EATING DISORDERS Danielson 1

Eating Disorders and Society’s Influences on Body Image

Alexis G. Danielson

Global Studies and World Languages Academy

Global Connections

December 17, 2018

Table Of Contents
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 2

Abstract……………………………...…………………………….…….Page 3

Introduction……………………………..……………………….….…...Page 4

Literature Review………………………………...………………......….Page 6

Discussion……………………………………………………...………..Page 7

Social Acceptance……………………………………...………..Page 7

Body Image………………………………………...…………....Page 8

Peer Pressure………………………………………...…………..Page 9

Athletics……………………………………………………...….Page 9

Social Media………………………………………………….....Page 11

Counter Argument……………………………………………....Page 12

Interview………………………………………………....……...Page 13

Solution……………………………………………………….....Page 14

Limitations……………………………………………………………....Page 14

Conclusion and Future Study……………………………….…………...Page 16

References……………………………………………………………….Page 17

Abstract
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 3

This research paper focuses on social media’s influence on the perception towards body

image. The paper starts off with an introduction and background of the three most common

eating disorders. It covers anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge-eating disorders as well as

explaining how all of them can affect an individual. The research introduces three factors that

social media has an influence over; peer pressure, social acceptance, and the perception of body

image. Covering the risks and dangers of eating disorders, the research provided many evidence

and claims from sources ranging from the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA) to

specific experiments and collected data. For example, the paper will cover athletic sides of

eating disorders and the statistics of effects from different websites. Near the end of the paper, it

explains some solutions that society can do to help reduce the rate of eating disorders. Social

media has an influence over others as it can cause many effects and problems in society.

Eating Disorders and Society’s Influences on Body Image

EATING DISORDERS Danielson 4

All around the world, the risks of eating disorders have substantially increased over the

years. With many factors leading to the diagnoses of eating disorders, every experience can be

different for anyone. These diagnoses occur to both males and females as external influences

can negatively promote a lifestyle that is life-threatening and dangerous. Various studies and

cases have shown what pressure towards body image can do to the mind to create an unhealthy

relationship with food. Society has a negative influence on people ranging throughout all ages

by using social media apps and peer-pressure to promote the ideal image of body standards.

There are three common types of eating disorders that a person can have; anorexia

nervosa, bulimia, and binge-eating disorders. Diagnosis of these disorders can overlap with each

other and affect one's mental views of themselves and food. The three have many features that

are common with each other as they can all not only affect a person’s mental health but also

affect digestive systems and other bodily functions.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is based on weight loss and the avoidance of

food. There can be two types of anorexia nervosa; binging along with purging and restrictive.

For the diagnosing of anorexia, common characteristics include restrictions, fear of food, and

malnourishment of the body. The diagnosing can occur at any age but is most common in

adolescents (National Eating Disorder Association, 2018). Some warning signs and symptoms

include dramatic weight loss, focused attention on nutrition and variety of food, consciousness in

public, a strong need for self-control, stomach aches, dizziness, constant coldness, dry skin,

brittle nails, malfunctioning of immune systems, and many other signs that can impair health

(National Eating Disorder Association, 2018). According to the DSM-5 and the National Eating

Disorder Association, one must be showing a restriction of energy supplements, an intense fear

of food groups, and a hindrance in weight (NEDA, 2018).

EATING DISORDERS Danielson 5

Bulimia nervosa is another disorder that can majorly affect one's health. The common

characteristic that goes along with this disorder is the privately binging of food following with

self-vomiting. The severity of the disorder depends on the occurrences of the binging and

purging. Symptoms would include the preoccupation of one's body and weight, self-induced

vomiting, the use of laxatives, fasting, focused attention on calories, repetition of consuming

large amounts of food, the loss self-control, and many other warnings (Mayo Clinic, 2010).

Referring to the DSM-5 and the National Eating Disorder Association, to be diagnosed with

bulimia, one must show the repetition of binging and purging at least once a week, privately

eating large amounts of food, a lack of control for eating, self-consciousness, and the recurrence

of bulimia behavior for preventing of weight-gain (NEDA, 2018).

