Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
S. Matesanz1*, F. Valladares1,2
1
Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán, s/n,
28933, Móstoles, Spain
2
Departmento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. MNCN, CSIC. Serrano 115 bis,
28006 Madrid, Spain
*
Correo electrónico: silvia.matesanzgarcia@gmail.com
Figura 1
Figura 1. (IHFWRVGHORVPRWRUHVGHFDPELRVREUHODVSODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDV\VXVSRVLEOHVUHVSXHVWDV)OHFKDVGLULJLGDVDODSODQWDUHSUHVHQWDQ
PRWRUHV GH FDPELR TXH DIHFWDQ D ODV SODQWDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV )OHFKDV KDFLD HO H[WHULRU GH OD SODQWD LQGLFDQ SRVLEOHV UHVSXHVWDV SDUD KDFHU IUHQWH ORV
PRWRUHVGHFDPELR/DVÀHFKDVGLVFRQWLQXDVUHSUHVHQWDQOLPLWDFLRQHVHQODVUHVSXHVWDV
378
Figura 2
SXHGH IDYRUHFHU XQ DOWR QLYHO GH SODVWLFLGDG IHQRWtSLFD /RV RUJDQLVPRV GH FLFOR GH YLGD ODUJR ±FRPR
DGDSWDWLYDHQODVSODQWDV3DUPHVDQ1LFRWUDHWDO PXFKRV DUEXVWRV \ iUEROHV PHGLWHUUiQHRV± HVWiQ
DXQTXHRWURVVXJLHUHQTXHODVUHVSXHVWDVSOiVWLFDV H[SXHVWRV D XQD JUDQ YDULDELOLGDG FOLPiWLFD HVWDFLRQDO
DOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRSXHGHQVHUPHQRVLPSRUWDQWHVTXHOD H LQWHUDQXDO \ SRU HOOR OD SODVWLFLGDG IHQRWtSLFD
DGDSWDFLyQORFDORODPLJUDFLyQGHELGRDFRVWHV\OtPLWHV SXHGH VHU PiV EHQH¿FLRVD SDUD ODV SODQWDV OHxRVDV
HQODSODVWLFLGDG-XPS 3HxXHODV9LVVHU HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ WD[RQHV GH FLFORV GH YLGD FRUWR
6DQWRVGHO%ODQFR HW DO 6LQ HPEDUJR ODV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO FOLPD PHGLWHUUiQHR SXHGHQ LPSRQHU
Figura 3
)XHQWH(ODERUDGRDSDUWLUGH%HUWHDX[HWDO
379
UHVWULFFLRQHVDODH[SUHVLyQGHODSODVWLFLGDGDGDSWDWLYD DGDSWDWLYD (Q FRQGLFLRQHV QDWXUDOHV 6DQWRVGHO
(Q SULPHU OXJDU HO FOLPD PHGLWHUUiQHR SXHGH VHU PX\ %ODQFRHWDOHQFRQWUDURQTXHODSODVWLFLGDGHQHO
LPSUHGHFLEOH OR TXH SXHGH OLPLWDU OD SODVWLFLGDG VL ODV WDPDxRGHODSODQWDHQHOPRPHQWRGHUHSURGXFFLyQIXH
VHxDOHV DPELHQWDOHV TXH SURYRFDQ OD UHVSXHVWD SOiVWLFD DGDSWDWLYDHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHHVWUpVHQ3LQXVKDOHSHQVLV
QRVRQ¿DEOHVRH[LVWHQFRVWHVSDUDHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGH YHU 0DWHVDQ] 9DOODGDUHV SDUD XQD GHVFULSFLyQ
XQIHQRWLSRLQGXFLGRFXDQGRODVFRQGLFLRQHVFDPELDQGH FRPSOHWDGHWUDEDMRVGHHVSHFLHVPHGLWHUUiQHDVGRQGHVH
QXHYR *KDODPERU HW DO 9DOODGDUHV HW DO LQWHUSUHWDTXHODSODVWLFLGDGHVDGDSWDWLYD
(Q VHJXQGR OXJDU ORV DPELHQWHV PHGLWHUUiQHRV VH
FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU OD FRRFXUUHQFLD GH P~OWLSOHV HVWUHVHV (QORVFDVRVHQTXHODSODVWLFLGDGIHQRWtSLFDHV
DELyWLFRVTXHSXHGHQLPSOLFDUFRPSURPLVRVIXQFLRQDOHV DGDSWDWLYD\FRQGXFHDIHQRWLSRVIXQFLRQDOPHQWHDSWRVHQ
HLPSRQHUSUHVLRQHVGHVHOHFFLyQRSXHVWDV9DOODGDUHVHW DPELHQWHVFRQWUDVWDGRVORVPLVPRVJHQRWLSRVSXHGHQVHU
