NARULA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TITLE : INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON

PART A: PCB Designing
At OGMA TECHLAB PVT. LTD.

PART B: Java with Oracle

At ARDENT COLLABORATION

Presented By :

NAME : BASANT KUMAR

SEMESTER :6TH YEAR :3RD
UNIVERSITY ROLLCONTENTS
NO :430216010028
REGISTRATION NOCONTENTS
:161270110217 OF 2016-2017
DEPARTMENT :ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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 PROJECT TITLE

A project report for industrial project

Submitted by

BASANT KUMAR

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

of “BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY” NARULA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

AT

OGMA TECHLAB

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 Training Duration :- June - July 2018

Abstract

In this present age the application of micromachining operations continues to grow. These operations are
required to fabricate the products required for sectors like medical science, automobile industries and
electronics manufacturing etc. which deals with miniature trends. Micro drilling process is one of the
micromachining process which is used to drill micro holes not only in micro products but also in
relatively larger work pieces which require ultra-small features which can be accomplished only by
micromachining process. Small highly accurate holes are a common requirement across various
industries and applications. In this paper, the investigation of micro drilling on copper coated printed
circuit board (PCB) has been reported. Taguchi methodology has been used to plan the experiments and
by using grey rational grades the optimum process parameters have been calculated. The process

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parameters considered in this case are spindle speed and feed rate. The torque, thrust force, time of
machining and circularity has been measured. An attempt to calculate the influence of these parameters
on the response variables has been made in order to plan an economically feasible machining operation.
The optimum values for the process parameters have been identified by using signal to noise ratio
analysis of grey relational coefficients.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take opportunity to express my earnest gratitude and sincerest thanks to my project mentor ‘MISS
ANUSUA PAUL’ for giving the most valuable suggestion, cooperative guidance and inspiration in the
execution of this project work.

I will like to give a special mention to my colleagues. Last but not the least, I am grateful to all the
faculty members of ‘Ogma TechLab Private Limited’ for this support.

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 Table of Contents

CHAPTER NO. 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Objectives of industrial training program:

2. The Scope of Industrial Training:
3. Duration
4. Importance of industrial training program:
5. Benefits derived from the training:
6. Objectives of report/write up

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 CHAPTER NO. 2
1. The training organization
2. Part A(About Ogma Techlab)
3. Part B(About Ardent Collaborations)

CHAPTER NO. 3

1. Objectives
2. Techniques studied in different Departments
3. Software and Tools Used : Brief Description
4. Highlights of Training Exposure (area, scope)
5. About your work/project (Process, methodology, program, circuit description)

CHAPTER NO 4:
1. Conclusion

2. Reference

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  CHAPTER NO. 1

INTRODUCTION

 Objectives of industrial training program:

The main objective of Industrial Training is to expose the students to actual working environment
and enhance their knowledge and skill from what they have learned in the college. Another
purpose of this program is to instill the good qualities of integrity, responsibility and self
confidence. All ethical values and good working practices must be followed by student. It is also
to help the students about the safety practices and regulations inside the industry and to instill the
spirit of teamwork and good relationship between students and employees.

 The Scope of Industrial Training:

As a student, we all are facing one common problem which is a lack of practical knowledge.
Most of the freshers are unable to getting desire job due to lack of practical experience. This is a
main issue of unemployment in India because even after completing graduation or post-
graduation degrees, students are not getting a job. Due to this, a student faces depression
and family pressure leads to mental stress. Industrial training is the best option to overcome this
problem.

 Duration:
Duration of the trining should be minimum one month.

 Importance of industrial training program:

Industrial training, where a student undertakes a period of training with an organization usually
during a semester break, act as an important part in preparing the student for a professional
career. With the active involved preparation,the student learns about the industrial demands, skill
set and work ethics.

 Benefits derived from the training:

 Increased Employee Motivation, Satisfaction, and Morale.
 Increased Efficiency.
 Reduction in Employee Turnover.
 Increased Innovation in Strategies and Products.
 Risk Management.

 Objectives of report/write up:

The Purpose of Reports. Reports communicate information which has been compiled as a result
of research and analysis of data and of issues. Good report are documents that
areaccurate, objective and completed.

