1.

Common excavation hazards side wall collapse and underground utilities

2. Heavy Equipment should not be operated within 1.8m of any excavation.
3. Cranes shall not be operated closer than the depth of the excavation.
4. Spoil pile be kept 60 cm or 2 feet from the edge of excavation.
5. Best method of preventing the side wall of an excavation
1. Sloping, 2. Benching , 3. Shoring
6. Ladders or others means of access be spaced in larger excavations. 7.5m
7. An excavation called a confined space if deep than 1.2m, 4f
8. Metal helmet is prohibited in Saudi Aramco.
9. Noise Limit 85db. (desi bell)
10. Workers wear personal fall prevention equipment 1. Ungaurded elevated work
areas if the working height is greater than 1.8m from the floor, 2. Depth of trench or platform ,
3. Ladder taller than 6m, 4. Yellow tag scaffolding.
11. Hazardous material properties we can read from CHB, MSDS, HAZCOM
12. CHB Chemical Hazard Bulletin, HAZCOM Hazardous Communication, MSDS Material Safety Data
Sheet , SCBA Self Contained Breathing Appratus, SABA Supplied Air Breating Appratus.
13. Emergency Breathing air mus escape 5 minute bottle escape pack.
14. Compressed air equipment examples are Abrasive blasting, Compressors, any airlines,
impact wrenches, jackhammers and sparay painting equipment.
15. Compressed air hose hazards are 1. Hose failure 2. Accidental disconnection.
16. In compressed air hose inspection we check Cut abrasion , damage, worn, missing or loose
parts, Safety wire and clips must be fitted.
17. Compressed air hose coupling control install a safety wire and safety clips.
18. Correct angle for placing ladder 75 degrees or 4 to 1 slope.
19. When climbing off ladder must extend from landing place 1 meter
20. Best way to climbing a ladder 3 points of contact at all times.
21. Closet distance men or equipment from energized power lines
Up to 50 kv 3m, 10ft
50 kv to 250 kv 6m, 20ft
Over 250 kv 7.6m, 25ft
22. Dry method to removed asbestos is prohibited.
23. Control of radiography work time, distance and shielding.
24. Compressed gas cylinder kept apart from oxidizers cylinder 6.5m
25. Flashback arrestor stop the flash to come in cylinder.
26. For refueling equipment stop the engine and wait 15 minutes.
27. On wire rope sling of crane must be stamped SWL , Safe Working Load.
28. Hazard : Anything that can cause harm to people, the environment , assets and business.
29. Safety : Freedom from risk is called safety.
30. Unsafe act related to people and unsafe condition related to equipment.
31. Not following rules and procedures is the Number 1 cause of incidents in SA.
32. LPD stand for Loss Prevention Department.
33. Most incidents in the workplace are caused by combination of unsafe acts and unsafe condition.
34. Hazard recognition and reporting is the responsibility of everyone.
35. Incident Cause in SA
Failure to follow rules and procedures
Hazards not recognized or controlled
Equipment is not properly isolated, powered off or depressurized.
Gas testing not performed or monitored
No effective Joint Site Inspection JSI
Improper response when conditions change
36. Safety Hazard : Anything that can have an adverse impact on your safety.
37. Health Hazard : Any thing that can have an adverse impact on your health.
38. The main safety processes for recognizing hazards are
Safety Observations Checklist
Job Safety Analysis JSA
Joint Site Inspection JSI
Work Permit System
Hazard Analysis Checklist HAC
39. Controlling Hazard : 1. Engineering Control (Eliminate, Isolation LOTO), 2. Administrative Control
(Reduce, rotate crew and use of warnings, Rules , policies and procedures), 3. PPE and RPE
40. The purpose of hazard recognition is to identify hazards before they can cause an incident.
41. Slips, Trips and Fall
Hazard Control
Uneven floor surfaces and changes in level Use Handrail when using stairs
Unsuitable floor coverings Report hazards immediately
Wet floors and trailing cables Wear correct footwear
Poor housekeeping Good housekeeping
42. Tool and Equipment Hazards

Hazard Control
Wrong or defective tools Choose the right tools for the right task
Flying tools parts Homemade tools are not allowed.
Not use defective or damage tool
43. Noise and Vibration Hazards