DO 'H KHFKR YDULRV HVWXGLRV KDQ PRVWUDGR TXH H[LWRVRVHQFRQGLFLRQHVHVSDFLRWHPSRUDOHVFDPELDQWHV\
FLHUWDVSODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVTXHFUHFHQHQFRQGLFLRQHV SRU OR WDQWR OD GLYHUJHQFLD DGDSWDWLYD \ OD VHOHFFLyQ GH
DGYHUVDV PXHVWUDQ XQD HVWUDWHJLD FRQVHUYDGRUD FRQ IHQRWLSRV FDQDOL]DGRV SXHGHQ VHU REYLDGDV 6XOWDQ
EDMDSODVWLFLGDG\DOWDFDQDOL]DFLyQIHQRWtSLFDGHUDVJRV 6SHQFHU )LJXUD D (VWH KHFKR SXHGH FRQWULEXLU
¿VLROyJLFRV\PRUIROyJLFRVSHM9DOODGDUHVHWDO DOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHODYDULDFLyQJHQpWLFD±\HSLJHQpWLFD
$UDQGD HW DO 4XHUR HW DO $GHPiV RWURV YHU JORVDULR± D QLYHO LQWUD H LQWHUSREODFLRQDO 6XOWDQ
PRWRUHV GH FDPELR JOREDO SXHGHQ OLPLWDU OD H[SUHVLyQ %D]]D] %\HUV OR TXH WLHQH SURIXQGDV
GH OD SODVWLFLGDG FRPR ORV FDPELRV GH XVR GHO VXHOR LPSOLFDFLRQHVSDUDODDGDSWDFLyQDOFDPELRFOLPiWLFR\D
3RU HMHPSOR DOJXQRV HVWXGLRV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH OD TXHODYDULDFLyQJHQpWLFDHVHOVXVWUDWRSDUDODVHOHFFLyQ
IUDJPHQWDFLyQGHOKiELWDWSXHGHGLVPLQXLUODYDULDELOLGDG QDWXUDO -XPS HW DO (Q HVSHFLHV PHGLWHUUiQHDV
JHQpWLFD GH ODV SREODFLRQHV GH SODQWDV OR TXH D VX YH] YDULRV HVWXGLRV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH OD SODVWLFLGDG
SXHGH OLPLWDU OD H[SUHVLyQ GH SODVWLFLGDG DGDSWDWLYD \ SXHGH GH KHFKR REVWUXLU OD GLIHUHQFLDFLyQ HFRWtSLFD
VX SRWHQFLDO HYROXWLYR DXQTXH HVWH SXQWR KD VLGR SRFR %DTXHGDQRHWDO0XWNHHWDO3RUHMHPSOR
H[SORUDGRHQSODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDV *LPHQR HW DO HQFRQWUDURQ TXH SOiQWXODV GH
4XHUFXV LOH[ SURFHGHQWHV GH SREODFLRQHV GH KiELWDWV
$ SHVDU GH HVWDV OLPLWDFLRQHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ QDWXUDOHV PX\ FRQWUDVWDGRV PRVWUDURQ XQD FDSDFLGDG
GH OD SODVWLFLGDG QXPHURVRV HVWXGLRV KDQ GHPRVWUDGR VLPLODU GH DFOLPDWDFLyQ DO IUtR \ FDORU \ 0XWNH HW DO
OD FDSDFLGDG GH ODV SODQWDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV SDUD DMXVWDU HQFRQWUDURQ DOWD SODVWLFLGDG IHQROyJLFD HQ
VX PRUIRORJtD ¿VLRORJtD IHQRORJtD \ UHSURGXFFLyQ HQ SURFHGHQFLDV GH 3LQXV SLQHD TXH FXEUtDQ VX iUHD GH
UHVSXHVWDDODYDULDFLyQGHWHPSHUDWXUDHJ*LPHQRHW GLVWULEXFLyQ QDWXUDO (Q DPERV HVWXGLRV OD SODVWLFLGDG
DO QXWULHQWHV $QGLYLD HW DO OX] 4XHUR IHQRWtSLFD SHUPLWLy D HVWDV HVSHFLHV KDFHU IUHQWH D OD
HW DO =DYDOD HW DO \ OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG KHWHURJHQHLGDG DPELHQWDO H[SHULPHQWDGD GH IRUPD
GH DJXD *LPHQR HW DO 5DPLUH]9DOLHQWH HW DO H[LWRVDORTXHHYLWyODGLIHUHQFLDFLyQHFRWtSLFD
=DYDODHWDOYHUXQDGHVFULSFLyQFRPSOHWD
GHHVWRVHVWXGLRVHQ0DWHVDQ] 9DOODGDUHV3RU 2WUR DVSHFWR LPSRUWDQWH ±SHUR D~Q SRFR
HMHPSOR SDUD DFRPRGDU GH PDQHUD IXQFLRQDO OD DOWD H[SORUDGR±HQSODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVHVODUHOHYDQFLDGH
UDGLDFLyQ WtSLFD GH ORV DPELHQWHV PHGLWHUUiQHRV ODV OD SODVWLFLGDG WUDQVJHQHUDFLRQDO HV GHFLU OD FDSDFLGDG