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  CHAPTER NO. 2

THE TRAINING ORGANIZATIONS

About OGMA TECHLAB:

Ogma TechLab offers project based Industrial learning in IT Engineering and Core Engineering.
Training session for Summer Industrial Training Program and Winter Industrial Training
Program includes AngularJS, Data Science with Artificial Intelligence, Python with Machine Learning,
Java 8, Android, ASP.NET, PHP, Data Analytics, Embedded ROBOTICS, AutoCAD, VLSI, Internet of
things (IOT), Ethical Hacking, Industrial Automation & PLC, PCB Design, MATLAB, STAAD.PRO &
CATIA.
Our strength lies in our highly skilled team of professionals and customer-centric approach. Armed with
a strong background in IT services with Training & Development we guarantee the best in terms of
performance, quality and pricing.
They provide 360 degree in development and teaching solutions for both freshers and working
professionals and their customized courses present an effectual blend in career oriented intellectual
content, practical learning concepts and case study. They offer quality and career oriented training to all
aspirants professionals.

I completed training at the branch:

Ogma TechLab Pvt. Ltd.

Training centre in Kolkata, West Bengal

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  CHAPTER NO. 3:

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

Objectives :
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is very important in all electronic gadgets, which are used either for
domestic use, or for industrial purpose. PCB design services are used to design the electronic circuits.
Apart from electrically connecting, it also gives mechanical support to the electrical components. The
PCB designs can be created both manually and automatically. Manual layouts are created with the help
of CAD drafting, and the automatic router helps in the creation of the designs automatically. The
designers usually prefer the manual way of designs, since they can implement their own ideas and
techniques in them.
PCBs are the core component in almost all the electronic gadgets including the cell phones and the
computers and laptops. With the increase in demand, the number of PCB services is on the rise. A few
among those listed on top are the OrCAD PCB design and the Altium PCB design. Such designers
generally offer a complete package of the PCB design services. This includes the PCB editor, the design
capture technology, an interactive router, a constraint manager, interfaces for manufacturing CAD, and
the component tools. The PCB editor edits the layers in the PCB, both single and multilayered. Both two
dimensional and three dimensional rendering of the image are possible. 3D rendering is preferred, since
it is possible to analyze both the inner and outer designs vividly.
An effective PCB design can help in reducing the possibilities of errors and the chances of short circuit.
A creative PCB designer has great chances to explore the field.

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Techniques studied in different Departments :

A PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features which are etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-substrative substrate.Components – capacitors,resistors or active devices – are
mainly soldered on PCB.

Advanced PCBs may contain components embedded in the substrate.

FIGURE OF PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PCB:-

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Advantages of Printed Circuit Boards:-

1. Every single PCB component is fixed.

2.Minimal concern on short circuits and wrong wirings.

3.No need for further inspection.

4.Economical to be mass produced.

5.Perfect for making reproduction.

Disadvantages of Printed Circuit Boards:-

1.Printed circuit boards are not easily repaired when damaged.

2.Etching of printed circuit boards poses a harmful effect to environment.

3.Printed circuit boards cannot be updated.

4. PCBs can be used only for specific schematic circuits

Software and Tools Used : Brief Description

ExpressPCB is designed to enable very fast rapid development of Electronic Schematics and Printed
Circuit Board Layouts. Beginners and especially advance users can quickly move an idea from concept
to a physical PCB.The software and manufacturing problem for low cost, quick turnaround prototyping.
Our software does this by giving you a tool at no cost with all the right features that can be mastered in a
single evening. We solve the manufacturing problem by combining the speed and world-wide coverage
of the Internet and overnight delivery, with a first rate fabrication house that is focused on efficient
manufacturing of double-sided and four-layer PC boards.

VTC CURVE:-

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The output line connects to the drains of both FETs. Take a look at the VTC in Figure 2.
The curverepresents the output voltage taken from node 3. You can easily see that the CMOS
circuit functions as an inverter by noting that when VIN is five volts, VOUT is zero, and vice
versa.

Y-CHART:-

A Y-Chart is a three-part graphic organizer that is used for describing three aspects of a topic.
Examples include observations of an object (looks like, sounds like and feels like) or the

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characteristics of the three branches of the United States Government (executive, legislative

and judicial bra

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DESIGN CYCLE:-

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Signal Integrity Capabilities
· Pre- and post-route high-speed signal integrity analysis and simulation
· 28GHz+ transceivers and 40GHz+ package level simulations
· Signal integrity driven layer stacks and constraint generation
· Net scheduling and design optimization for complex topologies like multi-drop buses (DDR3,
DDR4)
· Reducing reflections and crosstalk for improved timing margins and emissions

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 · Optimizing decoupling for power integrity and lowest cost
· Simultaneous switching noise considerations and design strategies
· Component & system characterization, including full S-parameters, gain and noise figure
optimization
· Shield design and split plane optimizations for both sensitive signals and Regulatory
Approvals
· Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis

Highlights of Training Exposure

Area
Automotive Industry: -
Dashboards, Engine Management Systems (EMS), power supplies, in car entertainment, fuel
regulators, heater controls, and satellite navigation

Medical Industry: -
Heart monitors, imaging probes, (X-Ray, Mitral Regurgitation, Ultrasonography), Blood analysis,
Drug metering devices, pump controls.

