Done By:

Arnab Dutta
PHI15015

Q2 Calculate the work done by 1 mol of gas during a quasitatic, isothermal expansion from an
initial volume vi to a final volume vf when the equation of the state is:
(a) P (v − b) = RT where R and b are constants.
= 1−
.
(b)

− =
Ans: Number of moles n = 1
(a)
=
−
Work done =

=
−

=
−
= ln −
= ln − − ln −
−
=
−

(b) = 1−

= 1−
Work Done =

= 1−

1
= − !

= " + $
1 1
= " + − $

Q3 One cubic meter of an ideal gas is at a pressure of 10−5N/m2 and temperature 300K. The gas is
allowed to expand at constant pressure to twice its volume by supplying heat. If the change in the
interbal energy of the gas is 104 J, determine the heat supplied.

Ans: Volume V = 1m3

Pressure P = 10-5N/m2
Temperature T = 300K
Change in Internal Energy ∆E = 104J

∆ = ∆&
Final Volume Vf = 2 times Initial Volume Vi
Work done
 =& −&
=
2& − &
= &
= 10)* ∗ 1
= 10)* ,

∆- = ∆. + ∆
From the First Law of Thermodynamics

= 10/ + 10)*
Heat Supplied

−
0 10/ ,

Q6 Show the following cyclic process for one kmol of an ideal gas on a T − V diagram.
(a) Name the processes AB, BC and CA.
(b) Calculate work done in AB, BC, and CA.
V
V2 C

A B
V1

T1 T2 T
Ans: (a) Along path AB : Isochoric process (Constant Volume)

Along path CA : V∝T and since it is an ideal gas so, & = = 45 678 7.
Along path BC : Isothermal process (Constant Temperature)
2
3
. Hence
Therefore Pressure P is constant. Hence it is Isobaric process.
(b) Number of moles n = 1000

9 = 0 (Since there is no change in volume)

Work done along path AB

Work done along path BC

Temperature = T2, Initial Volume = V1, Final Volume = V2

: = &

2;
= &
!

2< &

&!
= !
&=

&!
= 1000 !
&=

Work done along path CA

Since isobaric process, let the constant pressure be P. Volume changes from V2 to V1.
 2<
9: = &
2;

= &= − &!

= = − !

=− ! − =

= −1000 ! − =

Q7 A certain mass of gas can be expanded from state A to state B by performing 6 × 104 J of
work and absorbing 5 × 104 J of heat. Another process between the same states requires 3 × 104J
of heat.
(a) Calculate the difference in the internal energy of the two states.
(b) Work done by the gas in the second process.

Ans: Given: W1= 6x104J Q1= 5x104J

Q2= 3x104J W 2= ?

(a) Since the final states are same therefore ∆. = 0, i.e. change in internal energy is zero
as the internal energy does not depend on path taken by the system, it only depends on
initial and final states. So E2= E1

(b) From First Law of Thermodynamics:

-=.+

Q1 = E1 + W1

5x104 = E1+ 6x104

E1= -1x104J

Hence Q2 = E2 + W2

W2= Q2-E1 (Since E2= E1)

=3x104-(-1x104)

= 4x104J

Work done by the gas in the second process = 4x104J

Q8 One kilogram of water is heated in an open container from 27C to 87C. Calculate change in
the internal energy and enthalpy (The specific heat of the water is 4.2J/Kg/K and thermal
expansion coefficient α = 2 × 10−4 per K.

Ans: As the container is open, so it is an isobaric process with pressure = atmospheric pressure.
Therefore P = 101325 N/m2

Mass m=1kg

Initial Temperature T1= 27oC Final Temperature T2=87oC

Specific heat of the water C = 4.2J/kg/K

Coefficient of Thermal expansion α = 2x10-4/K

Specific Heat > =

đ@
AB3

Heat Supplied đ- = >C

= 4.2x1x(87-27)

= 252J

Density of water = 997kg/m3

Volume of water = GHIF JK = = 1.003x10-3 m3

DEFF =
LLM

= B2
Now α = 2 B3

& = αVdT

= 2x10-4x1.003x10-3x60

=1.2036x10-5m3

Hence from First Law of Thermodynamics:

đ- = . + &

. = đ- − &

= 252 − 101325 x1.2036x10)*

= 250.78,

Hence change in internal energy = 250.78,

Now, Enthalpy U = . + &

U= .+ &+&

= đ- + &

= đ- (Since isobaric process so dP = 0)

= 252J

Change in enthalpy = 252J

Q9 A Carnot engine absorbs 109 J of heat per hour from a boiler at 307C and rejects heat to a cooling
tower maintained at 17C. How much heat is rejected every hour? What is the power of the engine?

Ans: Heat Absorbed per hour Q1 = 109 J

Temperature of Source T1 = 307oC = (307+273)K = 580K

Temperature of Sink T2 = 17oC = (17+273)K = 290K

For Carnot Engine

-!
=
!
-= =

-! = 3; -=
3
<
Heat Rejected per hour

290
= x 10L
580

= 0.5x10L ,

Power of the heat engine = Work done per second

-= − -!
= W877
60x60

1 − 0.5 x10L
= W877
60x60

= 138.9x10X watt

Q29 Find the probability density function f (x) for the position x of a particle which is executing
simple harmonic motion on (−a, a) along the x-axis.

Ans: Particle executes Simple Harmonic motion within (-a,a) along x axis.

Total Energy= Kinetic Energy + Potential Energy

\8! C ! \] !
= +
2 2 2
\ !
!
= 8 − ]!
C

] !
\ !
= 8 − ]!
7 C
 ]
7=_ b
` \ 8 ! − ]!
^ C a

Time Period of oscillation T is given by

3 E
]
7=2
`\ 8 − ]
c )E ! !
C
E
]
=4
`\ 8 − ]
c ! !
C

C E
]
= 4`
\ c e 8! − ]!

C ] E
= 4` f6 )=
g
\ 8c

Ch
= 4`
\2

C
= 2h`
\

Since in a single oscillation, the particle crosses the dx interval twice. Hence the probability of finding
the particle in time t and t+dt is

2 7 2 7 2 ]
= = _ b
578 Ci \ 8 ! − ]!
`
^ C a

2 ]
= _ b
C \ 8 ! − ]!
2h` `
\^ C a

1 ]
=
h e 8! − ] !

= ] ]
= Bk
j e E; )k ;
Hence the probability density function for position is f(x) =
Q32 Find the average value of n and variance of n in case of Poisson distribution.

l= =
mn H op
I!
Ans: The Poisson Distribution Function is given by

Average value of n
v
uI i )m
< >= t
!
c

v
uI)=
= ui )m
t
−1 !
=

Now putting (n-1)= n, we get

v
uI
= ui )m
t
!
c

= ui )m i m

=u

The variance is given by w ! =< !

> −< >!
v
uI i )m
< !
>= t !
!
c

v
uI i )m
=t
−1 !
=

Now putting (n-1)= n, we get

v
uIx=
=i )m
t +1
!
c

v v
uIx= uIx=
= i yt
)m
+t z
! !
c c

v v
uIx= uIx=
= i yt
)m
+t z
−1 ! !
c c

v v
uI)= uI
= i yu t
)m !
+ut z
−1 ! !
c c

= i )m {u! i m + ui m | } ~•77 € −1= •67 7i•C

= u! + u
Hence Variance = w ! =< !
> −< >!

= u! + u − u!

=u