DECLARATION

We declare that

a. The work contained in this project has been done by us under the supervision of
our guide.
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma.
c. We have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the project
report.
d. We have confirmed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of
Conduct of the Institute.
e. Whenever we have used material (data, theoretical analysis, figures and text)
from other sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of
the report and giving their details in the references.

Project-mates

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our project guide, Mr. N. V. Ramana
Reddy, for his kind, disciplined and invaluable guidance which inspired us to solve all
the difficulties that came across during the project.

We express our special thanks to Mr. B. D. Tale, Head of the Department, for his kind
support, valuable suggestion and allowing us to use all facilities that are available in the
Department during this project.

Our sincere thanks are due to Dr. B. Ram Rathan Lal, Principal, for extending all the
possible help and allowing us to use all resources that are available in the institute.

We are also thankful to our Family members and Friends for their valuable co-operation
and standing with us in all difficult conditions.

Project-mates

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 ABSTRACT

This project explains a transformer-based fault current limiter (TBFCL) for

parallel feeder distribution network applications. The proposed TBFCL is capable of
controlling the magnitude of fault current. In order to control the fault current, primary
winding of an isolating transformer is connected in series with the line and the secondary
side is connected to a reactor with a bypass static switch. By controlling the magnitude of
ac reactor current, the fault current is reduced and voltage of the point of common
coupling is kept at an acceptable level. Also, by this TBFCL, switching overvoltage is
reduced significantly. The proposed TBFCL can improve the power quality factors and
also, due to its simple structure, the cost may be relatively low. Hardware results will be
presented and compared with the simulation studies.

KEYWORDS:fault current limiter (FCL), short circuit current, protection, overvoltage,

series reactor.

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 CONTENTS

Declaration i
Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

Contents iv

Abbreviations vii

List of Figures viii

List of Tables ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3-3
CHAPTER 3 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 4-7

3.1 Current Transformer 4

3.1.1 Introduction 4

3.1.2 Application of CT 5

3.2 Potential Transformer 6

3.2.1 Introduction 6

3.2.2 Application of PT 6

CHAPTER 4 PROTECTING DEVICES 8-19

4.1 Principle of operation 8

4.2 Application of Relay 9

4.3 Functional requirement of protection relay 10

4.4 Types of Relay 11

4.5 Limitation of Relay 19

CHAPTER 5 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION 20-22

5.1 Introduction 20

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 5.2 Over current Relay 20

5.2.1 Instantaneous Current Protection 21

5.2.2 Definite Current Protection 21

5.2.3 Inverse time Protection 21

CHAPTER 6 PROTECTION OF DISTRIBUTION 23-25

SYSTEM
6.1 Feeder Protection 23

6.1.1 Protection of Radial Feeder 23

6.1.2 Protection of Parallel Feeder 24

6.1.3 Protection of Ring Main System 25

CHAPTER 7 TRANSFORMERS 26-28

7.1 Introduction 26

7.2 Working Principle 26

7.3 Uses and Application of Transformer 27

7.4 Other uses and Application of Transformer 27

CHAPTER 8 CIRCUIT TOPOLOGY 29-30

8.1 Operation during normal condition 30

8.2 Operation during fault condition 30

CHAPTER 9 SUB CIRCUIT DESIGN 31-33

9.1 Introduction 31

9.2 Bridge Rectifier 31

9.3 Capacitor 31

9.4 Voltage Regulator IC 32

9.5 Advantages of Bridge Rectifier 32

9.6 Specification of Component 33

CHAPTER 10 SIMULATION 34-36

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CHAPTER 11 HARWARE PROTOTYPE CIRCUIT 37-41
11.1 Explanation of FCL Using Transformer 37
Loading for Parallel Feeder
11.2 Prototype of FCL Using Transformer Loading 39
for Parallel Feeder
CHAPTER 12 FUTURE WORK 42-43
12.1 Increased Fault Level 42

CHAPTER 13 CONCLUSION 44-44

References 45-45

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 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations Meaning
CT Current Transformer
DC Direct Current
NO Normally Open
NC Normally Close
COM Common
TBFCL Transformer Base Fault Current Limiter
PT Potential Transformer
OCR Over Current Relay

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Caption Page No.

No.
3.1 Current Transformer 5
3.2 Potential Transformer 6
4.1 Basic Connection Diagram of Protection Relay 9
4.2 Differential Relay Protection Scheme 17
4.3 The Distance Relay Connected to Line and Instrument 18
Transformer
5.1 Characteristic of Various Over Current Relay 22
8.1 FCL Using Transformer Loading as a Reactor for Parallel 29
Feeder
10.1 Simulation During Normal Condition 34
10.2 Simulation During Fault Condition
11.1 Circuit Diagram of FCL Using Transformer Loading as 38
Reactor for Parallel Feeder
11.2 Initial Setup of FCL Using Transformer Loading as Reactor 39
for Parallel Feeder During Normal Condition
11.3 Setup of FCL Using Transformer Loading as Reactor for 40
Parallel Feeder During Fault at Feeder 1
11.4 Setup of FCL Using Transformer Loading as Reactor for 41
Parallel Feeder During Fault at Feeder 2
12.1 Series Connected Transformer Using Relay for Parallel 42
Feeder

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

9.1 Specification of Components 33
11.1 Observation Table 38

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