1. What is the need of diet control in Diabetes?

Ans: - Healthy diet is very essential for every human for maintaining healthy life. In case
of Diabetes patient should have a healthy eating plan and tracing their eating habit. If the
Diabetic patient eat extra caloric and fat food, our body creates an undesirable rise in blood
glucose level isn’t kept in check, it can leads to serious problems, such as high blood glucose
level (hyperglycemia) if persistent may leads to long term complication, such as nerve, kidney
and heart damage. So keep your blood glucose level in a safe range by help of a registered
dietitian give a daily diet plan in a calculated calorie plan.

1. TYPE OF DIET IN DIABETES

There are five food groups that forms the balance diet. But it varies on different factors like
age, climate and health condition of a person.

Carbohydrates: Foods to eat for a type 2 diabetic diet include complex carbohydrates such
as brown rice, whole wheat, quinoa, oatmeal. Foods with a low glycemic load (index) only
cause a modest rise in blood sugar and are better choices for people with diabetes. Good
glycemic control can help in preventing long-term complications of type 2 diabetes. Fats
don't have much of a direct effect on blood sugar but they can be useful in slowing the
absorption of carbohydrates. Protein provides steady energy with little effect on blood
sugar. It keeps blood sugar stable, and can help with sugar cravings and feeling full after
eating. Protein-packed foods to eat include beans, legumes, eggs, seafood, dairy, peas, tofu,
and lean meats and poultry.

Spinach: In fact, cruciferous vegetables of all kinds, including kale, spinach, Swiss chard, and
broccoli are great for diabetics. The low-calorie and low-carb nature of these vegetables,
combined with their high antioxidant potential, makes them ideal for fending off chronic
illness. A study reported a 14% reduction in developing Type 2 diabetes when green, leafy
vegetables were a regular part of one’s diet.

Dark Chocolate: The high content of flavonoids and other antioxidants in dark chocolate
actually reduce insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, lower cravings for food and
sweets, and also lower chances of heart problems and blood pressure issues.
Beans: The high fiber content of beans is important for managing glucose absorption, but
recent research has also shown that legumes are able to lower stroke risk and regulate
insulin release in the body, making it a major diabetes booster.

Garlic: Although its direct impact on diabetes is somewhat unclear, garlic is known to
reduce blood cholesterol, lower chances of blood clots, reduce the risk of stroke, and lower
blood pressure, all of which are associated with complications or are indicators of diabetes
risk.

Fish: Not only do the omega-3 fatty acids in fish like salmon, mackerel, and herring reduce
your risk of heart disease, which diabetics are already prone to, but the healthy
combination of protein and fat actually slows the absorption of carbohydrates, which helps
your body maintain stable blood sugar levels.

Blueberries: This super food is praised for being rich in antioxidants, and the anthocyanins
in blueberries can significantly lower your chances of contracting type 2 diabetes by more
than 20% according to recent research.

Egg whites: Egg whites are a healthy, lean protein and are very low in carbohydrates, which
means that it doesn’t impact your blood sugar and helps you prevent the onset of type 2
diabetes

Tomatoes: The carotenoids and flavonoids found in tomatoes work as a great anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant agents in the body, lowering your risk of chronic diseases,
heart conditions, cholesterol, and other telling signs that can often lead to diabetes. [11]
They are also non-starchy vegetables, so they will keep your blood sugar levels under
control.

Nonfat Yogurt:Fat-free yogurt has been shown to be a major booster for diabetics, as the
high-protein, low-fat, and low-carbohydrate combination lowers the absorption of glucose
into our body, while the calcium content has also been shown to lower type 2 diabetes risk.

Red Onions: Red onions contain antioxidant compounds such as quercetin, capsaicin, and
flavonoids. These compounds help boost heart health and lower the risk of developing
diabetes.

Almonds: These unassuming nuts provide a huge boost of magnesium and

monounsaturated fats, which regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Research has also shown
that a high-magnesium diet, like one that includes almonds, helps to lower your chances of
developing type 2 diabetes by more than 30%.
 3. calories of food for diabetic patient-patients with type-1 diabetes should have a diet
that has approx.35 calories per kg of body weight per day(or 16 caloriesper pound of body
weight per day).

