Module 04 - PT Route Planning - Transit Services

Local Public Transportation Route Plan & Management Course
MODULE 4:
TECHNIQUES IN PT ROUTE
PLANNING: TRANSIT SERVICES
Eden T Sorupia, PhD
LPTRP Misamis Occidental – Session 1

13–17 August 2018
1
Local Public Transport Route Planning & Management Training Course | Module 4
Route Identification Factors
• Road network configuration
• Passenger demand (passenger load
profile)
2
Route Identification Factors
• Road network configuration
• Passenger demand (passenger load
profile)
3
Specific Factors to be Considered
a) Route ends at activity centers
b) Two route ends are connected by a series of road links
c) Shortest path is desirable between route ends
d) Passenger demand includes both end-to-end and
intermediate areas along the route
e) Off-street terminals
4
Local Public Transport Route Planning & Management Training Course | Module 4 Image: ilerlawfirm.net
Specific Factors to be Considered
f) Turning points at route ends
g) Public Transport network should
minimize number of transfers
h) Road sections should be able to
accommodate type and volume
of transit vehicles
i) Appropriate transit vehicle to
serve passenger demand and be
compatible with road capacity
5
Basic Concept on Road Network with
Functional Characteristics
Arterial Road: Predominantly
carries through traffic from
one region to another, forming
principal avenues of travel for
traffic movements
Collector/Secondary: Non-
arterial road that collects and
distributes traffic in an area, as
well as serving abutting
property
Local Road: Primary purpose is
Legend: to access abutting properties
Arterial, Main Thoroughfare
Collector, Secondary
Local Road
6
Mobility vs Accessibility
Mobility is the ability and level of ease of moving goods and services.
 Congestion Management System: increases the efficiency of
moving people while removing cars from the roads.
 Manages Travel Demand by utilizing strategies that increase
volume and capacity
 Examples: designated truck lanes, bus only lanes
Accessibility is the quality of travel and takes place at the community

and individual level to provide access to various land uses.
 Access Management: focuses on travel time, travel cost, travel
options, comfort, and risk while addressing the needs of all within
the community.
https://articles.extension.org/pages/62111/what-are-the-differences-between-mobility-accessibility-and-connectivity-in-transportation-planning
7
Mobility vs. Accessibility
•Mobility refers to the

ability to move between
different activity sites
•Accessibility refers to
the number of activity
sites connected by the
facility
•Mobility and accessibility

are inversely related.
8
Example 1: Passenger Demand as Input to PT
Route Planning -- Corridor
Public Transport OD Table

(Average Daily Volume, passengers/day)
To
A B C D
From
A - 3,200 1,000 200
B 3,000 - 1,300 300
C 800 600 - 350
D 360 400 450 -
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Trip Assignment
Pax Volume
From To (pax/day Section
AB BA BC CB CD DC
A B 3,200 3,200
C 1,000 1,000 1,000
D 200 200 200 200
B A 3,000 3,000
C 1,300 1,300
D 300 300 300
C A 800 800 800
B 600 600
D 350 350
D A 360 360 360 360
B 400 400 400
C 450 450
Total 4,400 4.160 2,800 2,160 850 1,210 10
Trip Assignment
Passenger Load Profile (pax/day)

4,160 2,160 1,210
A 4,400 2,800 C 850 D
B
Average One-way Volume (pax/day)

4,280 2,480 1,030
A B C D
With Seasonality Factor of say, 1.16:

4,965 2,877 1,195
A B C D
11
Trip Assignment
Assume a Seasonality Factor (SF) of 1.16
Ave. One-Way Volume (pax/day)
AB : 4,965
BC : 2,877
CD : 1,195
Passenger Load Profile (pax/day):
4,965 2,877
A B C
1,195 D
Determining Route Structure:
The logical routes are:

A to D : PV = 1,195 pax/day
A to C : PV = 1,682 pax/day
A to B : PV = 2,088 pax/day
12
Example 2: (Same OD Table data, but referring to
another network structure)
B
6km
3km
D
8km
A
7km
5km
PT Link
C
Trip Assignment
From To Pax Vol AB BA AC CA BD DB CD DC
(pax/day)
A B 3,200 3,200
C 1,000 1,000
D 200 120 80 120 80
B A 3,000 3,000
C 1,300 780 780 520 520
D 300 300
C A 800 800
B 600 360 360 240 240
D 350 350
D A 360 216 144 216 144
B 400 400
C 450 450
Total 3,680 3,996 1,860 1,304 940 856 670 1,114 13
Summary of Passenger Volume per Route
Section (passengers /day)
B
856
3,996
940 D
3,680
A 1,114
1,304
670
1,860
C
With Seasonality Factor of 1.16