SODQWDV SXHGHQ H[SUHVDU PRGL¿FDFLRQHV TXH PLQLPL]DQ GHORVLQGLYLGXRVSURJHQLWRUHVJHQHUDOPHQWHPDWHUQRV
HOHVWUpVOXPtQLFRGLVPLQX\HQGRHOiUHDIROLDUHVSHFt¿FD GH DOWHUDU UDVJRV HVSHFt¿FRV HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH VX
\ DXPHQWDQGR GH iQJXOR GH OD KRMD SURGXFLHQGR KRMDV SURJHQLH*DOORZD\ (WWHUVRQ+HUPDQ 6XOWDQ
PiV JUXHVDV \ UHGXFLHQGR HO FRQWHQLGR GH FORUR¿OD (VWRV HIHFWRV SDWHUQRV KHUHGDGRV DXQTXH
GXUDQWHHOYHUDQRSDUDPHMRUDUODDFFLyQIRWRSURWHFWRUD QR JHQpWLFDPHQWH SXHGHQ DXPHQWDU HO p[LWR GH OD
GH ORV FDURWHQRLGHV 9DOODGDUHV HW DO 9DOODGDUHV GHVFHQGHQFLDFXDQGRpVWDH[SHULPHQWDHVWUHVHVVLPLODUHV
HW DO 'HO PLVPR PRGR SDUD SURGXFLU IHQRWLSRV DODPELHQWHSDWHUQR\SRUORWDQWRSXHGHQWHQHUHIHFWRV
IXQFLRQDOPHQWH DGHFXDGRV D FRQGLFLRQHV GH VHTXtD ODV EHQH¿FLRVRV HQ HO UHQGLPLHQWR SHUIRUPDQFH GH ODV
SODQWDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV SXHGHQ UHVSRQGHU DXPHQWDQGR OD SODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVHQHVFHQDULRVGHFDPELRFOLPiWLFR
DVLJQDFLyQGHELRPDVDDODVUDtFHV\ODH¿FLHQFLDGHOXVR (O HVWXGLR GH OD SODVWLFLGDG WUDQVJHQHUDFLRQDO UHTXLHUH
GHODJXD*LPHQRHWDO$UDQGDHWDO JHQHUDOPHQWH H[SHULPHQWRV JUDQGHV \ FRPSOHMRV
HQ ORV TXH UpSOLFDV GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV SURJHQLWRUHV
6LQ HPEDUJR QR WRGDV ODV UHVSXHVWDV SOiVWLFDV FORQHV R KHUPDQRV VH FXOWLYDQ HQ FRQGLFLRQHV
REVHUYDGDV VRQ DGDSWDWLYDV HV GHFLU TXH DXPHQWDQ FRQWUDVWDGDV SHM VHTXtD \ FRQWURO \ VX GHVFHQGHQFLD
OD H¿FDFLD ELROyJLFD ¿WQHVV YHU JORVDULR GH OD SODQWD VH FXOWLYD SRVWHULRUPHQWH HQ ORV PLVPRV DPELHQWHV
6XOWDQ VLQR TXH WDPELpQ SXHGHQ VHU QHXWUDOHV SDUD HYDOXDU DMXVWHV IXQFLRQDOPHQWH DGDSWDWLYRV
QR DGDSWDWLYR *KDODPERU HW DO R WHQHU XQ +HUPDQ 6XOWDQ +DVWD OD IHFKD QR KHPRV
HIHFWR QHJDWLYR HQ OD ¿WQHVV PDODGDSWDWLYR9DOODGDUHV HQFRQWUDGR HVWXGLRV TXH GRFXPHQWHQ DGHFXDGDPHQWH
HW DO 'H KHFKR H[LVWHQ HMHPSORV GH SODVWLFLGDG SODVWLFLGDG WUDQVJHQHUDFLRQDO HQ SODQWDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV
PDODGDSWDWLYDHQSODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDV9DOODGDUHVHWDO SUREDEOHPHQWH GHELGR D ORV ODUJRV FLFORV GH YLGD GH
6iQFKH]*yPH]HWDO7HVWDUIRUPDOPHQWHVL PXFKDVGHHVWDVHVSHFLHVORTXHOLPLWDGUiVWLFDPHQWHOD
ODSODVWLFLGDGHVDGDSWDWLYDQRHVVHQFLOOR\ODPD\RUtDGH SRVLELOLGDGGHJHQHUDUYDULDVJHQHUDFLRQHVGHODPLVPD
ORV HVWXGLRV UHYLVDGRV HYDO~DQ VL XQD UHVSXHVWD SOiVWLFD HVSHFLHHQDPELHQWHVFRQWURODGRV
HVDGDSWDWLYDEDViQGRVHHQSUHGLFFLRQHVHFR¿VLROyJLFDV
\WHyULFDV3RUHMHPSOR3DGLOODHWDOHQFRQWUDURQ /RVSURFHVRVHSLJHQpWLFRVHVGHFLUORVFDPELRV
TXH XQD HORQJDFLyQ GH UDtFHV UiSLGD \ XQD PD\RU KHUHGDEOHV HQ OD H[SUHVLyQ \ IXQFLyQ JpQLFD TXH QR
VXSHU¿FLHGHDEVRUFLyQGHODUDt]VHFRUUHODFLRQyFRQXQD VRQ FRQVHFXHQFLD GH FDPELRV HQ OD VHFXHQFLD GH$'1
