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Impactos y Vulnerabilidad

S. Matesanz1*, F. Valladares1,2

1
Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán, s/n,
28933, Móstoles, Spain
2
Departmento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. MNCN, CSIC. Serrano 115 bis,
28006 Madrid, Spain
*
Correo electrónico: silvia.matesanzgarcia@gmail.com

El papel de la plasticidad fenotípica en la respuesta


32 de la vegetación mediterránea al cambio climático

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