due to large growing number of electronic devices, the great effort has
been taken to find eco-friendly and renewable source of energy ,The most popular
renewable energy sources has high initial investment (such as wind power
,hydropower, solar power). Concept of utilization of foot power is very important for
highly populated countries like India, China where the temples and railway stations are
overcrowded all around the clock. One of the most interesting methods to obtaining
energy by surrounding a system is to use Rack and pinion. The Rack and pinion has
ability convert mechanical pressure to electrical energy or vice versa. And this power
has many applications as in agriculture, street lighting, and home applications.

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1.3 Problems statement

Power is the mainly central basis in support of financial increase of a state. There will
be main power crises that must look Pakistan in future for next two to three years in
power, oil and natural gas. Now Pakistan is suffering energy crises in all most every
field. So that’s why Pakistan gross domestic product is low because due to industrial
shut down, shut down of local factories as well domestic factories. Today mostly
everything every business is depended upon power. Now power is the backbone of
every country and in Pakistan which is also nuclear country is suffering too much
problem of energy from last five to seven years.

Inflation is increased to its higher value, so that’s why investment from foreigner is
decreased to great extent. Due to all these problems Pakistan is suffering the energy
crises.

The other reason of short fall is that money not giving to independent power
producers. So these independent power producers not deliver full power and also they
mostly shut down their units. And also money is no giving to oil delivers and oil
producers. Money also doesn’t give to Pakistan state oil which delivers oil to power
plants. When they don’t have money then they don’t deliver oil and oil is necessary for
power plant so short fall increases. Pakistan has also loan on it so they don’t get any
loan from World Bank. So that’s why energy is not producing in the plants and they
shut down their units and our economic growth is decreased. If they don’t have power
industrial and domestic structure will be finished.

Further reason of energy crises in Pakistan are not constructed the new dams and new
power plants units. Kala Bagh dam is constructed in past not completely but the
feasibility report of this dam is completed and equipment for this dam is also
purchased and also it fulfills all our electricity needs but due to political reasons this
dam is not started and its work is stopped so that’s why short fall increases day by day.
Huge amount of money is also wasted on this dam while there is no output also caused
a lot of problems. So if we are not constructed new dams and wasting the money then
the short fall increases and energy crises also increases to great extent. So construct
new dams to fulfill the need of energy.

xi
The other reason for energy crises in Pakistan is not maintaining the already build
power plants once the power plant is damaged due to any reason then that unit will be
completely shut down. And burden on other units increase which in turns increase the
short fall. Also the staffs don’t take care of power plants. So this is also very bad
aspect of energy crises in Pakistan. This can be reduced by taking proper caring of
power plants and maintained at right time. So in this case short fall can be reduced.

Due to corruption while running the power plants is also increase the energy crises. As
the corruption ratio in Pakistan is very high especially in government sectors. So due
to bad management and corrupt staff as well as illegible officers working in power
plants caused energy crises in Pakistan. Miss management also causes problem while
running the power plants. If power plant unit is not turn off and turn on completely at
specific time will increased energy shortage.

Pakistan is also have very high demand of gas, industries and factories needs gas to
great extent but in Pakistan availability of gas is very low, some of the power plant unit
also works on gas but of not continuous supply of gas some of unit shut down so that’s
why short fall increases and energy crises also increases.

1.4 Problem solution

There are various resources of power generation through which we can generate the
power with footsteps. It is unique and different type of power generation system it
requires a technology and huge amount of research work that is why this type of
generation system is mostly in use of developed countries.

This type of power generation can be done through various techniques and methods
like piezoelectric sensors, through mechanical arrangement like fly wheel and gear
wheel, pedal and springs type arrangement, staircase energy generating system by
rotating the generator, then also by implementing the faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction by moving magnet into the coil through spring system.