PD\RUWDVDGHFUHFLPLHQWRUHODWLYRHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHEDMD 5LFKDUGVSXHGHQHVWDUUHODFLRQDGRVQRVyORFRQOD
KXPHGDGHQ*HQLVWDXPEHOODWD\/\FLXPLQWULFDWXPGRV H[SUHVLyQGHODSODVWLFLGDGIHQRWtSLFD+HUUHUD %D]DJD
DUEXVWRVPHGLWHUUiQHRVORTXHVXJLHUHTXHODSODVWLFLGDG VLQR WDPELpQ FRQ OD UHJXODFLyQ GH OD IXQFLyQ
HQ UDVJRV UDGLFXODUHV FRPR UHVSXHVWD D OD VHTXtD IXH JpQLFDLQGXFLGDSRUHODPELHQWHGHQWURGHOFLFORGHYLGD
380
GHXQPLVPRLQGLYLGXR%RVVGRUIHWDO5LFKDUGV GH FUHFLPLHQWR SHUR QR HQ ORV UDVJRV UHSURGXFWLYRV GH
HW DO /RV PHFDQLVPRV HSLJHQpWLFRV LQFOX\HQ SREODFLRQHVGH3LQXVKDOHSHQVLV$VLPLVPR9ROLVHWDO
OD PHWLODFLyQ GHO $'1 ±KDVWD DKRUD HO PHFDQLVPR HQFRQWUDURQTXHODGLYHUJHQFLDHQWUHSREODFLRQHV
PiV HVWXGLDGR± ODV PRGL¿FDFLRQHV SRVWHULRUHV D OD HQ OD SODVWLFLGDG YDULy HQWUH UDVJRV UHSURGXFWLYRV \ GH
WUDGXFFLyQ GH ODV SURWHtQDV KLVWRQDV \ ORV SURFHVRV DORFDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVHQ+RUGHXPVSRQWDQHXP$GHPiV
UHJXODWRULRV PHGLDGRV SRU HO $51 %RVVGRUI HW DO ODV PLVPDV HVSHFLHV SXHGHQ PRVWUDU YDULDFLyQ JHQpWLFD
+HUPDQ 6XOWDQ/DYDULDFLyQHSLJHQpWLFD SDUDODSODVWLFLGDGFRPRUHVSXHVWDDXQIDFWRUDPELHQWDO
SXHGHUHJXODUUHVSXHVWDVUiSLGDVGHODVSODQWDVDOHVWUpV R HQ XQD SDUWH HVSHFt¿FD GHO JUDGLHQWH DPELHQWDO \
DPELHQWDO OR TXH SXHGH VHU HVSHFLDOPHQWH LPSRUWDQWH QR YDULDFLyQ HQ UHVSXHVWD D RWUR IDFWRU GLIHUHQWH 3RU
SDUD ORV RUJDQLVPRV GH YLGD ODUJD FRPR PXFKDV HMHPSOR *LPHQR HW DO HQFRQWUDURQ SDWURQHV
HVSHFLHVGHSODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDV3RUHMHPSOR&RUUHLD VLPLODUHV GH SODVWLFLGDG HQ SREODFLRQHV GH 4XHUFXV
HW DO HVWXGLDURQ OD PHWLODFLyQ GHO $'1 \ ODV LOH[ FRPR UHVSXHVWD D OD VHTXtD \ HO IUtR SHUR *UDWDQL
PRGL¿FDFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVDODWUDGXFFLyQHQODVKLVWRQDV HW DO HQFRQWUDURQ GLYHUJHQFLD SREODFLRQDO HQ OD
HQ UHODFLyQ FRQ OD WROHUDQFLD D DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV HQ HO SODVWLFLGDGFRPRUHVSXHVWDDORVFDPELRVHVWDFLRQDOHVHQ
DOFRUQRTXH 4XHUFXV VXEHU \ HQFRQWUDURQ TXH HVWRV ODWHPSHUDWXUDSDUDHVWDPLVPDHVSHFLH
PHFDQLVPRVHSLJHQpWLFRVSRGUtDQGHVHPSHxDUXQSDSHO
IXQGDPHQWDO HQ OD DFOLPDWDFLyQ \ OD VXSHUYLYHQFLD GH (Q FRQMXQWR OD HYLGHQFLD GLVSRQLEOH VXJLHUH
ODHVSHFLHHQHVFHQDULRVGHXQIXHUWHLQFUHPHQWRHQODV TXHODVHVSHFLHVPHGLWHUUiQHDVPXHVWUDQFLHUWDFDSDFLGDG
WHPSHUDWXUDV $VLPLVPR +HUUHUD %D]DJD SDUDUHVSRQGHUSOiVWLFDPHQWHDOFDPELRDPELHQWDOSHUR
HVWXGLDURQ OD HVSLQHVFHQFLD GHO DFHER ,OH[ DTXLIROLXP GH IRUPD JHQHUDO OD SODVWLFLGDG GL¿HUH QR VyOR HQWUH
\HQFRQWUDURQXQDUHODFLyQDWUHVEDQGDVHQWUHHOHVWUpV HVSHFLHV \ SREODFLRQHV VLQR WDPELpQ HQWUH ORV UDVJRV
LQGXFLGR SRU OD KHUELYRUtD OD SODVWLFLGDG IHQRWtSLFD \ TXH VH PRGL¿FDQ HQ HVD UHVSXHVWD \ HQWUH ORV IDFWRUHV
FDPELRV HSLJHQpWLFRV FRQWULEX\HQGR DVt D OD LGHD GH DPELHQWDOHV D ORV TXH ODV SODQWDV UHVSRQGHQ 3RU RWUD