Binge-eating disorders take a different approach to impair the health of people. Instead

of people restricting or vomiting their food intake, this disorder brings up the concerns of

bingeing food. Some warning signs include the following: uncomfortableness of eating in front

of others, new practices of food diet, withdrawals of friends and activities, extreme concerns

with the body, inconsistency of weight, low self-esteem, stomach cramps, and concentration

difficulties (National Eating Disorder Association, 2018). People with this disorder, in most

cases, are overweight, but not all. It can not only affect someone's weight, but it can also cause

type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, Gallbladder disease, cancer,

and the disruption of menstrual patterns (Office of Women's health, 2018). According to the

DSM-5, the person must have the occurrence of bingeing once a week for at least 3 months. To

be diagnosed, the person also must present the following symptoms of bingeing: rapid eating,

eating alone, low self-esteem, eating until disturbingly full, and eating when not hungry (NEDA,

2018).
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 6

The causes of eating disorders vary, but all common effects lead to social influences. As

society is taking in an age of modern technology, people are more accustomed to developing

these disorders at an increasing rate.

Literature Review

As time moves forward, there has been an increase in the diagnoses of eating disorders

for both men and women. A variety of causes can contribute to the diagnoses as symptoms are

different for everyone. These symptoms can significantly affect a person's life by changing their

lifestyle and creating an unhealthy obsession with food.

Many factors contribute to the development of eating disorders; biological,

environmental, psychological, and cultural. In an article by Jacquelyn Ekern, she explains the

different effects that can be an influence to a person. She says that biologically, eating disorders

can pass on through family members and cause irregular hormone functions (Ekern, 2018).

Thinking psychologically and environmentally, being surrounded by a negative group or

atmosphere can promote low self-esteem and create a sense of body dissatisfaction with oneself.

For these disorders—whether it is anorexia, bulimia, or binge—all are treated with the most care

because of its severity. Treatment includes medical care and monitoring, nutrition, therapy, and

medications (Ekern, 2018). Depending on the severity of the disorder, any treatment that is

available can play a huge role in bringing a person back to normal.

Alexandra Ossola's article on this issue focuses predominantly on society's effects on

body image. She states that the ideal American culture image is to be thin (Ossola, 2010).

Social media tends to expose people to posts that may lead individuals to become dissatisfied

with themselves. A study focusing on the correlation between body and media images

concluded that exposure to televised promotions leads to a higher chance of eating disorders per
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 7

year (Ossola, 2010). Self-awareness has grown throughout the years as people start to recognize

the hidden messages and signs that people post.

Numbers also take a huge role in eating disorders as it can affect athletes as well. In

numerous recreational activities, these sports tend to have an emphasis on athletes of having the

right shape (Colleen Thompson, 1997). Sports teams that have a higher chance of eating

disorders include gymnastics, football, dancing, figure skating, and swimming. In Thompson's

article, she wrote about an event that happened in Budapest with a U.S. judge and a gymnast,

Christy Henrich. The Judge told her that she was too fat and if she wanted to be on the Olympics

team, she needed to lose weight. It later resulted in her to resort to bulimia and anorexia, which

lead to her death at the age of 22 from multiple organ failures (Colleen Thompson, 1997).

Eating disorders in athletes are very dangerous since they are already engaged in strenuous

activities that put pressure on the body. Without having the necessities that the body needs,

athletes are at a higher risk of cardiac arrest.

Variety of research on eating disorders has been written by professionals who are

motivated to help prevent those in dangers. Many factors and influences are significant to the

diagnoses and can happen to anyone.

Discussion

As more research increases on the diagnoses and studies of eating disorders; some cannot

help but see the effects throughout social media. Around the world, thousands of people use

their media accounts to share and post pictures within seconds. What some may not understand

are the various factors and influences that this can pursue.

