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Name
Sentoash Naidu a/l Balachander Naidu
Class
5 Budiman
Teacher
Ms. Siti Rahimah
1
Variation by T.N.M
BIOLOGY FORM 5
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT FOR CARRY MARK FIRST TEST YEAR 2019: MAKING A FOLIO
CHAPTER 6: VARIATION
Procedure:
1. Gather information about the following issues from Internet, scientific magazines and
reference books.
2. Use the appropriate I-think maps to represent your ideas.
3. Parents will be informed if any of you does not submit the folio and demerit points will
be given.
1. Use bubble map give the meaning of variation and give some example.
[6 marks]
2. By using tree map, describe the characteristics of continuous variation and
discontinuous variation.
[14 marks]
3. Discuss the causes of variation according to following factors:
i) genetic factor ii) environmental factor [10 marks]
TOTAL – 20 MARKS
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Variation by T.N.M
Mutation
Is a sudden permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of the
DNA or in the amount of DNA.
It rarely occurs but when it does it occurs randomly and
spontaneously
Environmental Factors
Each individual is influenced by the environment, this causes the existence of
environmental factors.
These factors include ABIOTIC factors such as temperature, light intensity,
humidity, nutrition and soil fertility.
Example. Hydrangea Species produces different colour flowers based on the
acidity or basicity of the soil
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Variation by T.N.M
Phenotypical Factors
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Variation by T.N.M
Mutation
1. A permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA or in the amount of
DNA.
2. Reasons:
a) Mistakes that occur during replication of DNA during cell division.
(Gene Mutation)
b) uneven distribution of chromosomes during cell division.
(Chromosomal Mutation)
c) a chemical or physical agent.
Base deletion is
the removal of a
base from a
normal gene
sequence
Gene
Base substitution is
the replacement
of one or more
Mutation Base insertion is
the insertion of an
base or nucleotide extra base into a
with another normal gene
sequence
Dieseases caused by gene mutation:-
o Sickle cell anaemia
caused by a mutation on the recessive allele responsible for the production of
haemoglobin.
the mutated allele causes the production of abnormal haemoglobin which
crystallizes, causing the red blood cells to become sickle shaped or S-shaped.
o Polydactylism;
a polydactyl individual has an extra finger or toe.
o Albinism
Albinos cannot produce an enzyme responsible for the production of the skin
pigment, melanin.
Albinos have white hair, pinkish eyes and skin, and skin that is very sensitive to
sunlight.
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Variation by T.N.M
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, Id like to express my sincerest gratitude to the Almighty God for blessing
me with the ability to complete this assignment. I’d also like to thank my beloved friends,
teachers and family members for doing all they coukd to assist me in making this folio.
The success and final outcome of this assignment required a lot of guidance and assistance
from many people and I extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my
assignment work. Whatever I have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and
we would not forget to thank them. I respect and thank Ms. Siti Rahimah for giving me the
opportunity to do this assignment work and also for providing us all support and guidance we
need, I extremely grateful to her for providing such support and guidance.
3
Variation by T.N.M
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Variation by T.N.M
Change in number of
Chromosomes
Chromosomal
Mutation
Change in structure of
chromosomes
Duplication Translocation
Deletion Inversion
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Variation by T.N.M
Types of
Variation
Discontinuo
Continuous
us
Differences in Differences in a
Forms a continuum Is the result of character can be Is the resultant effect
character of intermediate effect of
are NOT Characteristics divided to a few of genes (mostly Characteristics
phenotypes genes and distinct and definate unaffected by
distinct between 2 environment environment
phenotypes, with no
extremes in-between
characteristics Rare in
Qualitative humans and
Examples animals more
~ Cannot be
~ Height Characteristics No distinctive measured common in
Quantitative controlled by a categories Example plants
~ Weight
~ can be large number of individuals can ~ 4 types of fingerprint pattern
measured genes be placed
~ Blood groups
~ Ability to roll the tongue
~types of earlobes
~thumb hyperextension
Characters are
significantly
affected by
environment
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Variation by T.N.M
Variations
Sexual
Mutation Environmental
Reproduction
Chromosomal Gene
Mutations mutations Independant
Assortment
Insertion
Crossing Over
Deletion
Random
Fertilization
Substitution
Causes of Variation
Genetic Factors
Sexual Reproduction
Random Fertilization
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Variation by T.N.M
Thank you!
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Variation by T.N.M
Meaning
~The phenotypic
differences
among individual
species
Characteristics
inherited by
parents Human beings
differ in height
-Blood group and weight
-Eye colour
Variation