Hazard Control
Deafness Replace a noisy piece of equipment with
something less noisy.
Nerve damage Reduce worker exposure by limiting exposure
time
White finger Ear plugs or ear muffs
44. Machine Guarding

Hazard
Entanglement … being pulled in
Cuts, Abrasions, Amputation
Control
Moving parts to be guarded if less than 2.5m
(8.5ft) above the working surfaces.
Guards shall be i. installed before arrival on-
site, ii. In position during operation , iii.
 Reinstalled befoere the equipment is
returned to service.
Hot surfaces, Cold surfaces Wear correct footwear
Parts of machinery i. ejected, ii. Striking
workers, iii. Impact with plant and equipment
45. Before opening closed systems or lines they shall be: De-pressured, Drained , Purged
46. Confined space entry controls are i. CSE permit, ii. Proper preparation, iii. Use Checklist,
iv. Proper isolation, v. Gas testing, vi. Mechanical ventilation.
47. Pressure Testing Hazards

Hazard Control
Mechanical or brittle failure of equipment Use the correct i. Test material ii. Test
under tes equipment
Relief system failure Notify others with barriers and signage.
Uncontrolled release of pressure testing Stay out of the line of fire.
material i. Treated water, ii. Inert gas
48. Weather Hazards:
Hazard Control
High wind speeds Wind speed limits for use of crane, man
basket , scaffolding.
Extreme temperatures Prevent entry into flooded excavations,
Remove water prior to entry.
Heavy rain Establish heat stress by providing sufficient
drinking water.
Excavation collapse
Flooding
49. Wind speed limits
Cranes 32 Kph
Manbasket 25 Kph
Scaffolding 65 Kph
50. Safety Helmet

Hazard Control
Helmet not worn. Approved helmet.
Metal Helmets No defects
Damaged helmets. Metal helmets are prohibited.
Helmet with peak at the back. Ensure internal harness installed correctly.
51. Safety Footwear Hazards

Hazard Control
Not wearing safety footwear. No sandals
No slip protection. Provide footwear based on job hazards.
Old or damaged footwear. Workers to wear approved safety footwear.
No heel for climbing ladders. Replace if worn or damaged.
No toe protection. Footwear has heel if climbing ladders.
52. Eye and Face protection.

Hazard
Failure to wear eye and face protection
Incorrect protection provided or used.
Worn or damaged protection.
Use of prescription lenses only.
53. Flame Resistance Clothing.
Control
Approved eyewear with side protection.
If flying objects may injure the eye or face,
wear additional protection .. gogles or face
shield.
Always check CHB for hazardous material
specific protection.

Hazard Control
Not worn correctly Fire prevention.
Fire Washed and cleaned correctly.
Welding
Sparks
Arcing
Hot or cold surfaces.
54. Hearing Protection

Hazard Control
High noise areas Wear protection above 85dB
Failure to wear leaking protection. Check with Environmental Protection Division
(EPD) i. Correct type, ii. Noise reduction
provided, iii. Audiometry tests.
Noise induced hearing loss Good hand hygiene when installing
Infections
55. Gloves

Hazard Control
Not wearing hand protection. Wear hand protection suitable to your job.
Incorrect glove for the job. Check Chb if using chemicals or hazardous
materials .
Injuries such as cuts, bruises, burns, Replace gloves if worn, damaged,
infections contaminated.
56. Respiratory Protection Equipment RPE

