Definitions, uses and differences

TYPE

RECTANGULAR

TRIANGULAR
TRAPEZOIDAL
FIND
DISCHARGE (Q)
HEIGHT OF WEIR (H2)
LENGTH (L)

GIVEN
LENGTH OF NOTCH / WEIR (L)
HEAD OVER NOTCH (H)
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (Cd)
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g)
DEPTH OF WATER (H1)
DISCHARGE (Q)

DISCHARGE (Q)
DEPTH OVER WEIR (H)
Discharge over a Narrow-crested weir:

If, 2b is less than H, the weir called narrow=crested weir.

b = Width of the crest
H = Height of water above the crest.
A narrow-crested weir is hydraulically similar to an ordinary weir or o a rectangular weir.
Hence, the formula for discharge over a rectangular weir holds good for the discharge over a narrow-crested weir.

Q= 2/3*Cd*(2g)^0.5*L*(H)^1.5

Ex:1

L (Length)
H (Height)
Cd (Coefficient of discharge)
g (Gravitational Const.)

Q( Discharge)

Q=

Ex:2

L (Lengh)
H (Height)
Cd (Coefficient of discharge)
g ( Gravitatinal const.)

Q (Discharge)

Q=

Discharge through large orifice:

If the head of liquid is less than 5 times the depth of the orifice, the orifice is called large orifice.

Q = 2/3*Cd*b*(2g)^0.5((H2)^1.5-(H1)^1.5)
Ex:1

b (Width of orifice)
d (Depth)
H1
H2 =2.7+d
Cd (Coefficient of discharge)
g (Gravitational const.)

Q (Discharge)

Q=

Ex:2

b (Width of orifice)
d ( Depth)
H1
H2 = 0.8+ 1.2
Cd (coefficient of discharge)
g (Gravitational const.)

Q (Discharge)

Q=

Discharge over a stepped notch:

A stepped notch is a combination of rectangular notches.
The discharge through stepped notch is equal to the sum of discharge through the diffe

H1 = Height of water over the crest f notch.

L1 = Length of notch 1.
H2, H3, L2, L3 = Corresponding values of notch 2 & 3.
Total discharge,
Q = Q1+ Q2+ Q3

Ex:1

L1
L2
L3
H1 = 2+3+2
H2 = 2+3
H3
Cd
g

Q1=
Q2=
Q3=
Q=

Ex:2

L1
L2
L3
H1= 3+2+2
H2 = 3+2
H3
Cd
g

Q1=
Q2=
Q3=
Q=
Notch: It is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a liquid through a small channel or a tank. It may be defi
that the liquid surface in the tank or channel is below the top edge of the opening.
Weir: It is a concrete or masonry strycture, placed in an open channel over which the flow occurs. It is generaly in th
across the open channel. Notch is of small size while the weir is of a bigger size. The notch is generally made of meta

PROGRAM FOR RECTANGULAR WEIR OR N

(RED COLOR indicates optional parameter and BLUE COLOR indicates what to find AND same

Type Find

RECTANGULAR DISCHARGE (Q)

***** PROBLEM STATEMENTS *****

(1) Find the discharge of water flowing over a rectangular

notch of 2m length, when the constant head over notch is
300mm. Take Cd = 0.60.
(2) Determine the height of a rectangular weir of length 6m
to be built across a rectangular channel. The maximum "(1)"
depth of water on the upstream side of the wier is 1.8m and
discharge is 2000 liters/s. Take Cd = 0.60 and neglect end
contractions.
(3) The head of water over a rectangular notch is 900mm.
The discharge is 300 liters/s. Find the length of the notch,
when Cd = 0.62.
"(2)"

"(3)"

Type Find

TRIANGULAR DEPTH OVER WEIR (H)

***** PROBLEM STATEMENTS *****
(1) Find the discharge over a triangular notch of angle 60o ,
when the head over the V - Notch is 0.3m. Assume Cd =
0.60
(2) Water flows over a rectangular weir 1m wide at a depth
of 150mm and afterwards passes through a triangular right-
angled weir. Taking Cd for the rectangular and triangular "(1)"
weir as 0.62 and 0.59 respectively, find the depth over the
triangular weir.

"(2)"
 Type Find

TRAPEZOIDAL DISCHARGE (Q)

***** PROBLEM STATEMENT *****

Find the discharge through a trapezoidal notch which is 1m

wide at the top and 0.40m at the bottom and is 30cm in
height. The head of water on the notch is 20cm. Assume Cd
for rectangular portion = 0.62, while for triangular portion =
0.60.

PROGRAM FOR FINDING

Type Find

(1) An ogee weir 6 m long has a head of 50 cm of water. If Cd = Discharge (Q)

0.60, Find the discharge over the weir.