Our project is based on Rack and pinion we have designed structure like mat where
some gears and pinions are placed in series and parallel arrangements . The springs
are placed between the sheets of springs have enough tensile strength that they can
bear the weight. . This type of footsteps power generation system are eligible to be

xii
installed in crowded places and rural areas cities in the places like railway stations,
airports, footpaths where there is a rush of pedestrians.

1.5 Project flow chart Diagram

xiii
Components
Gear
A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut teeth, or in the case of a
cogwheel, inserted teeth, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit
torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power
source.

Frame:
The frame structure for the total unit is fabricated using L-Angle frames and
ordinary frames. These frames are made of mild steel. They are held to proper
dimensions and are attached to form a unit with the help of welding.

5.1.2 Bearing:
Then the bearings which are of standard make are kept in place with their
respective shaft through them and are welded to the frame structure.

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5.1.3 Shaft:
The shafts are also made of mild steel. Hinges are used to move the speed
breaker arrangement by welding it to the frame structure. These hinges are
responsible for the movement of the speed breaker in an up and down motion.

5.1.4 Rack and Pinion Arrangement:

A rack having thirty-eight which is made up of mild steel is welded to the speed
breaker arrangement. A pinion which is also made up of mild steel and which has
thirty six teeth is fitted on the shaft initially, and welded. This pinion tooth is
exactly made to mate with the teeth of the rack.

5.1.5 Flywheel:
A fly wheel that is made of cast iron is machined suitably to the precise
dimensions in a lathe and is placed on the shaft with its axis coinciding with the
axis of the shaft and is welded.

xv
5.1.6 Generator:
A special stand arrangement is made to seat the 12v DC generator using frames.
A 12v DC generator is placed within the seat and is held firm using bolts and
nuts. To the shaft of the generator, a small gear made of cast iron is fixed tightly.
A larger gear made out of cast iron is machined well and fitted on the shaft. The
teeth on the larger gear are made to mate rightly with the smaller gear that is
fitted to the generator shaft.

Operations and Assembly:

Cutting
Boring
Drilling
Welding
Turning
Grinding
Fasteners

xvi
Gear Materials:
The material used for manufacturing of gears depends upon the strength and service
conditions like wear, noise etc. The gears may be manufacture from metallic or non
metallic materials. The metallic gears with cut teeth are commercially obtained by cast
iron, steel and bronze. The nonmetallic materials like wood etc cue used for reducing
noise.
Cast iron widely used for gears to its good wearing properties, excellent machinabitly and
easy of producing complicated shapes by casting method.

Permissible Working Stress For Gear:

The permissible working stress (fw) in the Lewis’s equation depends upon the material
for which as allowable static stress (f0) may be determined. The allowable static stress is
the stress at the elastic limit of the material. It is also called the basic stress. In order to
accounts for the dynamic effects which becomes more severe as the pitch line velocity
increases the value of working stress is reduce.
Spring

xvii
 Chapter 2

Literature Survey
Introduction
Energy surrounds us in all aspects of life, it’s up to us weather we use it constructively for
the benefit of mankind or we use it destructively to harm others. Alternative energy
resources are not based on fossils fuels or atom distribution.
The alternatives are
 Solar energy
 Wind power
 Geothermal
 Hydroelectric
 Nuclear
We are introducing a new way to overcome the increasing demand of energy. We are
utilizing human force and we named it FSGS (Foot Step Generating System).
2.1 Research Significance
Our aim is to produce energy by a source that has no negative effect on environment and
its output can be used to overcome the crises in Pakistan.
2.2 Principle of project
The principle of project has few steps in it regarding which generate power through
footsteps. We start with the proper arrangement of electrical components and equipment
which transforms the mechanical energy in to electrical energy.
2.3 Defining the problem
In Pakistan the demand is more than the daily energy produced so we are facing power-
cut after approximate 1 hour and industries are in hell these days. People uses
rechargeable batteries (UPS) or diesel/petrol engine to fulfill their demands. The use of
stand by generator is common in industries and large offices.
When producing power with footsteps there is some load placed at the end which used
power, then power stored in battery is decreased so more footsteps on spring which
vibrate the step and due to vibration force power generated.
So this A.C voltage is used in different appliances such as for charging the laptop battery
and also to charge the handset, it can also be used to lightening up the energy savor. If we
need more power from this technique then used more steps for more electric current, The
ability of battery and inverter should be increased, battery should be of high current and
voltages and inverter is such designed that it convert that electrical power to A.C voltages
and also no loss in it, then output power will be increased and can be used more electrical
appliances and also can be used such appliances which need more electric current.

