Fourier Amplitude Spectrum Theory and Examples: Dr. Sukumar Baishya Civil Engineering Department

FAS
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FOURIER AMPLITUDE SPECTRUM
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric Theory and Examples
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Application to Geotech.
Eqke. Engg. Dr. Sukumar Baishya
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
Fourier Series: Complex
Professor
form
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology
Fourier Amplitude and
Phase (Deemed-to-be University)
Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh
https://www.nerist.ac.in
January 26, 2019
sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 1 / 25

Outline
FAS
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1 Periodic Function:Trigonometric and Exponential

Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric form
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Application to Geotech. 2 Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
Application to Geotech. Eqke. Engg.
form
Fourier Series: Trigonometric form
Fourier Fourier Series: Complex form
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase
3 Fourier Amplitude Spectrum
Fourier Amplitude and Phase

Expressions for Periodic Function I
FAS
sb A periodic function u(t) can be written as

Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric u(t) = A cos ωt + B sin ωt (1)
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Using Euler’s equation we have
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
eiωt = cos ωt + i sin ωt (2a)
−iωt
form
e = cos ωt − i sin ωt (2b)
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Adding equations (2a) and (2b) , we get
Phase
1 iωt
cos ωt = e + e−iωt (3)
2
Similarly subtracting eqn. (2b) from eqn. (2a), we get

Expressions for Periodic Function II
FAS
sb 1 iωt
sin ωt = e − e−iωt (4)
Periodic Func-
2i
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential The above can be written as
form
Fourier Series −i iωt

Application to Geotech. sin ωt = e − e−iωt (5)
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
2
Trigonometric form
form
Using Eqns (3) and (5) in Eqn (1), we can write
Fourier −iB
Amplitude A iωt
Spectrum u(t) = e + e−iωt + eiωt − e−iωt (6)
Phase
2 2
This can further simplified as
A − iB iωt A + iB −iωt
e + e (7)
2 2
Expressions for Periodic Function III
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Equation (7) can be visualised as two rotating vectors in a
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
phase plane diagram, with respective circular frequencies
Trigonometric form
Fourier Series: Complex +ω and −ω. as shown in Fig below.
form
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase

Expressions for Periodic Function IV
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase
Figure: Phase-plane Diagram (Source: Kramer, 1996)

Vector Amplitude of Periodic Function
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric Referring to equation (7), Each of the vectors have
and Exponential
form amplitude
r
Fourier Series 2 2
A B
Eqke. Engg. 2 + 2
Fourier Series:
1
√
Trigonometric form
i.e. 2 A2 + B 2
form
Thus the total amplitude of these two vectors is
Fourier
Amplitude p
Spectrum
Fourier Amplitude and R = A2 + B 2 (8)
Phase

Outline
FAS
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Periodic Func-
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase

Fourier Series in Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
Any periodic function that meets certain conditions
form can be expressed as the sum of a series of
Fourier Series
sinusoids of different amplitude, frequency, and
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
phase (Fourier).
Trigonometric form
form
Nearly all functions describing physical processes
Fourier fulfill conditions for existence of Fourier Series
Amplitude
Spectrum Hence, Fourier series is highly useful tool in science
Phase
and engineering.

Fourier Series in Geotechnical Earthquake
Engineering (Contd..)
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Fourier Series – Applications in Geotechnical
Periodic Func- Earthquake Engineering:
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
A complicated loading function caused by
form earthquake ground motion
Fourier Series can be broken down into the
Eqke. Engg. sum of a series of simple harmonic loading functions
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
Individual response to each of these simple
form
harmonic components are obtained
Fourier
Amplitude
In linear systems, (as per principle of superposition),
Spectrum total response due to earthquake ground motion is
Phase given by sum of individual responses to all harmonic
components
This process is illustrated schematically in the
following Figure

Fourier Seriese Application (schematic)
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase
Figure: (a) Earthquake Ground Motion; (b) Breakdown to

Harmonic Fourier Components; (c) Computation of Response;
(d) Response to each harmonic component; (e) Total
Response as sum of (d) [Source: Kramer, 1996]
Fourier Series: Trigonometric Form
FAS
Consider a function u(t) with a period T . Function u(t)
sb
can be expressed using the familiar form of Fourier series
Periodic Func- as
tion:Trigonometric X∞
and Exponential
form u(t) = ao + (an cos ωn t + bn sin ωn t) (9)
Fourier Series n=1
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
The coefficients are given by
Trigonometric form
Fourier Series: Complex Z T
form
1
Fourier ao = u(t)dt (10a)
Amplitude T 0
Spectrum Z T
Phase
1
an = u(t) cos ωn t dt (10b)
T 0
Z T
1
bn = u(t) sin ωn t dt (10c)
T 0

Fourier Series: Trigonometric Form (Contd.)
FAS
sb
Properties of Fourier coefficients:
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
For even functions [f (t) = f (−t)], sine terms are
form zero, hence bn = 0 ∀n.
Fourier Series
Application to Geotech. For odd functions [f (t) = −f (−t)], cosine terms are
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
zero, hence an = 0 ∀n
form in general an 6= 0 and bn 6= 0
Fourier
Amplitude The term ao represents the average value of u(t)
Spectrum
over the range t = 0 to t = T
Phase
In many geotechnical earthquake engineering

applications, ao = 0.