Hazard Control
Inhalation of i.Hazardous dust , mist , vapor Gas testing
ii. Toxic gas such as H2S, CO , iii. Asbestos
fibers
Incorrect equipment selection i. poor face Wear the correct RPE
seal, ii. Protection features exceeded.
RPE suitable for the hazard.
Check with EPO
 Follow good hygience practices
Ensure RPE is clean.
57. Working at height 1.8m or 6 ft or above
58. Elevated Work platform
Hazard Control
Unauthorized use. Certified operator
Uncertified operators Inspection before use
Tripping over Used only on inert surfaces.
Structure collapse Occupants must remain inside at all times.
Mechanical failure Harnesses worn and attached to and or point.
Falls from height
59. Ladders
Hazard Control
Ladder in poor condition Inspect and remove all damaged ladders.
Falls from height Ensure they are the correct type and length
for the task.
Incorrect size, type, use Ensure ladders extend at lest 3 ft. above the
landing area.
Have a slope ratio of 4:1
Only have one person on a ladder at a time.
Maintain 3 points of contact if working from
ladder.
Always face the ladder while climbing or
descending.
60. Scaffolding
Hazard Control
Falling Object, Equipment, People Has a safe means of entry and exit: Gates,
Drop bars, Fall protection.
Scaffold collapse All Safety lines are present i.harness, ii. nets
All tools and equipment secured.
61. Control of scaffolding: Regular inspection , Use of SCAFFTAG i. valid inspection date , ii. Two
weeks maximum between inspections.
62. Basic Safety check before accessing scaffolding
Materials must be in good condition no rusty tubing and no split boards
no leaning
no evidence of collision damage
no gaps in the planks or boards
toe boards are fitted
Do not store materials and tools close to open edges
Do not overload with too much Weight
Keep ladders in good condition , the right length and secured.
Ensure a safe means for getting on/off the ladder ie gate or drop bar.
Fix all posts on a level surface and on sill boards.
63. Scaffolding TAG
Red tag: No access except scaffolders erecting or dismantling.
 Yellow tag: Everyone must ue a full-body harnesses on the scaffold.
Green tag: You may use the completed scaffold without a harness.
64. The scaffolds Inspector must sign the tags for all scaffolds above 6m
65. The scaffolds Supervisor must sign the tags for all scaffold between 1.8 m to 6m
66. Scaffolds must be re-inspected every two weeks or after alteration.
67. Approved fall protection control required if the potential fall is greater than 1.8m
68. Fall Protection

Hazard Control
Failure to wear Users trained in wearing and lifting.
Failure to secure to a fixed point Inspect before each use.
Poor quality equipment Protect from sharp edges
Damaged harness or line Remove damaged equipment.
Waist belts are prohibited.
Shock absorbing lanyards, secure at least 18ft
above surface.
69. Common cause of fatalities is due to heavy equipment.
70. Heavy equipment

Hazard Control
Run over by heavy vehicle. Equipment inspection
Struck by or crushed by material being Operated by certified operator
moved.
Crushed : Caught between equipment and Maintain safe distance.
object.
Electrocution by contact with i. overhead Keep eye contact with operator
power lines, ii. Buried cables
Exclusion zones.
Spotter or signal person
Wear high-visibility clothing.
71. Heavy equipment and operator controls
. The operator must designate a spotter when visibility is obstructed.
. Keep motor vehicles, cranes and heavy equipment away from the edge of the
excavation at least 2m (6.5ft) or the depth of the excavation , whichever is greatest.
. Maintain three points of contact during entry/exit.
. Do not leave equipment unattended.
. Never sleep or rest under or near heavy equipment.
72. Equipment condition controls
. All heavy equipment must have an audible backup alarm.
. Heavy equipment must be inspected daily before use by the operator and maintained
in operable condition, including seat belts.
. All cab glass must be safety glass and kept clean without obstructions or damage.
73. ROPS stand for Rollover Protective Structure i.e buildozers, loaders
74. Cranes
 Hazard Control
Failure of rigging ropes and slings Inspection by operator
Contact with overhead power lines Baricade and signs
Toppling over Valid inspection sticker
Contact with people and equipment Certified crane operator
Overloading Critical lift plan
75. Any part of a crane whose boom is within 10 meters (33ft) of any i. hydrocarbon piping, ii.
Pressurized piping area, iii Populated traffic area iv. Crane lift attachment to main boom are
examples of critical lift plan.
Loads of 40 tons or greater
Loads that exceeds 85% of the crane’s rated capacity.
Any crane lift with hazards from i. explosion, ii.fire, iii. High heat
Any crane working near energized power lines.
76. Only a SA certified Rigger-1 may approve critical lift plans.
77. Forklift

Hazard Control
Unauthorized use Trained and certified operator
Uncertified operators Daily inspection checklist
Roll-over No standing or riding on forks.
Impact with personnel or equipment No walking under the raised forks or loads
Dropped materials Backup warnings
Seatbelt and safety devices operational
78. A cubic meter of soil can weigh approximately 1200 kg (2700 lb). A person buried under just 0.6
cubic meters of soil is likely to suffer serious internal injuries, lung collapse or suffocation.
79. Excavation

