Puntaree hasakit (yok)

1006 no5
6161168

Lab report

Introduction

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume them for the main

energy source. Those we call biomolecule. Biomolecules and the organic molecule is the
same. A biomolecule is a molecule that associated with the living thing. Biomolecule
usually consists of many repeating units. Each repeating unit is called a monomer. A
molecule makes of a monomer is called polymer. Biomolecule also called macromolecule.
Macromolecule found in living cells and made up of thousands of polymer. Carbohydrates
give the main source of energy. Elements of carbohydrates are C-H-O (carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen)1:2:1 ratio. A monomer of carbohydrate is monosaccharide. There are 3 types of
monosaccharide glucose, fructose, and galactose. Everything uses glucose to provide
energy. Two monosaccharides join together will make disaccharide. Maltose (two
glucose) , sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose) these are some
example for disaccharide . polymer for carbohydrates is a polysaccharide. Poly means
many and saccharide mean saccharide. Polysaccharide means much sugars. many
polysaccharides join together to form macromolecule of sugar. Starch is energy that
storage in a plant. Glycogen is energy that storage in an animal. Another biomolecule is
lipids. lipids are nonpolar and varied in structure .lipids make up your cell membrane .A
monomer of lipids is a fatty acid. a polymer of lipids is triglycerides. (biomolecule
worksheet). Fats & oil, phospholipids, steroids are some types of lipids. Triglycerides also
called fats & oil . one glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids will make triglycerides.
Unsaturated triglycerides have double bond liquid. But, saturated triglycerides don’t
have double bond liquid. Phospholipids are the
membrane components. One glycerol mole linked
two fatty acids and phosphate group. As you can see
in the picture below. A phosphate group is the head
of the phospholipid. phospholipids are polar and
hydrophilic .hydro mean water. hydrophilic mean
love water. A fatty acid is the tail of the phosphate
group. the fatty acid is nonpolar and hydrophobic
.hydrophobic hate water. phospholipids always
come with 2 layers. the head or the hydrophobic will
be outside because they love water but, the tail
hydrophilic will be inside because they avoid water.
the next example for lipids is a steroid. steroid help
with cell communication. steroid have four rings.
steroid have no fatty acid . next example is waxes. there are fatty acid - oxygen - alcohol
in waxes. waxes are for protection. proteins is another biomolecule . each type of protein
have a specific shape and specific function. the function of proteins is metabolism,
transport, defense, regulation, and motion. metabolism is any chemical reaction in your
body to break down molecule. the enzyme will make the reaction faster. Proteins also
support collagen to give strength to tendons and skin. and help regulate what enter or
exit the cell .it also defense antibodies - proteins of the immune system . and prevent
antigen from destroying cells . some hormones are regulatory proteins that influence the
metabolism of the cell. proteins are the second translator to communicate with the cell.
proteins also allow parts of the cell to move and muscle to contract. amino acid linked
together by a peptide bond. a peptide bond is a fancy word for covalent bond .two amino
acid link together called dipeptides.(notebook) Long chains of amino acid are called
polypeptide. polypeptides are not proteins yet. protein is a polypeptide that folded or
already makes the shape. sequences are similar within species and different across
species. there are 20 different common amino acid. every amino acid has the same amino
group and an acidic group. But the difference of each amino acid is the R group. R group
affects how the polypeptide will make the shape. the shape of protein will affect its
function. protein can be classified as primary, secondary, tertiary and, quaternary. the
primary is the first step for making the proteins. in primary we make the polypeptide
(long chains of amino acid) . next step, secondary in this step the chain of amino acid folds
to form an alpha helix and beta sheet. it already folds but it not a protein yet. because
proteins have slightly hydrogen and slightly oxygen so they use hydrogen bond to hold
the alpha helix and beta sheet. the third step is tertiary. Tertiary is the last step for some
of a polypeptide. In tertiary polypeptide fold by a charge. A positive and negative charge
will attach to each other .to fold the polypeptide we also have to look at hydrophobic and
hydrophilic. the last step is quaternary . all polypeptide will be proteins in this step.
protein can be unfolded by burned. because it makes from a hydrogen bond. when
protein loses its shape or function we call denatured. the last biomolecule is a nucleic
acid. a monomer of nucleic acid is nucleotides. a polymer of nucleic acid is nucleic acid
.store information is the function of nucleic acids There are three types of nucleic acid
DNA, RNA, ATP . DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid store genetic information . order the
amino acid sequence. DNA stays in the nucleus of the cells. RNA or ribonucleic acid carry
out the order from DNA to produce the protein. RNA is in nucleus and cytoplasm .each
nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen-containing
base. there are five types of nucleotide. a phosphate group and a pentose group make
backbone. RNA is a single-stranded molecule. it has only one backbone. (notebook)

In this experiment, we will identify the three biomolecules which are

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and, nucleic acid by using the different indicators . on each
experiment will show which substance is a carbohydrate, protein, lipid, or none of them.