Social Acceptance
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 8

Eating disorders come with a variety of developments. The most common change starts

with the need for social acceptance; when a person desires the inclusion from others (DeWall,

2011). As people scroll through posts, they see trends and characteristics from others and start to

feel an urge to do the same from what they see. In a research conducted by Nathan DeWall, a

psychologist from the University of Kentucky, he concluded that being accepted from others is a

central role in society. Nathan DeWall stated that the reason people feel the need to be included

is based on the fear of being rejected (DeWall, 2011). Having this fear can influence people into

developing an anxiety disorder, which may lead to other health complications. Rejection can

lead to poor mental health and can cause people to have violent actions against others (DeWall,

2011). For example, people who are often excluded from groups are more likely to lash out on

others. Nathan DeWall also included in his article about how most school shooters had

experienced some sort of rejection. This issue can also cause someone to have poor physical

health including insomnia, problems relating to the immune systems, and self-harm (DeWall,

2011). Social acceptance ties into the media as everyone desires the attention of others. This

may often lead someone to have their perceptions change about the image that they pursue

online.

Body Image

People tend to focus primarily on their bodies. Whether it is their shape or weight, the

media sends out unrealistic standards that can affect others. For example, before a person posts a

photo online, individuals have access to edit their photos and fix their “imperfections”. Jasmine

Fardouly and Lenny R. Vartanian conducted the correlational research of the relationship

between preteens and high schoolers with social media. They focused on how the students

viewed everyone around them, including themselves. The two authors found that people who
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 9

use Facebook are more likely to strive for thinness, observe their bodies, compare their

appearance to others, and diet more often than people who do not use online websites (Fardouly

and Vartanian, 2016). With the research found by Fardouly and Vartanian, they concluded that

with the exposure to Facebook and other sites, it created a greater sense of body dissatisfaction

and promoted thin ideals towards the public.

Peer Pressure

Especially in teens, peer pressure is also common in the development of eating disorders.

Influences range from friends to family as peer pressure has a significant impact on people.

Friends can have an impact by either reinforcing one’s thought, or leaving comments about their

appearance. With this, people tend to compare themselves to others, notably towards their

friends. From the outside environment, people can be exposed to those who starve or binge and

may use that as reinforcement to do the same (adolescentgrowth, 2013). Groups of friends can

comment on one's physical appearance in indirect and direct ways. Even parents can influence

others by promoting weight-loss and commenting on one's looks (Disord, 2014). According to

Disord, peer pressure goes both ways. It can be both negative or endorsing. Negative peer

pressure includes undermining people; influencing others into binging, purging, or restricting;

and criticizing how a person may look (Disord, 2014). He also stated that promoting thin ideal

body standards can also correlate with bulimic symptoms and increases the risks of anorexia

(Disord, 2014). Pressuring people puts them at risk for future complications and can

significantly affect a person's life. Furthermore, people start to feel compelled to uphold

expectations or reputations from others, especially athletes.

Athletics
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 10

Participating in athletics involves a lot of requirements and hard work. It can even

increase the risks of eating disorders for an individual. Athletes are more at risks for anorexia

nervosa or bulimia than others on the fact that they need more energy and effort into their

activities. According to the National Eating Disorder Association (NEDA), the risk factors for

Athletes include participating in sports that focus on appearance, weight requirements, or mass;

the sports focusing more on the individual than the team; sports involving endurance; being an

elite athlete; having low self-esteem; families with previous eating disorders; and social

influences (NEDA, 2018). An abundance of pressure is pushed forth on Athletes as they are

required to be conditioned a certain way. Sports that have the highest eating disorder rate

include swimming, figure-skating, running, gymnastics, cheerleading, and wrestling (Palmera,

2012). Individuals participating in athletics are in a competitive field and may push themselves

harder than they need to be. Eating disorders are especially dangerous to athletes. In most cases,

athletes who do not get help for their disorders are at more risk for cardiac arrest.

The most common effects of eating disorder in athletes are the focuses on calories and

BMI (Body Mass Index). Calorie-counting and BMI change an individual's view on their food

intake and weight. BMI's were created in 1972 for a weighted index of obesity (Zaydlin, 2016).