Defence: -
Radar, Radio Frequency Projects, antennae, hostile electronic detection and blocking, armoured car
control and security.

Computer: -
Motherboards, daughterboards, piggy back boards, flex connectors, memory interface cards.

Broadcasting: -
Radio Frequency boards, amplifiers, booster stations, antennae, receivers and transmitters.

Electronic Security: -
Burglar alarms, electronic door locks, motion sensors, closed circuit television, vending machine
security.

Audio Devices: -
Amplifiers, splitters, pre-amplifiers, mixing decks, recording desks, sound to vision microphones.

Transport: -

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Tracking devices, reverse cycle alarms, immobilisers, bespoke dashboards, rail controls, train controls,
train lighting, railway signals.

Agriculture: -
Grain measurement, soil analysis, humidity control, tractor electronics etc.

Scope :
The PCB-scope is just that - simple to use, yet with a full feature set as you will find on professional
instruments. The Windows software is free of charge and the PCB-scopeconnects via a standard micro-
USB cable (as used by most cameras, mobile phones and e-readers, not included).
PCB-scope grew out of the earlier DPScope project to see how a PCB based scope design could be
simplified yet still give the functionality, look and feel of a real oscilloscope. It is primarily geared
towards education and beginners and is ideal for use within PICAXE microcontroller projects.
PCB-scope highlights:
Oscilloscope, logic analyzer and datalogger in one instrument.
Two analogue input channels (for scope and datalogger modes) - many of the low-end scopes on the
market only have a single channel which makes them very limited as you often need to display one
signal with respect to another (e.g. clock vs. data), or trigger on a signal different to the one you want to
look at.
Four digital input channels (for logic analyzer and datalogger modes)
Triggering on CH1, a dedicated trigger channel, or free running. (Logic analyzer can trigger on any of
the digital channels).
Trigger on rising or falling edge (selectable), or free running.
Covers the typical applications in a hobby/PICAXE environment: Analogue signals like audio (0 - 20
kHz), ultrasound, infrared sensors (38 kHz), servo motor control (a few kHz). Logic signals like e.g. RS-
232, CAN, I2C, SPI, one-wire. Slow changing signals like temperature sensors etc.
Spectrum analyzer functionality (real-time Fast Fourier Transformation) so one can look at things like 50
(or 60) Hz interference, distortion in an audio amplifier or look for oscillations in a power supply.
Fast and smooth acquisition - shows the signals "as they happen", with a screen update rate up to 20
frames/sec.
Wide input range - from millivolts to > 20V (> 200V with an optional 1:10 scope probe)
Very low-cost
Small and easy to use so even a user without much experience with oscilloscope gets a quick start, and
compact so it doesn't use much desk space.
Uses standard micro USB to connect to a computer as well as for power supply

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Dual connectors (supplied) for easy breadboard connection.

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About work/project (Process, methodology, program, circuit description)

Process:
PROCEDURE TO MAKE A PCB AT HOME:-

A printed circuit board has pre-designed copper tracks on a conducting sheet. The
pre-defined tracks reduce the wiring thereby reducing the faults arising due to lose connections.
One needs to simply place the components on the PCB and solder them.

Materials required in PCB Designing: -

01) Overhead Projection Sheet (known as OHP Sheet) or a wax paper

02) Laser Printer

03) Electric Iron

04) Steel Wool

05) Two Plastic Trays

06) Copper Board/PCB (e.g. Paper Phenolic, Glass Epoxy, FR4, FR10, etc.)

07) Black Permanent Marker

08) Etching solution (Dilute Hydrochloric Acid + Ferric Chloride)

09) Drill Machine

STEP 1: - Prepare a layout of the circuit on any commonly used PCB designing software. A layout is a
design which interconnects the components according to the schematic diagram (circuit diagram). Take
a mirror image print of the layout on the OHP sheet using a laser printer. Make sure that the design is
correct with proper placement of the required components.