B
993
4,635
1,090
4,269 D
A 1,292
1,513
777
2,158
C
14
Average One-Way Passenger Volume (pax/day)
15
Exercise: Estimating Level of Supply
Route A to D
Factors to be Considered:
Passenger Volume (PV) : 1,195 pax/day Mode PPHPD Distance (km)
Route Length (RL) : 45km FilCab < 500
PUJ 501 - 1,000 15 - 35
UV Express 501 - 1,000 35 - 60
Desired Operating Characteristics Mini Bus 1,001 - 5,000 > 60
Bus > 5001 > 60
Mode to be used : Bus
Ave. Seating Capacity (ASC) : 50 passengers
Ave. Travel Speed (ATS) : 30 kph
Terminal Waiting Time (TWT) : 1 hr/route end
Ave. One-Way Travel Time (TRT) : RL /ATS  45/30 = 1.5 hrs
Ave. Time per Round Trip (TRP) : (TWT x 2) + (TRT x 2)
: (1*2) + (1.5*2) = 5 hrs per day
No. of Hours in Operation NOH) : 14 hrs
Ave. No. of Round Trips per Day (NRT) : NOH / TRP  14/5 = 2.8
Viable Load Factor (VLF) : 0.70 (assume)
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Viable Load Factor (VLF) –

Represents the minimum average load factor at which transit
operation earns a reasonable or viable profit. Determined by
getting the ratio of the profitable gross revenue to the maximum
potential revenue. It usually ranges from 0.60 to 0.80.
Utilization Rate (UR) –

The ratio of the average number of units actually operating per
day to the total fleet.
Number of Units in Operation Every Day

UR =
Total of Proposed Units
17
Estimate of Number of Units & Fleet Size
NU = PV / (VLF x ASC x NRT)
Where NU = Desired number of units operating per day
PV = Passenger Volume  1,195
VLF = Viable Load Factor  0.70
ASC = Ave Seating Capacity  Bus = 50
NRT = Ave Number of Round Trips per day  2.8 Round Up = 3
NU = 1,195/(0.70*50*3)
NU = 11.4 say, 11
Fleet Size (FS): Assume Utilization Rate (UR) = 0.8

FS = NU / UR
FS = 11/0.8
FS = 13.75 (Round Up)
FS = 14
18
Alternative Procedure in Estimating NU and FS
No of Units (NU) = pphpd/(ASC x NRTP)

where PV = Highest passenger volume per hour per direction (pphpd)
NRTP = number of round trips during the time when pphpd occurs
Fleet Size (FS) = NU * (1/UR)

where the ratio 1/UR is the Adjustment Factor to consider repair and
maintenance of vehicles.
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1.0 Route A to C
PV = ________ pax/day
RL = ________ km
Desired Characteristics
Mode to be used : ___________
ASC : ___________ pax
ATS : ___________ kph
TWT : ___________ hr
TRT : ___________
TRP : ___________
NOH : ___________ hrs.
NRT : ___________ per day
VLF : ___________ (assume)
Estimate
NU = ___________
Assume UR = ___________
FS = ___________
2.0 Do the same thing for Route A to B

20
1.0 Route A to C
PV = 1,682 pax/day
RL = 25 km
Mode to be used: Bus
Typical Trypical Range of Passenger
ASC : 50 pax Transportation Seated Travel Speed Frequency/hour Capacity
ATS : 30 kph Mode Capacity (kph) (headway in mins) (pphpd)
Standard Bus 50 25-40 12-120 (0.5-5) 600-6,000
TWT : 1 hr Mini Bus 35 25-40 12-120 (0.5-5) 420-4,200
TRT : RL/ATS hr Jeepney/UVs 18 20-40 12-60 (1-5) 192-1,080
TRP : (TWT*2) + (TRT*2) Filcab 12 20-30 12-60 (1-5) 144-720
Tricycle 3 15-25 12-60 (1-5) 36-1810
NOH : 14 hrs.
NRT : NOH/TRP per day
VLF : 0.80 (assume)
Estimate
Assume UR = ___________
Fleet Size (FS) = ___________