2.4 Renewable energy resources

Due to global warming and worldwide heating now globe is stirring to renewable energy
resources. Other alternative resources which are using for generating electrical power are
very expensive and either their units are shut down in Pakistan. Maintenance of already
existing energy sources caused huge amount of cost, so much cost is due to the heavy

xviii
machinery involving in it which need maintenance and also the labor and engineering
work. These existing energy sources are also harmful for humans, the rays from nuclear
generator caused cancer to the nearer city, and hydroelectric projects caused flood to
cities and also damaged the fields. So due to these problems globe is stirring to renewable
energy resources which are fairly low cost, efficient while using, reliable and caused no
uneasiness to human nature. The renewable energy resources such as solar panels, wind
turbine, geo thermal, bio gas etc. they all used natural things for generating electrical
power so the danger to human will be no more as in the case of nuclear energy. The
maintenance costs of these plants are very low. These plants do not contain any heavy
machinery for generating electrical power. So when these plants are out of working or
some error in it and it needs maintenance then the maintenance cost is not so much high
and also it don’t need labor works because it is not involving any heavy machinery in it
and it only requires engineering work in it. So that’s why our project is of renewable
energy resources and we generate electrical power by footsteps and it is fairly low cost
and efficient technique.
2.5 Energy crises in Pakistan
The other reason of short fall is that money not giving to independent power producers.
So these independent power producers not deliver full power and also they mostly shut
down their units. And also money is no giving to oil delivers and oil producers. Money
also doesn’t give to Pakistan state oil which delivers oil to power plants. When they don’t
have money then they don’t deliver oil and oil is necessary for power plant so short fall
increases. So that’s why energy is not producing in the plants and they shut down their
units and our economic growth is decreased. If they don’t have power industrial and
domestic structure will be finished.
Further reason of energy crises in Pakistan are not constructed the new dams and new
power plants units. Kala bagh dam is constructed in past not completely but the
feasibility report of this dam is completed and equipment for this dam is also purchased
and also it fulfills all our electricity needs but due to political reasons this dam is not
started and its work is stopped so that’s why short fall increases day by day. Huge amount
of money is also wasted on this dam while there is no output also caused a lot of
problems. So if we are not constructed new dams and wasting the money then the short
fall increases and energy crises also increases to great extent. So construct new dams to
fulfill the need of energy.
The other reason for energy Jam in Pakistan is not maintaining the already build power
once the power plant is damaged due to any reason then that unit will be completely shut
down. And burden on other units increase which in turns increase the short fall. Also the
staffs don’t take care of power plants. So this is also very bad aspect of energy crises in
Pakistan. This can be reduced by taking proper caring of power plants and maintained at
right time. So in this case short fall can be reduced.
Due to corruption while running the power plants is also increase the energy crises. As
the corruption ratio in Pakistan is very high especially in government sectors. So due to
bad management and corrupt staff as well as illegible officers working in power plants
caused energy crises in Pakistan. Mismanagement also causes problem while running the
power plants. If power plant unit is not turn off and turn on completely at specific time

xix
will increased energy crises and short fall will be increased and this all happens in
Pakistan.