(2)An ogee weir is 5 m long. Water flowing over the weir at the
head of 40 cm. If Cd = 0.6, Calculate the discharge of water.

2
Orifice : An opening in a tank or vessel through which the liquid flows out is known as an orifice.

Type Find
(1) A fully submergerd orifice 1.2 m wide has water columns of Discharge (Q)
heights 2.5 m and 2 m from the bottom and top of the orifice
respectively.Find the discharge through the orifice if the
difference of water levels on both sides of the orifice is 50 cm.
take Cd = 0.61.

Type Find

Time (T)
A Circular tank of diameter 5 m contains water up to 4 m
depth.The tank is provided with an orifice of diameter 0.4 m at
the bottom.find the time taken for completely emptying the
tank,take Cd = 0.6
A Circular tank of diameter 5 m contains water up to 4 m
depth.The tank is provided with an orifice of diameter 0.4 m at
the bottom.find the time taken for completely emptying the
tank,take Cd = 0.6

Type Find
(1) A Rectangular orifice 2 m width and 1.2 m deep is fitted in DISCHARGE (Q)
one side of a large tank. The water level on one side of the orifice
is 3 m above the top edge of the orifice while on the othor side
of the orifice, water level is 0.5 m below the top edge of orifice.
Calculate the discharge through the orifice if Cd = 0.64.
crested weir:

row=crested weir.

similar to an ordinary weir or o a rectangular weir.

a rectangular weir holds good for the discharge over a narrow-crested weir.

0.5
0.16
0.6
9.81

2/3*Cd*(2g)^0.5*L*(H)^1.5

0.0567

1
0.15
0.62
9.81

2/3*Cd*(2g)^0.5*L*(H)^1.5

0.1064

e orifice:
mes the depth of the orifice, the orifice is called large orifice.
 2
1.6
2.7
4.3
0.62
9.81

2/3*Cd*b*(2g)^0.5((H2)^1.5-(H1)^1.5)

16.4047

1
1.2
0.8
2
0.6
9.81

2/3*Cd*b*(2g)^0.5((H2)^1.5-(H1)^1.5)

3.7436

ed notch:
ination of rectangular notches.
pped notch is equal to the sum of discharge through the different rectangular notches .

the crest f notch.

ding values of notch 2 & 3.

Q1
2/3*Cd*L1*(2g)^0.5*(H1)^1.5-(H2)^1.5

Q2
2/3*Cd*L2*(2g)^0.5*((H2)^1.5-(H3)^1.5)
Q3 2/3*Cd*l3*(2g)^0.5*(H3)^1.5

4
5
6
7
5
2
0.6
9.81

52.0189
73.9887
30.0681
156.0757

7
8
9
7
5
3
0.6
9.81

91.033
84.8213
82.8579
258.7122
a small channel or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side of a tank or a small channel in such a way
ing.
which the flow occurs. It is generaly in the form of vertical wall, with a sharp edge at the top, running all the way
ze. The notch is generally made of metallic plate, while the weir is made of concrete or masonry structure.

M FOR RECTANGULAR WEIR OR NOTCH

OLOR indicates what to find AND same colored font with yellow background indicates answer)

Given Value Unit

LENGTH (L) 1 m
HEAD OVER NOTCH (H) 0.15 m
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (Cd) 0.62 -----
GRAVITATIONAL 9.81 m/s2
ACCELERATION (g) =
DISCHARGE (Q) = 2/3 X [ Cd X (2xg)^0.5 X L X (H^1.5) ]
Q= 0.1064 Cumec
HEAD OVER NOTCH (H) 0.3 m
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (Cd) 0.6 m
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g) = 9.8100 m/s2
DISCHARGE (Q) =
Q= 0.2911 Cumec
HEAD OVER NOTCH (H) 0.9 m
Q=

Given Value Unit

Angle (q) 90 Degree

0.36
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (Cd) 0.6
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g) = 9.81 m/s2
DISCHARGE (Q) = (8/15) X Cd X tan q/2 X (2 x g) ^ (0.5) X m/s3
(H)^(2.5)
DISCHARGE (Q)= 0.1064 m/s3

H= ((15XQ) / (8 X Cd X tan q/2 X sqrt (2g)))^0.4 m

H= 0.4699 m
 Given Value Unit

TOP WIDTH 1m
BOTTOM WIDTH (L) 0.4 m
HEIGHT 0.3 m
HEAD OF WATER OVER NOTCH (H) 0.2 m
Cd1 (For rectangular portion) 0.62
Cd2 (For triangular portion) 0.6
Now, tan q/2 = 1
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g)= 9.81 m/s2
DISCHARGE (Q) = [2/3 X [ Cd X (2xg)^0.5 X L X (H^1.5) ] ] +
[(8/15) X Cd X tan q/2 X (2 x g) ^ (0.5) X
(H)^(2.5)]
DISCHARGE (Q) = 0.0909 m/s3