Hazard Control
Collapse or cave in of side walls Confined space entry permit if more than
1.2m (4feet)
Oxygen deficiency Proper planning and design
Toxic gas Barricades and warning sign
Flammable gas Exclusion zones . eg i. Heavy equipment kept
away from the edge of the excavation 2m
(6.5ft) or the depth of the excavation
whichever is greatest. Ii. Only excavating
and backfilling equipment are permitted
within 2m of the edge of an excavation.
Striking underground cables or pipes Checklist to be used for all excavation i. pre-
excavation checklist ii. Excavation checklist,
iii. Attached checklist to the permit.
Flooding
80. Excavation checklist requirements
. Excavation 4ft(1.2m) deeper requires hot work permit and confined space entry permit
. Appropriate method of excavation should be determined , benching , shoring or
sloping,
 . Spoils piles should be placed at least 2ft (60cms) away from the edge of the excavation.
. Scaffold should not be erected near the excavation ; it should be at least 1.5 times the
depth of the trench.
. Cranes shall be operated away from the trench more than the depth of the trench.
. Daily inspection of the trench shall be made for every shift.
. If the excavation is left unattended overnight, it shall be barricaded, with flashing lights
to warn the passer.
Emergency rescue equipment shall be immediately available for excavation considered
as confined space.
81. In SA , the maximum slope angle of the slope is 34 for type c soil.
82. Sloping or benching more than 6m or 20ft Designed by qualified engineer.
83. During excavation yellow wrning tape, red tiles and sweet sand are the signs to indicate that the
cable is buried below.
84. Hand digging should continue for at least 3 meters or 10 feet away from exposed underground
equipment. Mechanical digging may resume 3 m away.
85. Hazardous Materials

Hazard Control
Toxic CHB
Flammable HAZCOM labels
Reactive Eliminate or substitute
Chemical Burns Correct storage
Inert Correct PPE
Corrosive Spill containment equipment.
86. Compressed gas cylinders

Hazard Control
May contain Flammable materials and toxic Store in upright position
materials
Poor storage : Secure during transportation.
Full and empty stored together Maintain good housekeeping
Lack of separation for incompatible material Separate incompatible materials
Exposure to heat and sunlight Store away from all heat sources and direct
sunlight
Explosion and projectile Clearly identify and label all cylinders.
Transportation. Ensure that flash back arrestors are installed
on O2 and acetylene cylinders.
87. Oxygen cylinders and cylinders containing other oxidizersmust be stored at least 6.1m or 20 ft.
88. ACB Asbestos Containing Material

Hazard Control
Difficult to identify Post warning signs where known asbestos is
found
Airborne fibers, Dangerous to the lungs Apply specific wet methods when it is
removed.
 No short term health symptoms Wear specific PPE and RPE for the task
Long term permanent health effects Practice good hygiene e.g no smoking eating
or drinking in asbestos work areas.
89. In SA dry method to remove asbestos is prohibited.
90. Painting and Coating

Hazard Control
Flammable atmosphere CHB, HAZCOM
Oxygen deficiency Store in well ventilated spaces, away from
heat sources and that lids are sealed.
Skin and breathing hazards Choose and use the correct PPE and RPE and
be trained in their use.
Long term permanent ill health effects If you paint or coat inside a confined space
regularly measure the atmospheric
conditions to ensure oxygen or flammable
limits are not exceeded.
Storage Remove the clothing and wash affected areas
as soon as possible.
Poor housekeeping Washing your hands before eating or smoking
. follow good hygiene practices.
91. Abrasive Blasting

Hazard Control
Considered to be hot work Hot work permit in restricted areas.
May create an ignition source Operators to be tested and certified by :
High noise levels Certified coatings inspector level 2
Health hazards from silica sand Wear PPE including hearing protection
Poor housekeeping Good housekeeping
Low skilled workforce Use of silica sand is prohibited.
92. Ionizing Radiation