2.6 Footstep power generation Mechanism

ü There are various sources of footstep power generation through which we can generate
the power with footsteps. It is unique and different type of power generation system it
requires a technology and huge amount of research work that is why this type of
generation system is mostly in use of developed countries.
In our project we used a very simple method to generate the power, the method is food
step power generation, as name Indicates by using our foot, we press the top side of the
project which is connected to the mechanism called Rack and pinion, Rack and pinion
attached with the large springs, when we push the top side then by the help of springs
Rack and Pinion works which connected to the gears system, gear Mechanism connect
with the generator to produce Electricity.

Applicable
It can be used in football ground
Metro Station
Railway stations
At Park entrance
At University entrance
Public Places etc.

xx
2.6 Design of Foot step Power Generation:

xxi
2.7 Operating System:
The operating system of Foot step power generation is very simple and unique to
generate green and cheap electricity, The power generation depends on your force which
you used for generating electricity, The good thing in this is, During press the top part the
power generates and when the pushes portion is up then the power is also produced,
which means that during up and down power produced, This is very good method to
generate cheap and green electricity, depends on your investment, The large the system
the more the electricity to be produced.
Operating system of this project is Rack and pinion method which attached to the springs,
after pushing the top portion, spring attached to the Rack and pinion which attached to
the gear mechanism which connects to the shaft and power generates by using generator.
The operating cost is too low, by applying force we can generate electricity as per
requirement.
The operating of this power generating system is too easy to understand.

2.8Brief Summary:
This is very simple method to generate electricity in a very cheap rates, This is one time
cost and after this, the cost of Maintenance is too much low,
The principle is just applying a pushing force to produce electricity, one time pushing
force enables the system two time to produce electricity, one is when the top portion is
going to downward and the second time is when this downward portion is going to his
position.
The Maintenance cost is also too low, The Labor cost is low as well, We can produce
electricity by pushing the force and generate our results as per force pushed.
Actually our aim is to make our environment free from pollution and to meet our energy
requirement, this is the better way to utilize this amazing system to meet to our daily
requirement and can reduce the energy crisis in very efficient and low budget.

xxii
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Introduction
The Method of Foot step power generation to generate the electricity is that we have to
push the upper side of system by foot step, It connects with the Rack and pinion
mechanism through which the shaft rotates and the generator generates the electricity.
Now a day’s power demand is increased, so the footstep arrangement is used to generate
the electrical power in order to compensate the electric power demand. When the
pressure is applied, the rack and pinion will convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy. This electrical energy will be storing in the 12v rechargeable battery connected to
inverter. We are using conventional battery charging unit also for giving supply to the
circuitry. In this project we are converting Mechanical energy into Electrical energy. We
are trying to utilize the wasted energy in a useful way. By using Rack and Pinion
arrangement we are converting to and fro motion of the steps into rotational motion of the
dynamo.
In first foot step we are using rack and pinion arrangement directly to rotate the dynamo.
But in second step we are using chain drive mechanism to obtain better efficiency.
Through Dynamo the rotational energy is converted into electrical energy. This electrical
energy output will be shown by glowing the LEDs. The output power is expected to be 3
to 4V in prototype.

xxiii
Drawings

Figure 1

Figure 2

xxiv
Figure 3

Figure 4

xxv
 Figure 5

Figure 6

xxvi
Working Principle:

In this arrangement we are using two steps. The rack & pinion, spring arrangement is

fixed below the steps. We are using four springs foe each step. The spring is used to

return the step in same position by releasing the load. The rack is coupled to the foot step.