21
1.0 Route A to C
PV = 1,682 pax/day
RL = 25 km
Mode to be used: PUJ Typical Trypical Range of Passenger
ASC : 24 pax Transportation Seated Travel Speed Frequency/hour Capacity
Mode Capacity (kph) (headway in mins) (pphpd)
ATS : 25 kph Standard Bus 50 25-40 12-120 (0.5-5) 600-6,000
TWT : 0.25 hr Mini Bus 35 25-40 12-120 (0.5-5) 420-4,200
TRT : RL/ATS hr = 1 Jeepney/UVs 18 20-40 12-60 (1-5) 192-1,080
Filcab 12 20-30 12-60 (1-5) 144-720
TRP : (TWT*2) + (TRT*2) = 2.5 Tricycle 3 15-25 12-60 (1-5) 36-1810
NOH : 14 hrs.
NRT : NOH/TRP per day = 5.6 Round Up = 6
VLF : 0.70 (assume)
Estimate
NU = PV / (VLF x ASC x NRT) = 1,682/(0.70 x 24 x 6) = 16.68 (Round Up)
Assume UR = 0.8
Fleet Size (FS) = NU x (1/UR) = 21.25 (Round Up) = 22

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New or Developmental Routes
• New routes shall serve passenger demand generated by new
land use development such as residential, commercial,
industrial, etc.;
• Need to estimate passenger volume based on generated
demand of the new development;
• Route alignment to be based on the road network serving the
area with consideration to the basic PT policies and principles;
and
• Conversion of tricycle services into a fixed route service shall
also consider an estimate of passenger volume to be served and
a route alignment as mentioned above. A passenger OD survey
is needed to quantify the said passenger volume.
23
Passenger Volume Forecasting
a. Normal Growth of Demand

• Due to socio-economic growth, such as population growth
per capita income growth
• Growth rate method is used to forecast current passenger
volume
• Commonly used formula:
FV = PV * (1 + r)n
where PV = present passenger volume
FV = forecast passenger volume
r = annual growth rate in decimal
n = number of years from present
24
Example of Growth Rate Determination
Year 2010: Pop1 = 35,000 (base year population)
Year 2015: Pop2 = 39,800 (5 years from base year)
Compounded formula: Pop2 = Pop1 * (1+r)n

where r = average annual growth rate in decimal
n = number of years from base year
39,800 = 35,000 * (1 + r)5

(1 + r)5 = 39,800/35,000
(1 + r) = (39,800/35,000)1/5
(1 + r) = 1.026
r = 0.026
Average Growth Rate/year = 0.026 * 100
GR = 2.6%
25
Example: Passenger Volume Forecast
Route A to D
PV = 1,195 pax/day
r = 2.6%
n = 5 years
Forecast Volume, FV = PV * (1+r)n

FV = 1,195 * (1.026)5
FV = 1,359 pax/day
26
Passenger Volume Forecasting
b. Generated Passenger Volume