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STEP 2: - Cut the copper board according to the size of layout. A copper plate is the base of PCB. It
can be single layered, double layered or multi-layered board.

Single layered copper board has copper on one side of the PCB, they are used to make single
layered PCBs, it can be widely used by a hobbyist or in the small circuits. A double layered copper
board consists of copper on both sides of a PCB. These boards are generally used by the industries. A
multi-layered board has multiple layers of copper, they are quite costly and mainly used for complex
circuitries like motherboard of PC.

STEP 3: - Rub the copper side of PCB using steel wool. This removes the unwanted top oxide layer
of copper as well as the photo resists if any.

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STEP 4: - Place the OHP sheet (wax paper) which has the printed layout on the PCB sheet. Make sure
that the printed/mirror side should be placed on the copper side of PCB.

STEP 5: - Put a white paper on the OHP sheet and starts ironing. The heat applied by the electric iron
causes the ink of the traces on the OHP sheet to stick on the copper plate exactly in the same way it is
printed on the OHP sheet. This means that the copper sheet will now have the layout of the PCB
printed on it.

Allow the PCB plate to cool down and slowly remove the OHP sheet. Since it is manual process, it may
happen that the layout does not come properly on PCB or some of the tracks are broken in between. Use
the permanent marker and complete the tracks properly.

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STEP 6: - Now the layout is printed on the PCB. The area covered by ink is known as the masked area
and the unwanted copper, not covered by the ink is known as the unmasked area. Now make a solution
of Ferric Chloride mixed with dilute Hydrochloric Acid. Take a plastic box and fill it up with some
water. Dissolve 2-3 teaspoons of Ferric Chloride powder in the water. Dip the PCB into the Etching
solution (Ferric Chloride solution, FeCl3) for approximately 30 minutes. The FeCl3 reacts with the
unmasked copper and removes the unwanted copper from the PCB. This process is known as Etching.
Use pliers to take out the PCB and check if the entire unmasked area has been etched or not. In case, it is
not etched leave it for some more time in the solution.

STEP 7: - Take out the PCB. Wash it in cold water and remove the ink by rubbing it with the steel
wool. The remaining area which has not been etched is the conductive copper tracks which connect
the components as per the circuit diagram.

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STEP 8: - Now carefully drill the PCB using a manual drilling machine on the pads.

STEP 9: - Put the components in the correct holes and solder them.
Make sure that you properly dispose the FeCl3 solution, clear your tools and wash your hands after
this exercise. You can also store the solution in a plastic box but not for too long.

Methodology:

DEFINITION OF EXPRESS SCH:-

Express SCH is a component application in the Express PCB Setup Program. This application is used
to draw schematics. The application has a user interface that is easy to understand and allow users to
easily create a new project, work with multiple sheets, and insert items on a design.

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 DEFINITION OF EXPRESS PCB:-

Express PCB is a component application in the Express PCB Setup Program, while the other application
in the program package is used to design circuit board layouts. Both the applications are easy to
understand and allow users to easily create a new project, work with multiple sheets and insert items on a
design.

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 DEFINITION OF PAD:-

A pad is a small surface of copper in a printed copper board that allows soldering the component to the
board. You can think of a pad as a piece of copper where the pins of the component are mechanically
supported and soldered. There are two types of pads, PTH (Plated Through Hole) and SMD (Solder
Masked Defined).

The PTH pads are intended to introduce the pins of the components, so they can be soldered from the
opposite side from which the component was inserted. These types of pads are very similar to a thru-
hole via.

The SMD pads are intended for surface mount devices, or in other words for soldering the
component on the same surface where it was placed.

The Figure below depicts four components. The components IC1 and R1 have 8 and 2 SMD pads
respectively, where both components Q1 and PW have 8 thru-hole pads.

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 Figure: SMD and Thru-Hole Pads

REASON WE USE THE SQUARE PADS:-

To identify the orientation, we make the pin 1 pad on a different shape (e.g.

square). So, we use the square pads.

DEFINITION OF TRACE:-

PCB is an acronym for Printed Circuit Board. It is board that has the lines and pads that connect various
points together. In the picture below, there are traces that electrically connect the various connectors and
components to each other. A PCB allows signals and power to be routed between physical devices.

A continuous path of copper on a circuit board.

A small trace connecting the Reset pad to elsewhere on the board.

A larger, thicker trace connects to the 5V power supply pin.