In the second step, the Rack is connected to the footsteps. From Rack a shaft is provided

in which the larger sprocket lies. The larger sprocket is coupled with Rack, so that it is

running at the same speed of Rack. The larger sprocket is coupled to the smaller sprocket

below in the other shaft with the help of chain (cycle). This larger sprocket is used to

transfer the rotation force to the smaller sprocket. A gear is provided there also. The

smaller sprocket is running same direction for the forward and reverse direction of

rotational movement of the larger sprocket. It running at same speed also. This action

locks like a cycle pedaling action. The gear wheel which is provided in smaller sprocket

is coupled to the Dynamo. The dynamo capacity used here is 12V. From the dynamo the

wires are taken. Here the chain drive mechanism rotates only in single direction

(arrangement is made for that).In the first step the foot steps is directly connected to the

Rack & pinion arrangement. Here chain drive mechanism is not shown. To the pinion

shaft dynamo is provided and LEDs are coupled to it. Thus Mechanical energy is

converted in Electrical energy.

xxvii
 Chapter 4
Numerical and Analysis
Design and Calculations:
Standard pressure angle of spur gear
Large spur gears (2)
Material = mild steel
No. Of teeth on the wheel = T= 67
Pitch circle diameter D = = = 118mm
Thickness of wheel= t= 13mm
Center to center distance
 Circular pitch

= 5.53014mm
 Dimetral pitch

 Module

 Addendum

 Dedendum

 Working depth

 Minimum total depth

 Tooth thikness

 Minimum clearance

 Fillet radius at root

Medium spur gear (2)

xxviii
Material = mild steel
No. Of teeth on the wheel = T= 31
Pitch circle diameter D = = = 59mm
Thickness of wheel= t= 13mm

 Circular pitch

=
 Dimetral pitch

 Module

 Addendum

 Dedendum

 Working depth

 Minimum total depth

 Tooth thikness

 Minimum clearance

 Fillet radius at root

idler spur gear (1)

Material = mild steel
No. Of teeth on the wheel = T= 18
Pitch circle diameter D = 23mm
Length of wheel= l= 35mm
 Circular pitch

xxix
 Dimetral pitch

 Module

 Addendum

 Dedendum

 Working depth

 Minimum total depth

 Tooth thikness

 Minimum clearance

 Fillet radius at root

Rack (2)
Material = mild steel
No. Of teeth on rack = T= 51
Width of rack = 6mm
Thickness of rack = 6mm
Length of rack= l= 305mm

Large pulley
Diameter of pulley = 133mm
Thickness of pulley = 24mm
Thickness of pulley with coller = 33mm

Motor pulley
Diameter of motor pulley = 28mm
Thickness or length of motor pulley with collor = 16mm
Thickness or length of motor pulley with nut = 26mm

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Motor support bracket (1)
Width of bracket = 100mm
Length of bracket = 295mm

Gears support brackets (3)

Material = mild steel
Width of brackets = 50mm
Thickness of brackets = 11mm
Length of brackets = 320mm

Frame body stand

Length or height of frame = 617mm
Width of frame =

Road Wood platform

Width of road wood platform = 610mm
length of road wood platform = 1223mm
Thickness of road wood platform = 16mm

Speed breaker
Width or length of speed breaker = 380mm
hieght of speed breaker = 205mm
curve length of speed breaker = 540mm

Belt
v- shape belt
RELMF-1260 10X650La
width of belt = 12mm
thickness of belt = 8mm
length of belt = 673mm

Shafts attach with gear (2)

Material = mild steel
Length of shaft = 152mm
Diameter of shaft = 15mm

Shaft attach with pulley (1)

Length of shaft = 90mm
Diameter of shaft = 15mm

Motor (1)
Motor = 12v

Bulbs (4)
1 bulb = 4 watt
Downward speed breaker = 2 bulb

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Upward speed breaker = 2 bulb

Spring rod (4)

Length of spring rod with bracket = 360mm
Total Length of spring rod = 420mm
Thickness of spring rod = 8mm

Springs (4)
Compression helical spring
Diameter of wire = d = 2mm

 Diameters of spring coil

Outer diameter of spring coil = =20mm

We know that,

D = Mean diameter of coil

inside diameter of coil

 Solid length

Solid length of spring =

 No. Of coils

we know that,

= no. Of coil of spring

 Total no. Of coil

For squared ends

= total no. Of coil of spring

 Free length

Free length of spring = 460mm

 Spring index

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C= spring index

 Pitch

= pitch

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Efficiency:

It is very efficient and economic method of generating electricity, we have to

give initial cost and the maintenance cost is so minimal, and the output is

more because it operates on footsteps, and do not have to pay other costs like

fuel etc., it operates on the footsteps. It is very efficient way to generate electricity. The

efficiency can be increased by enhancing the number of footsteps, It is very easy way to

generate the electricity. The cost is so minimum because the maintenance cost is about to

nothing. The efficiency is good according to cost.