1. Patients with type-2 diabetes generally provided 1500-1800 calorie diet per day to
promote weight loss and maintain ideal body wt.This may vary depending on the
persons age,sex,activitylevel,current weight and body style.More obese patients may
need more calories initially until weight loss (1600 calorie).
2. Generally carbohydrates contain50% of the daily calories.As with healthy adults,a
diabetics calorie need depends upon gender,weight and physical activity level.
3. 1200-1600calories –The ADA recommends a 1200-1600 calories diet for small woman
who exercise,small and medium sized woman who are relatively inactive.This diet should
include 6 serving of starches,2 serving of milk and other dairy products,3 servings of
vegetables,4 to 6 oz. of meat or meat substitutes,2 servings of fruit and andupto 3
serving of fats.
4. 1600-2000 calories-ADA recommends 1600-2000 calorie diet for large woman who want
to lose weight,small men who don’t need to lose weight,medium sized men who are
relatively inactive and medium sized and large men who want to lose weight.This diet
should include 8 serving of starches,2 serving of milk and dairy products,4 serving of
vegetables,3 serving of fruit,4 to 6 oz. of meat and upto 4 servings of fats.
5. 2000-2400 calories –ADA recommends these calories for medium sized and large adults
who are physically active and large men who don’t need to lose weight.It includes 10
servings of starches ,2 servings of milk and dairy products,4 servings of vegetables,4
servings of fruit 5 to 7 oz. of meat or meat substitutes and upto 5 servings of fats.

4.HEALTHY DIET PLAN FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS

Food Item Amount Protein(g) Calories (kcal)

EARLY MORNING

Tea (without sugar) 1 cup 4 35

Marie Biscuits 2 1 56

Breakfast

Stuffed methi/palak /laukiparatha 2 small 7 200

Curd 50 gm (1 cup) 3 30

OR

Egg white / PaneerBhurji 1 medium bowl 6 130

Plain roti (no oil ) 2 small 3 150

OR

Vegetable poha/upama/oats/daliya 1 soup bowl 4.5 230

MID MORNING

Apple /guava/orange 1 – 40

LUNCH

Salad (10 mins before lunch)

Capsicum + gobhi veg 1 medium bowl 1 85

Dal 1 soup bowl 6 130

Phulka (no ghee) 2 6 175

EVENING

Milk / green tea / herbal tea / lemon water 1 cup 2 35

Roasted chana + Muri 1 cup 5 85

DINNER

Salad (10 mins before dinner)

Phulka (no ghee 2 4.5 150

Lauki veg 1 cup 2 85

Curd 1 cup 3 30

LATE NIGHT

Skim Milk (no sugar) 1 glass 4 120

Total – 49.5 1286

5.Q. Foods to be avoided in diabetes & Foods are freely allowed in diabetes?

A- Carbohydrates, protein and fat are the macronutrients that provide energy to body. Out
of these three, carbohydrates have the greatest effect on blood sugar. This is because they are
broken down into sugar, or glucose, and absorbed into your bloodstream. Carbohydrates
include starches, sugar and fiber. However, fiber isn't digested and absorbed by your body in
the same way as other carbohydrates are, so it doesn't raise your blood sugar. Subtracting fiber
from the total carbohydrates in a food will give you its digestible or "net" carbohydrate content.
For instance, if a cup of mixed vegetables contains 10 grams of carbohydrates and 4 grams of
fiber, its net carbohydrate count is 6 grams. When people with diabetes consume too many
carbohydrates at a time, their blood sugar levels can rise to dangerously high levels.

the risk of diabetes complications.Therefore, it's important to avoid the foods listed
below. Over time, high levels can damage your body's nerves and blood vessels, which may set
the stage for heart disease, kidney disease and other serious health conditions. Maintaining a
low carbohydrate intake can help prevent blood sugar spikes and greatly reduce

1. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages-Sodas and sweet drinks are high in carbs, which increase blood
sugar. Also, their high fructose content has been linked to insulin resistance and an increased risk
of obesity, fatty liver and other diseases.
2. Trans Fats- Trans fats are unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered to increase their
stability. They have been linked to inflammation, insulin resistance, increased belly fat and heart
disease.

3. White Bread, Pasta and RiceWhite bread, pasta and rice are high in carbs yet low in fiber.
This combination can result in high blood sugar levels.