Hazard Control
Radiation sources have different strengths. Time, Distance and shielding
Extremely hazardous to your health. All work under the control of a Radiation
Protection Officer RPO
Short and long term ill health effects. Use personnel monitoring and protection
when using or handling ionizing radiation.
NORM . Naturally Occurring Radioactive
Material
93. H2S found in SA below facilities
Producing Operations, Exporting Operations, Stabilization, Refining, Storage, Drilling and
workover rigs, GOSPs, Pumps, Compressors, Pipelines, Sewage Treatment Areas.
94. H2S Properties
Extremely toxic, extremely flammable, highly reactive with oxidizers, Colorless, Heavier
than air, Soluble in water, reacts with metals to form sulfides, asphyxiates – causing suffocation,
Soluble in hydrocarbons.
95. H2S LEL is 4.3% and UEL is 46%. And ignition temperature of H2S is 260C
96. 0.1 PPM Rotten egg smell is noticeable.
10 ppm Eye irritation and TLV-TWA Saudi Aramco Working limit
100 ppm Severe eye irritation and coughing, Loss of sense of smell within 1 to 5
minutes, Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health IDLH.
500 ppm Dizziness, loss of consciousness possible within 30 mints
1000 ppm Immediate loss of consciousness, death within minutes.
97. H2S is approximately 20% heavier than air.
98. Control of H2S Post warning sign, monitor for H2S, Know wind direction, Conduct Gas
test before issuing permits, work with a standby man, Wear SCBA/SABA , Ventilation of work
area, Emergency response plan and responsibilities.
99. Buddy system means organizing employees into work groups so that each employee is observed
by at least one other employee in the group, Co-workers in the line of sight of other co-worker.
100. IN emergency of H2S flush irritated eyes with plain water for at least 15 mint
101. Reason for fire explosion is uncontrolled release of flammable materials ie gas or liquid
102. Fire
Hazard Control
Fire and explosion Hot work permit
Hot Work Monitoring of work
Liquid hydrocarbon or gas leaks Gas testing
Sources of ignition Areas wetted
Accumulated trash Fire barriers or shields in place
Smoking in non designated areas Good housekeeping
Build up of flammable gas, toxic vaposr, Combustible material removed
oxygen depleting gases or vapor, extreme
light , electric welding flash, defective
equipment, unskilled operator
Electric shock Fire extinguisher and equipment
Exposure to arc-flash, arc-blast, extreme light Equipment inspection before use
and sound energy
Damaged power cords Ventilate area
Overhead extension cords Welding screens for electric welding
Unsafe space heaters Flashback arrestor on oxy/accelylene
cylinders
Accumulated trash Equipment turn off or isolated at the shift
end
Poor storage and housekeeping In Hydrocarbon facilities Cover or
water seal sewers within 23m(75ft) of all
ignition sources, Hot work is not permitted
above 0% lele, Fire protection equipment
shall be ready available, Fire watch shll
remain for no less than 30 minutes after work
is finished, Combustible material shall be
protected against sparks, welding sling or
heat, Open fires require an authorization
from SA FPD , Fire Protection Department
 LOTO
GFCI
Approach boundaries for live work
Qualified electrician
Ul listed equipmetn
103. Never weld, cut or braze in oxygen deficiency greater than 23.5%.
104. Emergency Preparedness
Hazard Control
High risk work areas Orientations for the safe and work areas
Local alarm sounds Awareness of local alarm sounds
Correct actions on hearing alarms Awareness of response actions required
Muster point locations Your attendance in the area is identified and
logged
Your work is affected by the work of others i. Surrounding jobs that may effect your work
hot work ii. EOLB hve been communicated to you (SIMOPS)
Lack of planning Written emergency response and rescue plan
for i. all high risk work jobs ii. Confined space
work
Generic plans that are not specific to i. the Workers are aware of rules and
work or job performed ii. The exact work site responsibilities and rescuer trained to cary
out the plan
Workers don understand their rule and Contractor plan must fit with existing site
responsibilities rescue plans
Workers not trained in respons plan actions

105. SIMOPS stand for Simultaneous Operation

106. How to report an emergency?
I. Say, “This is an emergency!”
II. Describe the incident location
III. Describe the incident
IV. Report injuries, if any
V. Give your name and badge number
VI. Repeat the above information
VII. Stay on th line until further instructed.
107. What to do in an emergency?
I. Follow local plans or instructions
II. Remain calm.
III. Stop work,
IV. Proceed immediately and safely to the designated assembly point,
VII. Remain at assembly area until the “all clear: signal is given.