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KINNAIRD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, LAHORE

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
B.Sc. (Hons) Chemistry
Name: kinza Zulfiqar
Course Title: Separation Techniques other than Chromatography
Course Code: CHEM- 314
Course Instructor: MS Anum Khaleeq
Credit Hours: 3+1
Semester: VI

Assignment # 1 Total Marks: 1.25

(Submitted date: 11.2.2019)

Topic:
Isolation of natural food colours – Soxhelent extraction of chlorophyll

Note: After due date there is negative marking of (1 mark). No excuse will be entertained. The
assignment will be checked on Turnitin

Rubric for Evaluation of Assignment:

Category Criteria Score

Outlining Written with understanding of concepts about /0.3

skeletal outlining, headers and levels.
Sequence Presents easy-to-follow steps, /0.2
which are logical and adequately
Detailed.
Organization All pertinent info. provided, in /0.2
& submission req. sequence, with req. page
of Hardcopy breaks, Header, page numbers, and stapled.
Proper formatting, References should be in
Vancouver style.
Results Proper discussion, Precautions, Diagrams, Graphs /0.3
conclusion
No of Pages 5 to 6 pages /0.12

Turnitin Should be less than 16% /0.13

Report
Total Marks 1.25 /1.25
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Table of contents:

 Isolation of natural food colours_______________________3

 Reference__________________________________________8
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Isolation of natural food colors-soxhelent extraction from chlorophyll

Extraction from beetroot:

There is a developing interest for eco-accommodating/non-harmful colorants, explicitly for
wellbeing delicate applications, for example, shading of nourishment and coloring of tyke
material/calfskin articles of clothing. As of late, colors got from regular hotspots for these
applications have risen as a vital option in contrast to conceivably hurtful engineered colors and
posture requirement for reasonable viable extraction philosophies.

The present paper center around the impact of procedure parameters for ultrasound helped
filtering of shading matter from plant materials. In the present work, extraction of characteristic
color from beetroot utilizing ultrasound has been examined and contrasted and static/attractive
mixing as a control procedure at 45 degrees C. The impact of procedure parameters on the
extraction effectiveness, for example, ultrasonic yield control, time, beat mode, impact of
dissolvable framework and measure of beetroot has been contemplated.

The utilization of ultrasound is found to have huge enhancement in the extraction productivity of
colorant got from beetroot. In light of the trials it has been discovered that a blend of 1:1 ethanol-
water with 80W ultrasonic power for 3h contact time gave better yield and extraction
effectiveness. Heartbeat mode activity might be helpful in lessening electrical vitality utilization
in the extraction procedure. The impact of the measure of beetroot utilized in connection to
extraction productivity has likewise been contemplated.

Two-arrange extraction has been contemplated and observed to be advantageous for enhancing
the yield for higher measures of beetroot. Noteworthy 8% improvement in % yield of colorant
has been accomplished with ultrasound, 80W when contrasted with MS process both utilizing
1:1 ethanol-water. The shading capacity of extricated beet color has been tried on substrates, for
example, calfskin and paper and observed to be reasonable for coloring. Ultrasound is
additionally observed to be valuable in normal coloring of calfskin with enhanced rate of
weariness. Both the colored substrates have better shading qualities for ultrasonic beet separate
as derived from
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Extraction from wool:

The effectiveness of eight unique systems utilized for the extraction of regular colors was
assessed utilizing contemporary fleece tests colored with cochineal, madder, woad, weld,
brazilwood and logwood. Correlation was made dependent on the LC-DAD crest regions of the
normal color's principle parts which had been extricated from the fleece tests. Among the tried
techniques, an extraction methodology with Na(2)EDTA in water/DMF (1:1, v/v) turned out to
be the most appropriate for the extraction of the concentrated colors, which introduced a wide
scope of synthetic structures.

The distinguishing proof of the normal colors utilized really taking shape of an eighteenth
century Arraiolos cover was conceivable utilizing the Na(2)EDTA/DMF extraction of the fleece
weaving tests and a LC-DAD-MS technique.

The adequacy of the Na(2)EDTA/DMF extraction strategy was especially seen in the extraction
of weld color parts. Nine flavone subsidiaries recently recognized in weld concentrates could be
distinguished in a solitary authentic example, affirming the utilization of this common color
really taking shape of Arraiolos floor coverings. Indigo and brazilwood were additionally
recognized in the examples, and in spite of the way that these normal colors were alluded in the
chronicled formulas of Arraiolos coloring, it is the first occasion when that the utilization of
brazilwood is affirmed. Stringent investigation by ICP-MS recognized the across the board
utilization of alum in the coloring procedure, yet in a few examples with darker tints, high
measures of iron were found.

Extraction from irradiated onion shells:

Powder of Onion shells as a wellspring of characteristic flavonoid color (Quercetin) and cotton
textures were presented to consumed dosages of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kGy utilizing Cs-137 gamma
irradiator. Illuminated and un-lighted color powder was utilized for extraction of quercetin just as
antibacterial, hemolytic and cancer prevention agent exercises were likewise resolved to watch
the impact of radiation.