TXH OD YDULDFLyQ HSLJHQpWLFD SXHGH FRPSOHPHQWDU OD SDUWH OD SDUWLFXODU LGLRVLQFUDVLD GHO FOLPD PHGLWHUUiQHR
YDULDFLyQ JHQpWLFD FRPR IXHQWH GH YDULDFLyQ IHQRWtSLFD SXHGHOLPLWDUODH[SUHVLyQGHODSODVWLFLGDGGHIRUPDD~Q
HQSREODFLRQHVQDWXUDOHVKHFKRUHOHYDQWHHQUHODFLyQD LQFLHUWD
OD FDSDFLGDG HYROXWLYD GH ORV RUJDQLVPRV H[SXHVWRV D
QXHYRV DPELHQWHV $GHPiV ORV SURFHVRV HSLJHQpWLFRV
SXHGHQDXPHQWDUHOSRWHQFLDOHYROXWLYRGHODVSREODFLRQHV
GH SODQWDV HQ HVFHQDULRV GH FDPELR JOREDO \ FRQWULEXLU
D VX GLYHUJHQFLD DGDSWDWLYD +HUUHUD %D]DJD Recomendaciones para la adaptación
5LFKDUGV HW DO \D TXH SURSRUFLRQDQ XQD IXHQWH
GH YDULDELOLGDG IHQRWtSLFD DGDSWDWLYD VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH /DVSODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVVRQFDSDFHVGHWROHUDU
FDPELRV HQ ODV IUHFXHQFLDV JpQLFDV OR TXH PDQWLHQH FRQGLFLRQHVGHHVWUpVDELyWLFR\SRUWDQWRSRGUiQWROHUDU
OD YDULDELOLGDG JHQpWLFD SRWHQFLDO HYROXWLYR HQ OD HOFDOHQWDPLHQWR\HODXPHQWRGHODVHTXtDKDVWDFLHUWR
SREODFLyQ SXQWR 6LQ HPEDUJR HV SRVLEOH TXH VyOR ODV HVSHFLHV
FDSDFHVGHH[SUHVDUSODVWLFLGDGIHQRWtSLFDDGDSWDWLYD\HQ
/DSODVWLFLGDGIHQRWtSLFDHVXQUDVJRGHODSODQWD SDUWLFXODU DTXHOODV FDSDFHV GH HYROXFLRQDU UiSLGDPHQWH
\HVWiSRUWDQWRVXMHWDDODHYROXFLyQSRUVHOHFFLyQQDWXUDO ±WDQWR UDVJRV IXQFLRQDOHV FODYH FRPR SODVWLFLGDG SDUD
XRWURVPHFDQLVPRVHYROXWLYRVFRPRODGHULYDJHQpWLFD GLFKRVUDVJRV±SHUVLVWDQHQODVFRQGLFLRQHVDPELHQWDOHV
3LJOLXFFL *KDODPERU HW DO 6L H[LVWH FDPELDQWHV LQGXFLGDV SRU HO FDPELR FOLPiWLFR /D
YDULDFLyQ JHQpWLFD SDUD OD SODVWLFLGDG HQ SREODFLRQHV LQIRUPDFLyQ GLVSRQLEOH UHYHOD TXH DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV GH
QDWXUDOHVLQWHUDFFLyQJHQRWLSRîDPELHQWH\H[LVWHXQD SODQWDVPHGLWHUUiQHDVSRVHHQXQDSODVWLFLGDGVLJQL¿FDWLYD
FRUUHODFLyQ SRVLWLYD HQWUH OD ¿WQHVV GH ODV SODQWDV \ OD \SRWHQFLDOSDUDHYROXFLRQDUQXHYDVQRUPDVGHUHDFFLyQ
UHVSXHVWD SOiVWLFD SODVWLFLGDG DGDSWDWLYD HQWRQFHV OD 6LQHPEDUJRHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQHVIUDJPHQWDULD\DSXQWD
SODVWLFLGDG IHQRWtSLFD SXHGH HYROXFLRQDU SRU VHOHFFLyQ D JUDQGHV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH HVSHFLHV VLHQGR DOJXQDV GH
QDWXUDO 0DWHVDQ] HW DO )LJXUDV \ (Q XQ HOODV PX\ YXOQHUDEOHV D FDPELRV DPELHQWDOHV UiSLGRV
UHFLHQWH PHWDDQiOLVLV &ULVSR HW DO FDOFXODURQ /tQHDV GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ IXWXUDV GHEHUtDQ DSXQWDU D
ODVWDVDVGHHYROXFLyQGHODSODVWLFLGDGHQUHVSXHVWDDODV DXPHQWDU QXHVWUD FRPSUHQVLyQ VREUH ORV OtPLWHV GH
SHUWXUEDFLRQHV DQWURSRJpQLFDV UHYHODQGR TXH DXQTXH OD SODVWLFLGDG HQ SODQWDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV FHQWUiQGRVH
OD SODVWLFLGDG KD HYROXFLRQDGR HQ GLYHUVDV HVSHFLHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ OD GHWHUPLQDFLyQ GHO YDORU DGDSWDWLYR
FRPR UHVSXHVWD D FDPELRV DPELHQWDOHV OD HYROXFLyQ GHODSODVWLFLGDGHQHVWHWLSRGHHFRVLVWHPDVDVtFRPRHQ
