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HEAT TREATMENT

Research · September 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.5096.8801

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 MATERIAL SCIENCE LABORARTORY

HEAT TREATMENT

SACHIN CHATURVEDI
ASST. PROFESSOR
BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 HEAT TREATMENT

The properties of metals and alloys may be

changed as required by heating and cooling
them under definite conditions to make
them suitable for some specific application.

Internal stress can be removed from the

metals, grain size may be reduced , hard
surface may be produced.

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 Cont….

Heat treatment does not mean only the

hardening but it also increasing the tensile
strength, toughness of the constructional
steel. The metal may be made more resistive
to wear, heat and corrosion.

Heat treatment is also done for

softening/annealing the steel.

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Time- Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Curves – Isothermal Transformation
800 Eutectoid steel (0.8%C)
Eutectoid temperature
723
Austenite Coarse
600 Pearlite
Fine

500 Pearlite + Bainite

T →

400 Bainite

300
Austenite
Ms
200
Mf
100
Martensite
0.1 1 10 102 103 104 105
t (s) →
SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 VARIOUS TYPES OF HEAT TREATMENT
1. TEMPERING 3. NORMALISING

a. AUSTEMPERING 4. HARDENING
b. MARTEMPERING
c. Low, Medium and High a. CASE HARDENING
Temp. based. b. FLAME HARDENING
c. INDUCTION
2. ANNEALING HARDENING
d. AGE HARDENING
a. PROCESS ANNEALING e. CYNIDING
b. FULL ANNEALING f. NITRIDING
c. SPHEROIDISE ANNEALING
d. DIFFUSION ANNEALING
SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 TEMPERING

Steel after hardening becomes brittle,

develops non-visible micro-cracks and its
strained due to internal stress. These
undesired symptoms are reduced by
tempering the steel.

Tempering is an essential operation that has

to be performed after hardening

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 Cont….

This process involves reheating of the hardened steel to

a certain temperature below lower critical temperature.

Low Temperature Tempering: heated about 200 degree

Celsius

Medium Temperature Tempering: heated about 200 to

275 degree Celsius

High Temperature Tempering: heated about 275 to 375

degree Celsius
SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 SUMMARY OF AUSTENITE
TRANSFORMATION
Austenite

Slow Rapid
cooling quench

Moderate
cooling

Pearlite ( + Fe3C) + a proeutectoid Bainite Martensite

phase ( + Fe3C) (BCT phase)

Reheat

Tempered martensite
( + Fe3C)
SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 AUSTEMPERING

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 MARTEMPERING

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 ANNEALING

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 NORMALISING
It is a process of heating steel 40 oC to 50 oC
above the lower critical temperature.

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 Quench Hardening
Steel is heated to a temperature above the lower
critical temperature.

In this process, the heated steel is suddenly

dipped into a cooling medium bath.

Cooling medium : oil, cold water, brine solution

(cold water + 5 to 10 % salt)

Salt : sodium chloride, calcium chloride etc.

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 HIGH TEMPERATURE - SALT BATH

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 LOW TEMPERATURE – SALT BATH

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Different cooling treatments Eutectoid steel (0.8%C)

800
723

M = Martensite 600

P = Pearlite 500
T →

400

300

200
Coarse P
100
M M +P Fine P

0.1 1 10 102 103 104 105

t (s) →
SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 Cont….

Quenching medium : Type of micro-constituent

Water : Martensite - (@Very Fast Cooling )

Oil : Pearlite (very fine) - (@Fast Cooling )

Air cooling : Pearlite (fine) - (@Medium Cooling )

Furnace cooling : Pearlite (Coarse) - (@Very slow Cooling )

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 Cont….
60
Hardness (Rc) →

40 Harness of Martensite as a
function of Carbon content

20
% Carbon →
0.2 0.4 0.6
Properties of 0.8% C steel
Constituent Hardness (Rc) Tensile strength (MN / m2)
Coarse pearlite 16 710
Fine pearlite 30 990
Bainite 45 1470
Martensite 65 -
Martensite tempered at 250 oC 55 1990
SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 Various types of Carburizing
Pack Carburizing : A solid substance such as coke, coal,
charcoal, calcium, sodium is used. The steel is placed in a
closed chamber where the surrounding of solid fumes.

Liquid Carburizing : A liquid hardrocarbon rich in carbon is

used to bath for a steel.

Gas Carburizing : The steel is heated in a furnace whose

surrounding is filled with carbon-rich gas such as methane,
propane etc.

SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
 CYANIDING
In this process the mild steel absorbs carbon and nitrogen to
obtain a hard surface. The mild steel is immersed in a bath of
sodium cyanide (NaCN) at about 400 oC until soaking take
palce. Then quenched in oil or water. It increases the fatigue
limit of the steel.

NIRIDING
In this process the heating steel to about 650 oC and holding
it there atmosphere of Ammonia (NH3) for a some time. It is
performed on dies, mandrels, gauges, part of pumps and
Internal combustion engines.
SACHIN CHATURVEDI, ASST. PROFESSOR, BROWN HILLS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
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