They are used to categorize individuals as underweight, normal weight, or obese. However, they

do not take into account the person's overall health and body type. Some question its accuracy as

to how it calculates muscle mass as obesity. Healthcare professionals use this tool during

appointments, but it raises concerns for others (Zaydlin, 2016). BMI's can send an inaccurate

grouping of an individual and may cause internal conflicts. People tend to misinterpret the data

and focus too much on what it says, instead of looking into their physical aspects. This can lead

to calorie-counting.
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 11

Calorie-counting is a dangerous habit that can increase an athlete's risk of an eating

disorder. Since exercise burns a lot of calories, athletes need to intake more than they lose.

Generally, female athletes need to have 1,700 to 2,800 calories per day, while males would need

to have 2,000 to 3,800 calories per day, depending on the types of activities that the individual

does (Stephanie, 2018). Calorie-counting can be addicting and very hard to stop. While using

this method, along with dieting, can also lead to the malnourishment of the body. Individuals

who have bulimia or anorexia are usually afraid of fat and avoid anything that may have large

contents of it. According to the American University's Nutrition for Young Adults Program,

Stephanie Mull, a registered dietician, states that fat is important for providing energy to the

athlete's body (Mull, 2018). Looking at BMI's and counting calories are significantly dangerous

for athletes as it can increase the risks of eating disorders and malnourishment.

Social Media

So, how does this all tie together? The impact on society is mostly influenced by the

pressure of social media. Through peer pressuring and the focus on body image, social media

can be used to pursue these actions. Online posts can affect someone's self-esteem and promote

dangerous activities including restricting, purging and binging. Society is obsessed with the

image of perfection, which often leads to an increasing rate of the desire to change. What people

see on social media is mostly photoshopped or edited to gain views across the internet. It makes

people focus more so on receiving comments from others instead of focusing on what is actually

important; the overall physical and mental health of an individual. Rae Jacobson, a writer at the

Child Mind Institute, recorded that teens who had created online personas have a higher chance

of having depression and self-doubt (Jacobson, 2018). Magazines, articles, and websites also

have an effect on society as the sources all emphasize body image. Models are idealized on
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 12

these platforms, and the exposures to the reinforcements impact viewers on how they perceive

themselves and others (Jacobson, 2018). Letting people see these exposures through media

increases the chance of low self-esteem and modifies a person's view of others.

Counter Argument

There are many factors that can be related to the causes of eating disorders. Teenagers

and young adults are mostly influenced by their peers and families. People who surround

themselves with an environment that is negative and is focused on the perception of other people

place themselves at a higher risk. From others, social media may not be the cause of eating

disorders, but it does take part in the influences of the way that one may think. Although social

media can have an impact on people, some believe that it has no contributions towards the

disorders. According to an article by Margarita Tartakovsky, social media is not the cause of

eating disorders, but it can have some minor influences (Tartakovsky, 2018). Tartakovsky

believes that social media mainly affects the views on body image, and may have persuasions

over dieting. She states that people often get confused with disordered eating and eating

disorders. Disordered eating contributes to the external feeling of food while eating disorders are

internal (Tartakovsky, 2018). For example, if a person follows a diet from online, that would be

considered to be disordered eating, and if a person has a fear of food, it would relate to an eating

disorder. However, disordered eating has the same symptoms as eating disorders, and can be

viewed as an early stage of them (Eating Disorders, Compulsions and Addictions Service, 2014).

Interview

An interview was conducted with nutritionist Mary Dye as she explains her stance on

eating disorders. Mary Dye studied college health and wanted to go into nutrition to help people

who have a bad relationship with food. She focuses primarily on the confusion towards eating
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 13

and wants to project that all food is good; that all bodies have different needs (M. Dye, personal

communications, December 11, 2018). From her experience with clients, she finds that eating

disorders are a coping mechanism and that people do not choose to have them. Her belief on the

influence of social media is base on it creating an unrealistic expectation in people as they scroll

through posts. She believes that more access to the peer pressure of weight loss in the media will

cause an increase in more body ideals. People search on social media for reinforcement on their

beliefs with the fact that the apps are available 24/7 (M. Dye, personal communications,

December 11, 2018). Having open access to social media can lead to anyone publishing

messages that are not based on facts.

