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SUMMARY
VS (VP 1360) / 1.16. (5)
We present a new approach to the simultaneous pre-stack
inversion of PP and, optionally, PS angle gathers for the
The authors then use a linearized inversion approach to
estimation of P-impedance, S-impedance and density. Our
solve for the reflectivity terms given in equations (1)
algorithm is based on three assumptions. The first is that
through (3).
the linearized approximation for reflectivity holds. The
second is that PP and PS reflectivity as a function of angle
Buland and Omre (2003) use a similar approach which they
can be given by the Aki-Richards equations (Aki and
call Bayesian linearized AVO inversion. Unlike Simmons
Richards, 2002). The third is that there is a linear
and Backus (1996), their method is parameterized by the
relationship between the logarithm of P-impedance and
both S-impedance and density. Given these three three terms 'VP / VP , 'VS / VS , and 'U / U , again using the
assumptions, we show how a final estimate of P- Aki-Richards approximation. The authors also use the
impedance, S-impedance and density can be found by small reflectivity approximation to relate these parameter
perturbing an initial P-impedance model. After a changes to the original parameter itself. That is, for
description of the algorithm, we then apply our method to changes in P-wave velocity they write
both model and real data sets. 'VP
| ' ln VP , (6)
VP
INTRODUCTION
where ln represents the natural logarithm. Similar terms
The goal of pre-stack seismic inversion is to obtain reliable are given for changes in both S-wave velocity and density.
estimates of P-wave velocity (VP), S-wave velocity (VS), This logarithmic approximation allows Buland and Omre
and density (U) from which to predict the fluid and (2003) to invert for velocity and density, rather than
lithology properties of the subsurface of the earth. This reflectivity, as in the case of Simmons and Backus (1996).
problem has been discussed by several authors. Simmons Unlike Simmons and Backus (1996), however, Buland and
and Backus (1996) invert for linearized P-reflectivity (RP), Omre (2003) do not build in any relationship between P
S-reflectivity (RS) and density reflectivity (RD), where and S-wave velocity, and P-wave velocity and density.
Simmons and Backus (1996) also make three other POST-STACK INVERSION FOR P-IMPEDANCE
assumptions: that the reflectivity terms given in equations
(1) through (3) can be estimated from the angle dependent We will first review the principles of model-based post-
reflectivity RPP(T) by the Aki-Richards linearized stack inversion (Russell and Hampson, 1991). First, by
approximation (Aki and Richards, 2002, Richards and combining equations (1) and (6), we can show that the
Frasier, 1976), that U and VP are related by Gardner’s small reflectivity approximation for the P-wave reflectivity
relationship (Gardner et al. 1974), given by is given by
1 1
'U 1 'V P , RPi | ' ln Z Pi >ln Z Pi1 ln Z Pi @, (7)
(4) 2 2
U 4 VP where i represents the interface between layers i and i+1.
and that VS and VP are related by Castagna’s equation If we consider an N sample reflectivity, equation (7) can be
(Castagna et al., 1985), given by written in matrix form as
where W is the wavelet matrix given in equation (9) and D (a) (b)
is the derivative matrix given in equation (8). If equation Figure 1: Crossplots of (a) ln(ZD) vs ln(ZP) and (b) ln(ZS)
(10) is inverted using a standard matrix inversion technique vs ln(ZP) where, in both cases, a best straight line fit has
to give an estmate of LP from a knowledge of T and W, been added. The deviations away from this straight line,
there are two problems. First, the matrix inversion is both 'LD and 'LS, are the desired fluid anomalies.
costly and potentially unstable. More importantly, a matrix
inversion will not recover the low frequency component of Combining equations (12) through (14), we get
the impedance. An alternate strategy, and the one adopted
in our implementation of equation (10), is to build an initial
T (T ) c~1W (T ) DLP c~2W (T ) D'LS W (T )c3 D'LD , (15)
guess impedance model and then iterate towards a solution
using the conjugate gradient method.
where c~1 (1 / 2)c1 (1 / 2)kc2 mc3 and c~2 (1 / 2)c2 .
POST-STACK INVERSION FOR P-IMPEDANCE
Equation (15) can be implemented in matrix form as
We can now extend the theory to the pre-stack inversion
case. The Aki-Richards equation was re-expressed by Fatti ª T (T1 ) º ª c1 (T1 )W (T1 ) D c2 (T1 )W (T1 ) D c3 (T1 )W (T1 ) D º
et al. (1994) as « T (T ) » « c (T )W (T ) D c (T )W (T ) D c (T )W (T ) D » ª LP º
« 2 » « 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 » « 'LS »
« » « »« »
RPP (T ) c1 RP c2 RS c3 RD , (11) « » « » ¬« 'LD ¼»
¬T (T N ) ¼ c
¬ 1 N(T )W (T N ) D c 2 (T N )W (T N ) D c3 (T N )W (T N ) D ¼
2 2 2
where c1 1 tan T , c2 8J tan T , J VS / VP , and (16)
2 2 2
c3 0.5 tan T 2J sin T , and the three reflectivity If equation (16) is solved by matrix inversion methods, we
terms are as given by equations (1) through (3). again run into the problem that the low frequency content
cannot be resolved. A practical approach is to initialize the
For a given angle trace T(T) we can therefore extend the solution to >LP 'LS 'LD @T >lnZ P 0 0 0@T , where
zero offset (or angle) trace given in equation (10) by
combining it with equation (11) to get ZP0 is the initial impedance model, and then to iterate
towards a solution using the conjugate gradient method.
T (T ) (1 / 2)c1W (T ) DLP (1 / 2)c2W (T ) DLS W (T )c3 DLD (12)
In the last section will show how to extend the theory in Figure 3. The results of inverting a wet sand model, where
equations (15) and (16) by including PS angle gathers as (a) shows the initial model before inversion, and (b) shows
well as PP angle gathers. the results after inversion.
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(a)
(b)
Figure 5. The CDP gathers over the gas sand anomaly Equation (20) gives us a general expression for the
from Fig.4, where (a) shows the input gathers and (b) simultaneous inversion of N PP angle stacks and M PS
shows the synthetic gathers after inversion. angle stacks. Note that we extract a different wavelet for
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