Fourier Series: Complex Form I
FAS
sb Complex Form:
Periodic Func-
We have Eqns (3) and (5), which we reproduce here for
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
convenience:
form
1 iωt
Fourier Series
Application to Geotech. cos ωt = e + e−iωt
Eqke. Engg. 2
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
−i iωt
form sin ωt = e − e−iωt
Fourier
2
Amplitude
Spectrum Using them, the Fourier series (Eqn. (9)) can be written
Phase as
∞
X an iωn t −iωn t
ib
n iωn t −iωn t
u(t) = ao + e +e − e +e
2 2
n=1

Fourier Series: Complex Form II
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
or,
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential ∞
form X an − ibn iωn t an + ibn −iωn t
u(t) = ao + e + e (11)
Fourier Series
2 2
Eqke. Engg.
n=1
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Using new notations cn for complex coefficients, Eqn (11)
Fourier
can be written as
Amplitude
Spectrum ∞
X
cn eiωn t + c−n e−iωn t
Phase u(t) = co + (12)
n=1

Fourier Series: Complex Form III
FAS
sb
where,
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
co = ao (13a)
and Exponential
form an − ibn
cn = |n ≥ 1 (13b)
Fourier Series 2
Eqke. Engg. an + ibn
Fourier Series: c−n = |n ≥ 1 (13c)
Trigonometric form
2
form
Fourier Using ω−n = −ωn , Eqn. (12) can be written as

Amplitude
Spectrum
∞
X
cn eiωn t
Phase
u(t) = co + (14)
−∞
Note the change of limits in Eqn. (14).

Fourier Series: Complex Form IV
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form The value of cn can also directly be obtained from original
Fourier Series function u(t) as
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series: Z T
Trigonometric form 1
form
cn = u(t)e−iωn t dt (15)
T 0
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase

Outline
FAS
sb

Periodic Func-
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase

Fourier Amplitude and Phase I
FAS
sb Using trigonometric identity, a function

Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric f (t) = a cos ωt + b sin ωt
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
can also be expressed as
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
f (t) = A sin (ωt + φ)
form √
where, A = a2 + b2 and φ = tan−1 ba

Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum Therefore, the trigonometric form of Fourier series [Eqn.
Phase (9)] can be expressed as
∞
X
u(t) = co + cn sin (ωn t + φn ) (16)
n=1

Fourier Amplitude and Phase II
FAS where,
sb
Periodic Func-
co = ao (17a)
tion:Trigonometric q
and Exponential
form cn = an2 + bn2 (17b)

−1 an
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
φn = tan (17c)
Fourier Series: bn
Trigonometric form
form
Fourier Now, a plot of the amplitude cn as a function of

Amplitude
Spectrum
frequency ωn (or time period Tn would show:
Phase the amplitude of every harmonic component
comprising the original signal, i.e., the ground
motion, as function of ωn (or Tn ).
This plot will clearly show the frequency content of
the original signal, e.g. ground motion.
Fourier Amplitude and Phase III
FAS
sb
Such a plot is known as Fourier Amplitude Spectrum
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric (FAS) of the ground motion
and Exponential
form FAS of a ground motion contains the important
Fourier Series information about Frequency Content of the ground
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
motion.
Trigonometric form
form
Similarly, plot of φn as function of ωn or Tn is known
Fourier as Phase Spectrum
Amplitude
Spectrum Following figures show FAS of two ground motions
Phase
Examples:

Fourier Amplitude and Phase IV
FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase
Figure: Fourier Amplitude Spectrum. (a) Gilroy Rock Site, (b)

Gilroy Soil Site

Fourier Amplitude and Phase V
FAS
sb
Examples (Contd..)
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase
Figure: Ground Acceleration and its FAS (Gilroy, Rock Site)

Fourier Amplitude and Phase VI
FAS
Examples: Contd..
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
Phase
Figure: FAS and Phase Spectrum of Gilroy Motion (Rock Site)

FAS
sb
Periodic Func-
tion:Trigonometric
and Exponential
form
Fourier Series
Thank You ...

Eqke. Engg.
Fourier Series:
Trigonometric form
form
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
For Kind Attention
Phase

Fourier Amplitude Spectrum Theory and Examples: Dr. Sukumar Baishya Civil Engineering Department

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FAS

January 26, 2019

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 1 / 25

1 Periodic Function:Trigonometric and Exponential

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 2 / 25

sb A periodic function u(t) can be written as

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 3 / 25

Fourier Series −i  iωt 

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 5 / 25

Figure: Phase-plane Diagram (Source: Kramer, 1996)

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 7 / 25

1 Periodic Function:Trigonometric and Exponential

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 8 / 25

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 9 / 25

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 10 / 25

Figure: (a) Earthquake Ground Motion; (b) Breakdown to

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 12 / 25

In many geotechnical earthquake engineering

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 13 / 25

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 14 / 25

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 15 / 25

Fourier Using ω−n = −ωn , Eqn. (12) can be written as

Note the change of limits in Eqn. (14).

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 16 / 25

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 17 / 25

1 Periodic Function:Trigonometric and Exponential

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 18 / 25

sb Using trigonometric identity, a function

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 19 / 25

Fourier Now, a plot of the amplitude cn as a function of

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 21 / 25

Figure: Fourier Amplitude Spectrum. (a) Gilroy Rock Site, (b)

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 22 / 25

Figure: Ground Acceleration and its FAS (Gilroy, Rock Site)

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 23 / 25

Figure: FAS and Phase Spectrum of Gilroy Motion (Rock Site)

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 24 / 25

Thank You ...

sb (NERIST) FAS January 26, 2019 25 / 25

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