A piston-cylinder device initially contains 2L of air at 100 kPa and 25C.

Air is now
compressed to a final state of 600 kPa and 150C. The useful work input is 1.2 kJ.
Assuming the surroundings are at 100 kPa and 25C, determine (a) the availability of the air
at the initial and final states, (b) the minimum work that must be supplied to accomplish the
compression process, and (c) the second-law efficiency of this process.

P1  100 kPa  
  Pcrut air  3.76 MPa 
P2  600 kPa  
  Air can be treated as ideal
T1  298 K  
  Tcrut air  133 K 
T2  423 K  

 mass of air in system

P2 = 600 kPa
P11 100  2  10 3
m  T2 = 423 K
RT1 0.287  298

m  0.00234 kg Air System boundary

1 =2L
P1 = 100 kPa

T1 = 25C = 298 K
 specific volumes

RT2 0.287  423 RT0 0.287  298

v2    0.2023 m 3 / kg , v 0    0.8553 m 3 / kg
P2 600 P0 100

 internal energies

u 2  300.73 
308.03  300.73423  420  302.92 kJ / kg
430  420
(214.09  206.92)( 298  290)
u 0  206.92   212.66 kJ / kg
(300  290)

 Entropy difference

P2
s 2  s 0  s 2  s 0  Rn
P0

(7.0651  7.0412)( 423  420)

s 2  7.0412   7.0484 kJ / kg K
(430  420)

(6.7018  6.678)( 298  290)

s 0  6.6678   6.6950 kJ / kg K
(300  290)

 600 
s 2  s 0  7.0484  6.6950  0.287 n   0.1608 kJ / kg K
 100 
 Availabilities

(a) 1  m1  m(u 1  u 0 )  P0 (v1  v 0 )  T0 (s1  s 0 )

P1 = P0 , u1 = u0 , v1 = v0 , s1 = s0 (i.e. system is at the dead state)  1  0

 2  m(u 2  u 0 )  P0 (v 2  v 0 )  T0 (s 2  s 0 )  m 2

 (0.00234)(302.92  212.66)  100(0.2023  0.8553)  29(0.1608)

 2  0.1705 kJ

 Minimum work to accomplish compression

– minimum will be supplied if the compression process is internally reversible

(b) Wrev  1   2  m(1   2 )  (0  0.1705) Wrev   0.1705 kJ

Indicates work input

(c) Second-Law Efficiency

Wrev  0.1705
 compression    0.142 (14.2%)
Wusesful  1.2