GH OD SODVWLFLGDG GHSHQGH HQ JUDQ PHGLGD GHO UDVJR OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH VL ODV QRUPDV GH UHDFFLyQ H[LVWHQWHV
IXQFLRQDODVtFRPRHOWD[yQREMHWRGHHVWXGLR(QSODQWDV VHJXLUiQ VLHQGR DGDSWDWLYDV HQ FRQGLFLRQHV IXWXUDV
PHGLWHUUiQHDVYDULRVHVWXGLRVKDQHVWLPDGRODYDULDFLyQ $GHPiV HV UHFRPHQGDEOH FHQWUDU QXHVWURV HVIXHU]RV
JHQpWLFD SDUD OD SODVWLFLGDG D QLYHO LQWUDSREODFLRQDO HV HQ HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH OD YDULDELOLGDG JHQpWLFD HQ ODV
GHFLU VX SRWHQFLDO HYROXWLYR 6iQFKH]*yPH] HW DO SREODFLRQHV GH SODQWDV SXHVWR TXH HV HO VXVWUDWR SDUD
GH OD 0DWD HW DO GH 0LJXHO HW DO OD VHOHFFLyQ QDWXUDO 3RU RWUD SDUWH HO FDPSR GH OD
$ QLYHO SREODFLRQDO OD GLYHUJHQFLD HQ ORV SDWURQHV SODVWLFLGDGWUDQVJHQHUDFLRQDOVLJXHVLHQGRHQJUDQSDUWH
GH SODVWLFLGDG LQWHUDFFLyQ SREODFLyQ î DPELHQWH LQH[SORUDGR HQ SODQWDV PHGLWHUUiQHDV D SHVDU GH TXH
UHSUHVHQWDHOSRWHQFLDOHYROXWLYRGHXQDHVSHFLH6LXQD ORVHVWXGLRVH[LVWHQWHVFRQSODQWDVGHRWURVHFRVLVWHPDV
SREODFLyQH[SUHVDXQDQRUPDGHUHDFFLyQPiVDGDSWDWLYD WHPSODGRV DSXQWDQ D TXH ORV SURFHVRV HSLJHQpWLFRV
FRPR UHVSXHVWD D XQ IDFWRU DPELHQWDO GHWHUPLQDGR SXHGHQ FRQWULEXLU VLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWH D OD DGDSWDFLyQ
HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ RWUD SREODFLyQ OD HVSHFLH WLHQH IHQRWtSLFDDQXHYRVDPELHQWHV
SRWHQFLDO HYROXWLYR SDUD OD SODVWLFLGDG )LJXUD FG
0~OWLSOHV HVWXGLRV KDQ HQFRQWUDGR YDULDFLyQ JHQpWLFD
SDUDODSODVWLFLGDGYHU0DWHVDQ] 9DOODGDUHV3RU
HMHPSOR6DQWRVGHO%ODQFRHWDOUHSRUWDURQXQD
DOWD YDULDFLyQ SREODFLRQDO SDUD OD SODVWLFLGDG HQ UDVJRV
381
5HIHUHQFLDVELEOLRJUiÀFDV *DOORZD\ /) (WWHUVRQ -5 7UDQVJHQHUDWLRQDO
SODVWLFLW\LVDGDSWLYHLQWKHZLOG6FLHQFH
$QGLYLD ( )HUQDQGH] 0 9D]TXH]3LTXH - $OHMDQR
5 7ZR SURYHQDQFHV RI 4XHUFXV LOH[ VVS *DR ; 3DO -6 *LRUJL ) 3URMHFWHG FKDQJHV
EDOORWD 'HVI 6DPS QXUVHU\ VHHGOLQJV KDYH LQ PHDQ DQG H[WUHPH SUHFLSLWDWLRQ RYHU WKH
GLIIHUHQW UHVSRQVH WR IURVW WROHUDQFH DQG DXWXPQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQUHJLRQIURPKLJKUHVROXWLRQGRXEOH
IHUWLOL]DWLRQ(XURSHDQ-RXUQDORI)RUHVW5HVHDUFK QHVWHG 5&0 VLPXODWLRQV *HRSK\VLFDO 5HVHDUFK
/HWWHUV/
$UDQGD,$OLD52UWHJD8'DQWDV$.0DMDGD- *KDODPERU &. 0F.D\ -. &DUUROO 63 5H]QLFN '1
,QWUDVSHFL¿F YDULDELOLW\ LQ ELRPDVV SDUWLWLRQLQJ $GDSWLYH YHUVXV QRQDGDSWLYH SKHQRW\SLF
DQGFDUERQLVRWRSLFGLVFULPLQDWLRQXQGHUPRGHUDWH SODVWLFLW\ DQG WKH SRWHQWLDO IRU FRQWHPSRUDU\
GURXJKWVWUHVVLQVHHGOLQJVIURPIRXU3LQXVSLQDVWHU DGDSWDWLRQ LQ QHZ HQYLURQPHQWV )XQFWLRQDO
SRSXODWLRQV 7UHH *HQHWLFV DQG *HQRPHV (FRORJ\
*LPHQR 7( 3tDV % /HPRV)LOKR -3 9DOODGDUHV )
$UDQGD , 5REVRQ 70 5RGULJXH]&DOFHUUDGD - 3ODVWLFLW\DQGVWUHVVWROHUDQFHRYHUULGHORFDO
9DOODGDUHV ) /LPLWHG FDSDFLW\ WR FRSH DGDSWDWLRQLQWKHUHVSRQVHVRI0HGLWHUUDQHDQKROP