In Mary Dye's appointments, she mostly focuses on patterns from her clients regarding

anything that may be in result of an eating disorder. These patterns include the fear and

avoidance of food, overconsumption of food, and the occurrence of both (M. Dye, personal

communications, December 11, 2018). The nutritionist was very clear on her views of the

effects of eating disorders and how frustrated she was with all of the perceptions of food.

Solution

Studies have shown that there are multiple solutions to the prevention of eating disorders.

First and foremost, people need to become more aware of their state of minds. They need to

learn that nobody is the same; that everyone has traits that make themselves unique. Not only do

people need to be aware, but society can help by not promoting a specific diet or weight to

others. Doing this will reduce the worry about appearance think about what they look like from

others. Nutritionist Mary Dye suggests that people should learn that there is so much more than

bodies and food towards a person. She also states that if a person owns a social media account

should equalize their feed. This means that a person that follows a dieting page should recounter
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 14

that with a positive page. If society focuses on the aspect that every body type is different and

has different needs, then it will help reduce the risk of possible eating disorders. Incorporating

these solutions will help society value people’s lives and appreciate a person for who they are.

Limitations of the Study

Included in Research Paper. The research presented in this paper expands on the topic

of eating disorders through the three primary diagnoses; anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge-

eating disorders. With these disorders, it is not only common in women, but also men.

Information included in the paper cover symptoms, signs, and causes that are most common for

anyone worldwide. The focus of the research broadens as it also includes the effects on athletes

and explains how numbers are a rising problem in today's society. In the paper, there are a

variety of limitations and biases that are present.

Author’s Viewpoint. The author's viewpoint on this issue is influenced by her own

experiences with an eating disorder along with the data that she collected. There may be

potential biases in the paper because of the background that the author has on this topic, but this

paper is completed most with what she has found. The recent involvement with the diagnoses

gives the author an open mind on the research to put more details and information into the paper.

Research Limitations

Time of Research. Some restrictions that are present with the research project

incorporates the time of the research. Research and studies on eating disorders are somewhat

recent as it is a rising conflict spreading across the world. The earliest of the research that the

author has gathered dates back to the 1990s. The author incorporates a variety of research to get

an accurate rate of how serious the diagnosing of eating disorders have been over time.
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 15

Type of Research. In the research paper, the types of eating disorders are mainly

focused on the following three: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Binge-eating Disorders. There

are other disorders such as Orthorexia, OSFED (Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder),

and ARFID (Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder), but are not the main focus of the paper.

Conclusions and Future Study

Overall, society standards of body image are heavily influenced by social media and can

increase the risks of eating disorders. The media has various factors that can contribute to the

development of different disorders, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge-eating

disorders. Some factors include peer pressure, the push for social acceptance, and the perception

of body image. These are linked to the influence of social media through the effects that they

have. Most effects include the comparison of others, dieting, binging, purging, and other mental

and physical complications. With social media, the desire to receive attention from others rises

as we have 24/7 access to the internet. Unrealistic personas are posted online without the

knowledge of what it may do to others. If the public raises awareness at an early age about how

social media can affect the health of a person, then the diagnosing of eating disorders will

reduce.
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 16

References

Adolescentgrowth. (2013, November 04). Peer Pressure Contributes to Eating Disorders.

Retrieved from https://www.adolescentgrowth.com/peer-pressure-contributes-to-eating-

disorders/

Amin, S. (2017, May 11). Stop Trying To Find Acceptance Through Social Media. Retrieved

from https://www.huffpost.com/entry/stop-trying-to-find-acceptance-through-social-

media_b_5914d9f9e4b00ccaae9ea159

DeWall, N. (2011, August 12). Social Acceptance and Rejection: The Sweet and the Bitter.