. 4. Fruit-Flavored YogurtFruit-flavored yogurts are usually low in fat but high in sugar, which
can lead to higher blood sugar and insulin levels. Plain, whole-milk yogurt is a better choice for
diabetes control and overall health.

5. Sweetened Breakfast Cereals Breakfast cereals are high in carbs but low in
protein. A high-protein, low-carb breakfast is the best option for diabetes and
appetite control

6. Flavored Coffee Drinks-

Flavored coffee drinks are very high in liquid carbs, which can raise blood sugar levels and fail to
satisfy your hunger.

7. Honey, Agave Nectar and Maple Syrup- Honey, agave nectar and maple syrup are not as

processed as white table sugar, but they may have similar effects on blood sugar, insulin and

inflammatory markers.

8. Dried Fruit

Fruit is a great source of several important vitamins and minerals, including vitamin C and
potassium. When fruit is dried, the process results in a loss of water that leads to even higher
concentrations of these nutrients. Unfortunately, its sugar content becomes more concentrated
as well.

One cup of grapes contains 27 grams of carbohydrates, including 1 gram of fiber. By contrast,
one cup of raisins contains 115 grams of carbs, 5 of which come from fiber

Dried fruits become more concentrated in sugar and may contain more than three times as
many carbohydrates as fresh fruits do. Avoid dried fruit and choose fruits low in sugar for
optimal blood sugar control.

9. Packaged Snack Foods- Packaged snacks are typically highly processed foods made from

refined flour that can quickly raise your blood sugar levels.

10. Fruit Juice- Unsweetened fruit juice contains at least as much sugar as sodas do. Its high
fructose content can worsen insulin resistance, promote weight gain and increase the risk of
heart disease.

11. French Fries -:In addition to being high in carbs that raise blood sugar levels, french fries are
fried in unhealthy oils that may promote inflammation and increase the risk of heart disease
and cancer.

FOODS ARE FREELY ALLOWED IN DIABETES-

Choosing healthy diet can be difficult when you have diabetes. The key is to choose diet that
are high in fiber, protein and healthy fats. These nutrients will help keep your blood sugar levels
under control.

It’s also important to eat on nutrient-dense foods that promote overall health.
1. Hard-Boiled Eggs

Hard-boiled eggs are a super healthy snack for people with diabetes.Their protein content really
makes them shine. One large hard-boiled egg provides 6 grams of protein, which is helpful for
diabetes because it keeps your blood sugar from rising too high after you eat .

2. Yogurt with Berries

Yogurt with berries is an excellent diabetes-friendly diet for a variety of reasons.First, the
antioxidants in berries may reduce inflammation and prevent damage to cells of the pancreas,
the organ responsible for releasing hormones that lower blood sugar levels .

Additionally, berries are a great source of fiber. For example, a 1-cup (148-gram) serving of
blueberries provides 4 grams of fiber, which helps slow digestion and stabilize blood sugar
levels after eating.Yogurt is also known for its ability to lower blood sugar levels. This is partly
due to the probiotics it contains, which may improve your body’s ability to metabolize foods
that contain sugar.

3. Handful of Almonds

Almonds are very nutritious and convenient to snack on.

Research has shown almonds may help control blood sugar in people with diabetes. In one
study, 58 people who included almonds in their diets every day for 24 weeks experienced a 3%
decrease in their long-term blood sugar levels .

4. Avocado

If you have diabetes, snacking on avocado may help manage your blood sugar levels.The high
fiber content and monounsaturated fatty acids in avocados make them a diabetes-friendly
food. These factors may prevent your blood sugar from spiking after a meal.
One study found that individuals with type 2 diabetes who included sources of
monounsaturated fatty acids in their diets on a regular basis experienced significant
improvements in their blood sugar levels.You can eat avocado on its own, or make it into a dip
such as guacamole. Since avocados are quite high in calories, it is best to stick with a serving
size of one-fourth to one-half an avocado.

5.Sliced Apples with Peanut Butter

Sliced apples paired with nut butter make for a delicious and healthy snack that’s great for
people with diabetes.Apples are rich in several nutrients, including B vitamins, vitamin C and
potassium, while peanut butter provides significant amounts of vitamin E, magnesium and
manganese, all of which are known to help manage diabetes .

Both apples and peanut butter are also very high in fiber. One medium apple combined with 1
ounce (28 grams) of peanut butter provides almost 7 grams of fiber, which is helpful for
keeping your blood sugar under control .