ZLWKH[FHVVLYHOLJKWLQWKHRSHQDQGZLWKVHDVRQDO RDNVHHGOLQJVWRGURXJKWDQGFROG7UHH3K\VLRORJ\
GURXJKW LQ WKH VKDGH LQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ ,OH[
DTXLIROLXP SRSXODWLRQV 7UHHV6WUXFWXUH DQG
)XQFWLRQ *UDWDQL/0HQHJKLQL03HVROL3&UHVFHQWH0)
6WUXFWXUDODQGIXQFWLRQDOSODVWLFLW\RI4XHUFXVLOH[
%DTXHGDQR )- 9DOODGDUHV ) &DVWLOOR )- VHHGOLQJV RI GLIIHUHQW SURYHQDQFHV LQ ,WDO\ 7UHHV
3KHQRW\SLF SODVWLFLW\ EOXUV HFRW\SLF GLYHUJHQFH 6WUXFWXUHDQG)XQFWLRQ
LQ WKH UHVSRQVH RI 4XHUFXV FRFFLIHUD DQG 3LQXV
KDOHSHQVLV WR ZDWHU VWUHVV (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO RI *XOtDV - )OH[DV - $EDGLD $ 0HGUDQR +
)RUHVW5HVHDUFK 3KRWRV\QWKHWLF UHVSRQVHV WR ZDWHU GH¿FLW LQ VL[
0HGLWHUUDQHDQVFOHURSK\OOVSHFLHVSRVVLEOHIDFWRUV
%HUWHDX[ ' 5pDOH ' 0F$GDP $* %RXWLQ 6 H[SODLQLQJ WKH GHFOLQLQJ GLVWULEXWLRQ RI 5KDPQXV
.HHSLQJ SDFH ZLWK IDVW FOLPDWH FKDQJH FDQ OXGRYLFLVDOYDWRULV DQ HQGHPLF %DOHDULF VSHFLHV
DUFWLF OLIH FRXQW RQ HYROXWLRQ" ,QWHJUDWLYH DQG 7UHH3K\VLRORJ\
&RPSDUDWLYH%LRORJ\
+DPSH$3HWLW5-&RQVHUYLQJELRGLYHUVLW\XQGHU
%RVVGRUI25LFKDUGV&/3LJOLXFFL0(SLJHQHWLFV FOLPDWH FKDQJH WKH UHDU HGJH PDWWHUV (FRORJ\
IRUHFRORJLVWV(FRORJ\/HWWHUV /HWWHUV
%\HUV '/ (YROXWLRQ LQ KHWHURJHQHRXV +HUPDQ--6XOWDQ6($GDSWLYHWUDQVJHQHUDWLRQDO
HQYLURQPHQWVDQGWKHSRWHQWLDORIPDLQWHQDQFHRI SODVWLFLW\ LQ SODQWVFDVH VWXGLHV PHFKDQLVPV
JHQHWLFYDULDWLRQLQWUDLWVRIDGDSWLYHVLJQL¿FDQFH DQG LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU QDWXUDO SRSXODWLRQV
*HQHWLFD± )URQWLHUV LQ 3ODQW 6FLHQFHV GRL
ISOV
&RUUHLD % 9DOOHGRU / 0HLMRQ 0 5RGULJXH] -/ 'LDV
0& 6DQWRV & &DQDO 0- 5RGUtJXH] 5 3LQWR * +HUQDQGH],$OHJUH/0XQQH%RVFK6'URXJKW
,VWKH,QWHUSOD\EHWZHHQHSLJHQHWLFPDUNHUV LQGXFHG FKDQJHV LQ ÀDYRQRLGV DQG RWKHU ORZ
UHODWHGWRWKHDFFOLPDWLRQRIFRUNRDNSODQWVWRKLJK PROHFXODU ZHLJKW DQWLR[LGDQWV LQ &LVWXV FOXVLL
WHPSHUDWXUHV"3/R621(H JURZQ XQGHU 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ ¿HOG FRQGLWLRQV 7UHH
3K\VLRORJ\
&RZOLQJ 50 5XQGHO 3: /DPRQW %% $UUR\R
0. $ULDQRXWVRX 0 3ODQW GLYHUVLW\ LQ +HUUHUD&0%D]DJD3(SLJHQHWLFGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ
0HGLWHUUDQHDQFOLPDWHUH UHJLRQV 7UHQGV LQ DQGUHODWLRQVKLSWRDGDSWLYHJHQHWLFGLYHUJHQFHLQ
(FRORJ\ (YROXWLRQ GLVFUHWHSRSXODWLRQVRIWKHYLROHW9LRODFD]RUOHQVLV
1HZ3K\WRORJLVW
&ULVSR ( 'L%DWWLVWD -' &RUUHD & 7KLEHUW3ODQWH ;
0F.HOODU$(6FKZDUW]$.%HUQHU'7KH +HUUHUD &0 %D]DJD 3 (SLJHQHWLF FRUUHODWHV RI
HYROXWLRQ RI SKHQRW\SLF SODVWLFLW\ LQ UHVSRQVH WR SODQW SKHQRW\SLF SODVWLFLW\ '1$ PHWK\ODWLRQ
DQWKURSRJHQLF GLVWXUEDQFH (YROXWLRQDU\ (FRORJ\ GLIIHUV EHWZHHQ SULFNO\ DQG QRQSULFNO\ OHDYHV LQ
5HVHDUFK KHWHURSK\OORXV ,OH[ DTXLIROLXP $TXLIROLDFHDH
WUHHV %RWDQLFDO -RXUQDO RI WKH /LQQHDQ 6RFLHW\
GHOD0DWD59ROWDV-=DV53KHQRW\SLFSODVWLFLW\
DQG FOLPDWLF DGDSWDWLRQ LQ DQ $WODQWLF PDULWLPH