• Applicable to estimating passenger volume due
to a land use development in the future, say
residential area, commercial center, industrial
area, etc.
• Forecasting technique uses a traffic generation
index (TGI), based on land use type
27
Trip Generation Index/Trip Rates
Person-trips per 100 sqm of Residential Floor Area
Trip Rates (Person Trips/100 Sqm)
Time
In Out Total
06:00 - 07:00 0.300 0.274 0.574
07:00 - 08:00 0.689 0.722 1.411
08:00 - 09:00 0.604 0.743 1.347
09:00 - 10:00 0.844 0.871 1.715
10:00 - 11:00 0.694 0.840 1.534
11:00 - 12:00 1.058 1.091 2.149
12:00 - 13:00 1.293 1.267 2.560
13:00 - 14:00 1.189 1.248 2.437
14:00 - 15:00 0.692 0.930 1.622
15:00 - 16:00 0.975 0.989 1.964
16:00 - 17:00 1.283 1.131 2.414
17:00 - 18:00 1.287 1.399 2.686
18:00 - 19:00 1.355 1.693 3.048
19:00 - 20:00 1.126 1.225 2.351
Total 13.389 14.423 27.812
28
Person-trips per SqM of Retail/Commercial GFA
Trip Rates (Person Trips/Sqm)
Time
In Out Total
06:00 - 07:00 - - -
07:00 - 08:00 - - -
08:00 - 09:00 - - -
09:00 - 10:00 - - -
10:00 - 11:00 0.0342 0.0083 0.0425
11:00 - 12:00 0.0421 0.0185 0.0606
12:00 - 13:00 0.0386 0.0287 0.0673
13:00 - 14:00 0.0422 0.0333 0.0755
14:00 - 15:00 0.0348 0.0332 0.0680
15:00 - 16:00 0.0368 0.0410 0.0778
16:00 - 17:00 0.0435 0.0408 0.0843
17:00 - 18:00 0.0476 0.0521 0.0997
18:00 - 19:00 0.0401 0.0465 0.0866
19:00 - 20:00 0.0341 0.0522 0.0863
Total 0.3940 0.3546 0.7486
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Person-trips per SqM of Office Area
Trip Rates
Time
In Out Total
06:00 - 07:00 0.0171 0.0222 0.0393
07:00 - 08:00 0.0183 0.0244 0.0427
08:00 - 09:00 0.0194 0.0238 0.0432
09:00 - 10:00 0.0219 0.0298 0.0517
10:00 - 11:00 0.0211 0.0281 0.0492
11:00 - 12:00 0.0221 0.0302 0.0523
12:00 - 13:00 0.0248 0.0312 0.056
13:00 - 14:00 0.0258 0.0336 0.0594
14:00 - 15:00 0.0263 0.0336 0.0599
15:00 - 16:00 0.0269 0.0364 0.0633
16:00 - 17:00 0.0295 0.0399 0.0694
17:00 - 18:00 0.0343 0.0468 0.0811
18:00 - 19:00 0.0375 0.0493 0.0868
19:00 - 20:00 0.0379 0.0522 0.0901
Total 0.3629 0.4815 0.8444
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Example: Computation of Generated Traffic
Residential Area: GFA = 33,762 SqM
AM Peak Index
In : 0.689 person trips/100 SqM of GFA
Out : 0.722 persons trips/100 SqM of GFA
Daily
In : 13.389 person trips/100 SqM of GFA
Out : 14.423 persons trips/100 SqM of GFA
Daily Generated Traffic = GFA * Trip Rate

In = 33,762 sq.m. * 13.389 = 4,520 person trips per day
100
Out = 33,762 sq.m. * 14.423 = 4,870 person trips per day
100
Ave. One-Way Volume = 4,695 person trips per day
31
Example: Estimating No. of Units (NU)
VARIABLES Assume modal split:
Type of Mode: Minibus, ASC = 35 70% public and 30% private:
Route Length (RL) = 10 km
Ave Travel Speed (ATS) = 25 kph; PV = 0.70 * 4,695 = 3,287 pax/day
Terminal Waiting Time (TWT) = 30 mins;
No of Operating Hours (NOH) = 16 hrs NUMBER OF UNITS
Ave Time per Round Trip
= (RL/ATS x 2) + (TWT/60 mins x 2) NU = 3,287 / (0.7 x 35 x 9)
= (10/25 * 2) + (30/60 * 2) NU = 15 units
= (20/25) + 1
= 1.8 hrs
FLEET SIZE
Number of Round Trips (NRT)
NRT = NOH/Ave Time per Round Trip FS = NU * (1/UR)
NRT = 16/1.8 = 8.9 (Round Up) FS = 15 x (1/0.8) = 18.75
NRT = 9 FS = 19 units
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End
33

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Local Public Transportation Route Plan & Management Course

LPTRP Misamis Occidental – Session 1

Accessibility is the quality of travel and takes place at the community

•Mobility refers to the

•Mobility and accessibility

Public Transport OD Table

Passenger Load Profile (pax/day)

Average One-way Volume (pax/day)

With Seasonality Factor of say, 1.16:

Determining Route Structure:

The logical routes are:

With Seasonality Factor of 1.16

Viable Load Factor (VLF) –

Utilization Rate (UR) –

Number of Units in Operation Every Day

Fleet Size (FS): Assume Utilization Rate (UR) = 0.8

No of Units (NU) = pphpd/(ASC x NRTP)

Fleet Size (FS) = NU * (1/UR)

2.0 Do the same thing for Route A to B

2.0 Do the same thing for Route A to B

2.0 Do the same thing for Route A to B

a. Normal Growth of Demand

Compounded formula: Pop2 = Pop1 * (1+r)n

39,800 = 35,000 * (1 + r)5

Forecast Volume, FV = PV * (1+r)n

b. Generated Passenger Volume

Daily Generated Traffic = GFA * Trip Rate

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