Moreover, shading quality and colourfastness of lighted textures were enhanced by utilizing pre
and post-mordants, for example, alum and iron. It is discovered that 4 kGy is the ideal ingested
portion for extraction of regular quercetin separated from onion shells while most extreme
shading quality and satisfactory quickness properties are gotten on coloring of illuminated
texture at 60 °C keeping M:L of 1:30 utilizing 10% alum as pre-severe and 6% alum as post-
stringent. Gamma illumination has not just enhanced the shading quality of the color utilizing
lighted cotton yet additionally that of colourfastness properties.
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Extraction from jackfruit’s wood:

Azo color are engineered natural colors which has an azo gathering (- N = N - ) as chromophore.
Azo color is resisted to deterioration process and harmful for the earth and individual.
Characteristic color can be utilized as substitution of azo color at material industry. Regular color
are eco - neighborly and can be connected for coloring of stringy material.

Characteristic color can be gotten from normal birthplace, for example, leaves, wood, or roots.
The wood of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) can utilized as common wellspring of
characteristic color. Ultrasound helped extraction (UAE) is another technique that can be utilized
to extricate characteristic color from jackfruit's wood.

The point of this examination are to learn about impact of ethanol focus as dissolvable and
extraction dynamic. Jackfruit's wood dust from sawmill utilized for the experimentation were
filtered by strainer 35 work. Ethanol 96% utilized as dissolvable of this investigation and
differed the focus in volume to volume proportion (v/v). Trial were done from 20 to 50 minutes.
The consequence of this test demonstrates that ethanol focus affected yield of extraction from
jackfruit's wood. Grouping of ethanol will be influenced extremity of dissolvable. The Peleg
show was utilized to depict about dynamic model of common color extraction.

Extraction from Tamarix aphylla leaves:

This exploration work includes an eco-accommodating coloring procedure of changed cotton
with the fluid concentrate of Tamarix aphylla leaves. Amid this procedure, the coloring step was
completed on changed cotton by a few cationising specialists so as to enhance its dyeability. The
The coloring exhibitions of this procedure were valued by estimating the shading yield (K/S) and
the quickness properties of the colored examples. The impact of stringent kind with various
mordanting techniques on coloring quality was likewise considered.

The outcomes demonstrated that mordanting gave further shades and upgraded speed properties.
Moreover, ecological markers (BOD 5 , COD and COD/BOD 5 ) were utilized to portray
potential upgrades in the biodegradability of the dyebath wastewater. Further, HPLC was utilized
to distinguish the significant phenolic mixes in the extricated color.

Extraction from Roselle petals:

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) has a high amount of anthocyanin shade and is a decent
colorant. The anthocyanin shade can be utilized as a characteristic colorant and cell
reinforcement.

A cancer prevention agent is a natural aggravate that can repress free extreme responses in the
human body. The target of this examination is to think about the impact of pH and temperature
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on complete anthocyanin and cell reinforcement action in roselle extricate, and to assess the
impact of temperature and daylight on the solidness of the red shading from roselle. Dried roselle
petals were extricated with strong fluid extraction strategy utilizing water as dissolvable. The
factors in this investigation are temperature (5°C, 30°C, and 55°C) and pH (2, 7, and 12).
Complete anthocyanin was investigated utilizing the pH differential strategy. The cancer
prevention agent exercises were resolved utilizing the DPPH strategy.

The most noteworthy all out anthocyanin in the roselle petals was 80.4 mg/L at a temperature of
5°C and pH 2. The most noteworthy cell reinforcement action and yield content in the roselle
were 90.4% and 71.6 % individually, got at 55°C and pH 2.

Extraction from grape seed:

Characteristic natural coagulants (NOCs, for example, chitosan and Moringa oleifera seeds have
been widely portrayed for potential application in water treatment as a choice to metal-based
coagulants. In any case, the activity of both chitosan and M. oleifera seeds is basically confined
to anionic natural toxins in view of their cationic useful gatherings managing poor cationic
contamination coagulation by electrostatic aversion. In this investigation, we utilized ethanolic
grape seed separate (GSE) and grape seed-determined polyphenols, for example, tannic corrosive
and catechin with an end goal to discover novel NOCs appearing anionic structures for expulsion
of cationic natural contaminations.

The objective substances tried were malachite green (MG) and precious stone violet (CV), both
mutagenic cationic colors. Polyphenol treatment initiated quick decolorization pursued by steady
floc arrangement associative with red or blue moves in most extreme absorbance wavelengths of
the cationic colors.

Fluid chromatography examination of flocs shaped by polyphenols specifically demonstrated

that underlying supramolecular buildings ascribed for the most part to electrostatic fascination
between polyphenol hydroxyphenyl gatherings and cationic colors additionally advanced into
more grounded totals, prompting precipitation of color polyphenol edifices. Predictable with the
outcomes acquired utilizing catechin and tannic corrosive, utilization of GSE likewise brought
about compelling decolorization and coagulation of solvent MG and CV in watery arrangements.
Screening of a few natural GSE segments for NOC action unequivocally recommended that
characteristic polyphenols are the fundamental natural fixings causing MG and CV evacuation
by means of slow floc arrangement. The treatment by regular polyphenols and GSE diminished
poisonous quality of MG-or CV-defiled water.
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Reference:
 https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/n/natural+dye+extraction.html
 https://natcol.org/library/what-are-natural-food-colours/
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