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DEFINITION OF SILK SCREEN:-

A legend is often printed on one or both sides of the PCB. It contains the component designators, switch
settings, test points and other indications helpful in assembling, testing and servicing the circuit board.
These are three methods to print the legend. Silk screen printing epoxy ink was the established method.

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Program and Circuit Description
SOFTWARE BASED CLASS ASSIGNMENTS:-

CIRCUIT 1 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: -

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CIRCUIT 1 PCB DESIGN: -

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CIRCUIT 2 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: -

CIRCUIT 2 PCB DESIGN: -

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CIRCUIT 3 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: -

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CIRCUIT 3 PCB DESIGN: -

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CIRCUIT 4 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: -

CIRCUIT 4 PCB DESIGN: -

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 SOFTWARE BASED HOME ASSIGNMENTS:-

CIRCUIT 1 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: -

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CIRCUIT 1 PCB DESIGN: -

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CIRCUIT 2 SCHEMATIC DESIGN: -

CIRCUIT 2 PCB DESIGN: -

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Schematics:
Schematics/circuit diagram conveys the electrical connection between different active and passive
electrical components like resistors, capacitors, Integrated circuits IC. Schematics is readable and
understandable format about the connectivity and functionality between different components. For e.g.

PCB:
Printed Circuit Board(PCB) is abbreviated as PCB or sometimes it is called as Printed Wiring
Board(PWB). PCB is the physical representation of all the electrical connections between active and
passive components used in the schematic. But readability and understating of PCB is complicated as
compare to

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Schematic..

I have tried to explain here in layman language. Going into detail of the PCB design there are different
tools available like ALTIUM, ALLEGRO and many more.

PCB can be built using FR4 laminate or ceramic material.

FR4 Material Laminate:

Ceramic PCB:

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As far as PCB Design is considered. PCB's can be single layer, 2 layer, 4 layer or even multi-layer with
thickness of 0.8mm or 1.6mm or even more as per the numbers of layers. While designing the PCB
specific stack-up is followed which defines Power layer, Ground layer and signal layer sandwiched
between FR4 material with the core in between.

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  CHAPTER NO 4:

CONCLUSION: -

PCB Design and Fabrication is a very complicated thing. We should have a normal circuit so that it is
easy to design, print and solder. PCB is reliable and effective for basic PC design work. It is a good
addition to the Windows hardware-hacker's toolkit. PCB could definitely benefit from the addition of
more features, it could be a good project for a grad student to work on.

It is now possible to produce electronic prototypes in a few hours using only free software. The
previously long development cycle for making circuit boards has been greatly shortened. Lessening the
time delay means that designs can be iterated more, as in software design, and a better final product can
be created.

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REFERENCES

1. Yogendra Tyagi,Vedansh Chaturvedi,Jyoti Vimal “Parametric optimization of CNC Drilling

machine for mild steel using Taguchi design and Signal to Noise ratio Analysis” International
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)Volume 4 No-8 August 2012.
2. Nourredine Boubekri “An investigation in drilling 1020 steel using minimum quality
lubrication” Vol. 1 No. 5; September 2011.
3. Timur Canel,A. Ugur Kaya,Bekir Celik “Parameter optimization of nanosecond laser for
micro drilling on PVC by Taguchi method” Optics and laser technology 44 (2012) 2347- 2353.
4. Mr. P.N.E. Naveen, Mr. M. Yasaswi, Prof. R. V. Prasad “Experimental investigation of
drilling parameters on composite materials” (ISORJMCE) 2278-1684 Vol.2, Issue 3 (sepOct
2012), pp. 30-37.
5. Thiren G. Pokar,Prof. V. D. Patel “Optimization and modeling of micro drilling process
parameters” IJMER Vol. 1, Issue 2, March 2013
6. B.Shivapragash,K.Chandrasekaram,C.Parthasarathy,M.Samuel “Multiple response
optimization in drilling using taguchi and grey relational analysis” (IJMER) Vol. 3, Issue 2,
March April 2013,pp-765-768.
7. Kostantinos Salonitis, Aristidis Strournaras,George Tsoukantas,Panagiotis
Stravropoulos,George Chryssolouris “A theoretical and experimental investigation on
limitations of pulsed laser drilling” Journal of material processing technology 183 (2007) 96-
103.
J. Gurauskis,D.Sola,J.I. Pena,V.M. Orera “Laser drilling of Ni-YSZ cermet” Journal of
European ceramic society 28 (2008) 2673-2680
8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board
9. 14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling 15. Metal cutting technical guide (E) Drilling

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