SLQHEUHHGLQJSRSXODWLRQ$QQDOVRI)RUHVW6FLHQFH +RHUOLQJ 0 (LVFKHLG - 3HUOZLW] - 4XDQ ; =KDQJ
7 3HJLRQ 3 2Q WKH LQFUHDVHG IUHTXHQF\
RI 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ GURXJKW -RXUQDO RI &OLPDWH
GH0LJXHO06DQFKH]*RPH]'&HUYHUD07$UDQGD,
)XQFWLRQDO DQG JHQHWLF FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI
JDVH[FKDQJHDQGLQWULQVLFZDWHUXVHHI¿FLHQF\LQD ,3&&0DQDJLQJWKHULVNVRIH[WUHPHHYHQWVDQG
IXOOVLEIDPLO\RI3LQXVSLQDVWHU$LWLQUHVSRQVHWR GLVDVWHUV WR DGYDQFH FOLPDWH FKDQJH DGDSWDWLRQ
GURXJKW7UHH3K\VLRORJ\ $ VSHFLDO UHSRUW RI ZRUNLQJ JURXSV , DQG ,, RI
382
WKH ,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO 3DQHO RQ &OLPDWH &KDQJH 3HxXHODV - %RDGD 0 $ JOREDO FKDQJHLQGXFHG
&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&DPEULGJHDQG1HZ ELRPHVKLIWLQWKH0RQWVHQ\PRXQWDLQV1(6SDLQ
<RUN *OREDO&KDQJH%LRORJ\
383
6XOWDQ 6( %D]]D] )$ 3KHQRW\SLF SODVWLFLW\ LQ Glosario
3RO\JRQXPSHUVLFDULD1RUPVRIUHDFWLRQWRVRLO
PRLVWXUHDQGWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRIJHQHWLFGLYHUVLW\ Cambio global &DPELRV DPELHQWDOHV DQWURSRJpQLFRV
(YROXWLRQ TXHDOWHUDQORVHFRVLVWHPDVLQFOXLGRVORVFDPELRVORFDOHV
TXH WLHQHQ HIHFWRV JOREDOHV /RV PRWRUHV GH FDPELR
6XOWDQ6(6SHQFHU+*0HWDSRSXODWLRQVWUXFWXUH JOREDOLQFOX\HQHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRORVFDPELRVGHXVR
IDYRUV SODVWLFLW\ RYHU ORFDO DGDSWDWLRQ 7KH GHOVXHORODVLQYDVLRQHVELROyJLFDV\ODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ
$PHULFDQ1DWXUDOLVW
Epigenética: HVWXGLR GH ORV FDPELRV KHUHGDEOHV GH OD
6XOWDQ 6( 'HYHORSPHQW LQ FRQWH[W WKH WLPHO\ DFWLYLGDGGHORVJHQHVTXHQRVRQFDXVDGRVSRUFDPELRV
HPHUJHQFH RI HFRGHYR 7UHQGV LQ (FRORJ\ HQODVHFXHQFLDGH$'1
(YROXWLRQ
Fitness(OJUDGRHQTXHXQLQGLYLGXRFRQWULEX\HFRQVXV
7KXLOOHU:/DYRUHO6$UDXMR0%6\NHV073UHQWLFH JHQHVDODVJHQHUDFLRQHVIXWXUDVRXQDPHGLGDLQGLYLGXDO
,&&OLPDWHFKDQJHWKUHDWVWRSODQWGLYHUVLW\ GHUHQGLPLHQWRTXHVHHVSHUDTXHHVWpFRUUHODFLRQDGDFRQ
LQ(XURSH3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH1DWLRQDO$FDGHP\RI ODFRQWULEXFLyQJHQpWLFDDODVJHQHUDFLRQHVIXWXUDVFRPR
6FLHQFHVRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVRI$PHULFD ODFDSDFLGDGUHSURGXFWLYD
Rasgo funcional&DUDFWHUHVPRUIROyJLFRV¿VLROyJLFRV
9DOODGDUHV)$UULHWD6$UDQGD,/RUHQ]R'6DQFKH] \IHQROyJLFRVTXHWLHQHQXQLPSDFWRHQODH¿FDFLD
*RPH] ' 7HQD ' 6XiUH] ) $OEHUWR 3DUGRV - ELROyJLFD¿WQHVVGHXQDSODQWD
6KDGHWROHUDQFHSKRWRLQKLELWLRQVHQVLWLYLW\
DQG SKHQRW\SLF SODVWLFLW\ RI ,OH[ DTXLIROLXP LQ ResilienciaFDSDFLGDGGHUHFXSHUDUODHVWUXFWXUD\
FRQWLQHQWDO 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ VLWHV 7UHH 3K\VLRORJ\ IXQFLyQGHVSXpVGHXQDSHUWXUEDFLyQ
9DOODGDUHV)0DUWtQH])HUUL(%DODJXHU/3pUH]&RURQD
( 0DQULTXH ( /RZ OHDIOHYHO UHVSRQVH
WR OLJKW DQG QXWULHQWV LQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ HYHUJUHHQ
RDNV D FRQVHUYDWLYH UHVRXUFHXVH VWUDWHJ\" 1HZ
3K\WRORJLVW
384