PROGRAM FOR FINDING OUT DISCHARGE OF OGEE WEIR

Given Value Unit
HEAD OVER NOTCH (H)
0.15 m
CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE Cd 0.6 -----
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g)=
9.81 m/s2
LENGTH (L) 1m
DISCHARGE (Q) = 2/3*C*L*(2g)^.5*H^1.5
Q= 0.1029 cumec
HEAD OVER NOTCH (H) 0.5 m
LENGTH (L) 6m
Q= 3.7585 cumec
HEAD OVER NOTCH (H) 0.4 m
LENGTH (L) 5m
 Q= 3.7528 cumec

as an orifice.

DISCHARGE THROUGH FULLY SUBMERGED ORIFICE

Given Value Unit

CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE Cd 0.6 -----
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g)=
m/s2
9.81
WIDTH (b) 1.2 m
DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL (H) 0.5 m
HEIGHT OF WATER ABOVE THE TOP OF m
ORIFICE ON u/s. (H1) 2
HEIGHT OF WATER ABOVE THE BOTTOM m
OF ORIFICE ON u/s. (H2) 2.5
DISCHARGE (Q) = Cd*b*(H2-H1)*((2*g*H)^.5)
Q= 1.1276 cumec

TIME OF EMPTYING THE TANK OF AN ORIFICE AT ITS BOTTOM

Given Value Unit

AREA OF THE TANK (A) 20 m2

AREA OF THE ORIFICE (a) 0.1256 m2
 INTIAL HEIGHT OF LIQUID (H1) 4m
FINAL HEIGHT OF LIQUID (H2) 2m
CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE Cd 0.6 -----
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g) 9.81 m/s2
TIME (T)= 2*A/(Cd*a*((2*g)^.5))*((H1^.5)-(H2^.5)) s
T= 70.1954 s

DISCHARGE THROUGH PARTIALLY SUBMERGED ORIFICE

Given Value Unit

CO-EFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE Cd 0.6 -----
9.81 m/s
2
GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION (g)=
WIDTH (b) 1.2 m
DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL (H) 0.5 m
HEIGHT OF WATER ABOVE THE TOP OF ORIFICE m
ON u/s (H1) 2
HEIGHT OF WATER BELOW THE TOP OF ORIFICE m
ON u/s (H2) 2.5
DISCHARGE (Q) = [Cd*b*(H2-H1)*((2*g*H)^.5)] + [(2/3)*Cd*b*((2*g)^.5 -----
Q=
rectangular notches .
^0.5*(H1)^1.5-(H2)^1.5
0.5*((H2)^1.5-(H3)^1.5)
.5*(H3)^1.5
 Conversion Conversion Conversion Conversion
(mm) (cm) (lps) (cusec)
1000 100 ----- -----
150 15 ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- 106.4 3.757516
300 30 ----- -----
600 60 ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- 291.1 10.2801965
900 90 ----- -----
----- -----

Conversion Conversion Conversion Conversion

(mm) (cm) (lps) (cusec)
1.5707963268 (Radians) ----- -----

----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- 106.4 3.7575

----- ----- ----- -----

469.9 46.99 ----- -----
Conversion Conversion Conversion Conversion
(mm) (cm) (lps) (cusec)
1000 100 ----- -----
400 40 ----- -----
300 30 ----- -----
200 20 ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- 90.9 3.2101

(cm)
Conversion Conversio Conversio
(mm) n (lps) n (cusec)
----- -----
150 15
----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- -----

1000 100 ----- -----

----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- 102.9 3.6339135
500 50 ----- ----
6000 600 ----- ----
----- ----- 3758.5 132.731428
400 40 ----- -----
5000 500 ----- -----
 ----- ----- 3752.8 132.530132

Conversion Conversion Conversio Conversio

(mm) (cm) n (lps) n (cusec)
----- ----- ----- -----

----- ----- ----- -----

1.20E+03 120 ----- -----

500 50 ----- -----

----- -----
2000 200
----- -----
2500 250
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- 1127.6 39.821194

Conversion Conversion Conversion Conversion

(mm) (cm) (lps) (cusec)
20000 2000 ----- -----
125.6 12.56 ----- -----
 4000 400 ----- -----
2000 200 ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----

Conversion Conversion Conversion Conversion

(mm) (cm) (lps) (cusec)
----- ----- ----- -----
----- ----- ----- -----
1200 120 ----- -----
500 50 ----- -----

----- -----
2000 200
----- -----
2500 250
----- ----- ----- -----
----- -----