Retrieved from https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/social-acceptance-

and-rejection-the-sweet-and-the-bitter.html

Diana.hand. (2018, June 15). Nutrition for Young Athletes. Retrieved from

https://programs.online.american.edu/msne/resource/young-athlete-nutrition
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 17

Eating Disorders. (2018, May 10). Retrieved from

http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/eating-disorders

Eating disorders and peer pressure. (2013, July 11). Retrieved from

https://www.secureteen.com/peer-pressure/eating-disorders-and-peer-pressure/

Ehmke, R. (2018, October 23). Social Media and Self-Esteem | Impact of Social Media on

Youth. Retrieved from https://childmind.org/article/social-media-and-self-doubt/

Ekern, J. (2018). Eating Disorders: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Articles For Treatment Help.

Retrieved from https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/eating-disorder

Fairburn, C. (2003, January 30). Eating disorders. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673603123781

Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. (2015, September 14). Social Media and Body Image Concerns:

Current Research and Future Directions. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352250X15002249?via=ihub

Ferguson, C. J., Muñoz, M. E., Garza, A., & Galindo, M. (2013, January 24). Concurrent and

Prospective Analyses of Peer, Television and Social Media Influences on Body

Dissatisfaction, Eating Disorder Symptoms and Life Satisfaction in Adolescent Girls.

Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10964-012-9898-9

Gottlieb, C. (2014, February 23). Disordered Eating or Eating Disorder: What's the Difference?

Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/contemporary-

psychoanalysis-in-action/201402/disordered-eating-or-eating-disorder-what-s-the

J. (2018). Eating Disorders: Why Do They Happen? Retrieved from

http://www.ulifeline.org/articles/400-eating-disorders-why-do-they-happen
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 18

Linville, D., Stice, E., Gau, J., & O'Neil, M. (2011, February 22). Predictive Effects of Mother

and Peer Influences on Increases in Adolescent Eating Disorder Risk Factors and

Symptoms: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053444/#.

M. (2018, May 10). Bulimia nervosa. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/bulimia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353615

N. (2018, April 27). Eating Disorders & Athletes. Retrieved from

https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/eating-disorders-athletes

N. (2018, February 28). Anorexia Nervosa. Retrieved from

https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/anorexia

N. (2018, February 22). Bulimia Nervosa. Retrieved from

https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/bulimia

O. (2018, August 28). Binge eating disorder. Retrieved from

https://www.womenshealth.gov/mental-health/mental-health-conditions/eating-

disorders/binge-eating-disorder

Scheel, J. (2012, September 18). Eating Disorders and Social Anxiety. Retrieved from

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/when-food-is-family/201209/eating-

disorders-and-social-anxiety

Shands, Y. (2017, February 17). Social Acceptance. Retrieved from

https://www.delval.edu/blog/social-acceptance

Smith, M. (2018, September 16). Athletes & Eating Concerns. Retrieved from

https://centerforchange.com/athletes-eating-concerns/
EATING DISORDERS Danielson 19

Staff, C. P. (2015, February 04). Sports Associated With Eating Disordered Athletes. Retrieved

from https://casapalmera.com/blog/signs-and-causes-of-eating-disorders-among-athletes/

Tartakovsky, M. (2018, July 23). Why the Media Isn't to Blame for Eating Disorders. Retrieved

from https://blogs.psychcentral.com/weightless/2010/10/why-the-media-isnt-to-blame-

for-eating-disorders/

Thompson, C. (2014). Eating Disorders in Athletes. Retrieved from https://www.mirror-

mirror.org/athlete.htm

Thompson, C. (2014). Society and Eating Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.mirror-

mirror.org/society.htm

Warhaft-Nadler, M. (2016, February 04). The Media Isn't To Blame For The Ruthlessness Of

Eating Disorders. Retrieved from https://womenyoushouldknow.net/the-media-isnt-to-

blame-for-the-ruthlessness-of-eating-disorders/

WebMD Binge Eating Disorder (Bingeing) Center: Symptoms, Treatments, and Effects on the

Body. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-

disorders/binge-eating-disorder/default.htm

Zaydlin, M. (2018, February 21). Changing the Way We Measure Health. Retrieved from

https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/blog/changing-way-we-measure-health