Apples have been studied specifically for their potential role in diabetes management. The
polyphenol antioxidants they contain are thought to protect pancreatic cells from damage that
often worsens diabetes.

6. Cottage Cheese

Cottage cheese is a great snack for people with diabetes.

A half-cup (about 112-gram) serving of small-curd cottage cheese provides several vitamins and
minerals, in addition to almost 13 grams of protein and only 4 grams of carbs (39).
7. Popcorn

Popcorn is a very popular and healthy whole-grain snack food.

It has been deemed one of the best snack foods for people with diabetes, partly because of its
low calorie density. One cup (8 grams) of air-popped popcorn contains just 31 calories (48, 49).

Snacking on low-calorie foods may aid weight control, which is known to promote decreased
blood sugar levels and better overall management of type 2 diabetes (50, 51).

In addition, popcorn provides 1 gram of fiber per 1-cup (8-gram) serving, which is another
property that makes it a diabetes-friendly food (49).

Since most prepackaged popcorn is full of salt, trans fats and other unhealthy ingredients, it is
healthiest to air-pop your own.

8. Chia Seed Pudding

Chia seed pudding is made by soaking chia seeds in milk until the mixture achieves a pudding-
like consistency.

It’s a healthy snack for people with diabetes because chia seeds are rich in many nutrients that
help stabilize blood sugar, including protein, fiber and omega-3 fatty acids (52).

The fiber in chia seeds can absorb a significant amount of water, which may help control
diabetes by slowing down the digestion process and release of sugar into the blood (53).

Additionally, eating chia seeds has been shown to help lower triglyceride levels, which can be
good for heart health. This is beneficial because individuals with diabetes tend to have a higher
risk of developing heart disease .
IMPORTANT NOTES-

There are plenty of healthy snack options to choose from if you have diabetes.

A good rule of thumb is to choose foods that are high in protein, fiber and healthy fats, all of
which are known to help maintain healthy blood sugar levels.

Individuals with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of obesity and chronic illnesses, such as heart
disease. Thus, it is also important to focus on foods that are nutrient-dense and healthy overall.

6)NEED OF EXERCISE-

Diabetes is a chronic disease. India has the largest diabetic population in the world. Change in
eating habits, increasing weight and decreased physical activity are major factors leading to
increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. Obesity is the most important modifiable risk factor.
Smoking is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diet and exercise are
primary therapeutic options for its management. Dietary management should not only aim to
achieve glycaemic control but to normalisedyslipidaemia. Smoking cessation reduces the risk of
morbidity and mortality in diabetic Patient. Exercise improves the condition of a diabetic
patient. Exercise includes yoga practices which have a role to play in the prevention of type 2
diabetes.

7)Type of exercise for Diabetic patient?

When you have diabetes physical activity is as equal important component of your treatment
plan as food. Exercise has so many benefits for maintaining healthy life style.

According to (ADA) American diabetes association

30 min of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise at least 5 days a week or total 150
min per week.

e.g 1.Brisk walking

2. Bicycling

3. Dancing

4. Tai chi
 5. Swimming

6. Playing tennis

7. Stair climbing

8. Moderate to heavy gardening

8)How Walking helps in diabetes?

Walking is one of the most popular and widely recommended forms of physical activity for
people with diabetes. It’s easy, relaxing and can be done practically anywhere. Most important,
it’s highly effective at controlling blood glucose levels. Still, there are important things for
people with diabetes to consider before taking off.

First, it’s important for you to get the approval from a health care provider for any new exercise
program to make sure you are fit enough to increase your activity levels. A health care specialist
can also inform you of special precautions to take based on what type of diabetes you have.
Other factors to consider include medications being taken, your current fitness state, glucose
levels, and other factors.

Benefits

By walking every day for 30 minutes to an hour, people with diabetes can reap the following
benefits:

 Improved glucose control. Exercise helps muscles absorb blood sugar, preventing it from
building up in the bloodstream. This effect can last for hours or even days, but it’s not
permanent. That’s why walking regularly is essential for continued blood glucose
control.
 Better cardiovascular fitness. Because people with diabetes are at increased risk for
heart disease, this is an important benefit.
 Weight control. Regular walking burns calories; this can help control weight, which in
turn can reduce health risks.