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 CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

6.1. Model calculation:

The mass of a Person = 60 Kg

Height of footstep = 3 cm

Work done=Force x Distance

Where, Force = Weight of the Body = 60 x 9.81m/s = 588.6 N

Distance travelled by the body = Height of the step = 4 cm

Output power= 17.658 /1 = 17.658 Watts (For One pushing force)

Power developed for 4 persons passing over the footstep

Arrangement for one minute = 70.632 watts

Power developed for one hour = 4237.92 watts

Power developed for one hour= 4.2379 kWh

Power developed for one day = 101.71 kWh

Power developed for one month = 3051.30 kWh

Power developed for one year = 36615.63 kWh

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6.2. Actual Calculations:

Generated output voltage in one pushing force of step = 12v

Current in the circuit in one pushing force of step = 1.3 amps

As per ohm’s law

Power developed for one push= V*I = 12*1.3= 15.6 Watts

Power developed for one minute= 15.6*4= 62.4 Watts

Power developed for one hour = 60 * 62.4 = 3744 watts-hour

Power developed (kWh)= 3744/1000= 3.744 kWh

Power developed for one day = 24 * 3.744 = 89.856 kWh

Power developed for one month = 30 * 89.856 = 2695.68 kWh

Power developed for one year = 12 * 2695.68 = 32348.16 kWh

6.3. Results:

Power generated in an hour = 3.744kWh

 Percentage Error = (0.31 –.294)/.294 * 100 = 5.44%

 We can store the electricity produce from spead breaker in battery and then and we can

use it according to desire.

6.4. Factor Of safety:

The safety factor is a ratio of maximum strength to intended load for the actual item

that was designed.

Factor of safety = Ultimate shear Strength / Maximum allowable shear stress

Factor of Safety = 126 / 110 NN-mm2 = 1.15

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A structure with a FOS of exactly one will support only the design load and no more.

Any additional load will cause the structure to fail. A structure with a FOS of two will

fail at twice the design load.

6.5. Project Achievement:

 Our Actual task is to produce 6.8 volts DC which is basically our first achievement

with the help of Footstep.

 Easy way to produce electricity

 Maintenance cost is too low

 Initial cost is low

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Applications:

 Foot step generated power can be used for agricultural, home applications, street
lightening.
 Foot step power generation can be used in emergency power failure situations.

Conclusion:

In concluding the words of this paper, since the power generation using foot step get its

energy requirements from the Non-renewable source of energy. There is no need of

power from the mains and there is less pollution in this source of energy. It is very useful

to the places all roads and as well as all kind of foot step which is used to generate the

non-conventional energy like electricity. It is able to extend this project by using same

arrangement and construct in the footsteps so that increase the power production rate by

fixing school and colleges, highways etc.

Future Scope:

Small changes in construction and design of the power generation set up can help to

make the following future applications. Proposal for the utilization of waste energy of

foot power with human locomotion is very much relevant and important for highly

populated countries like India and China where the roads, railway stations, bus stands,

temples, etc. are all over crowded and millions of people move around the clock. This

whole human/bio energy being wasted if can be made possible for utilization it will be

great invention and crowd energy farms will be very useful energy sources in crowded

countries. Walking across a "Crowd Farm," floor, then, will be a fun for idle people who

xxxviii
can improve their health by exercising in such farms with earning. The electrical energy

generated at such farms will be useful for nearby application.

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1