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TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
Refer to Chapter 6 from the book “Introduction to Electrical Power System Technology” by
Theodore R. Bosela, pages 156-209
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STANDARD RATINGS
Table 6-1 Standard kVA Ratings for Overhead Transformers
Single Phase Three Phase
10 30
25 45
37.5 75
50 112.5
75 150
100 225
167 300
250 500
333
500

Table 6-2 Standard Voltage Ratings for Overhead Transformers

Single Phase Three Phase
2400/4160Y 2400
4800/8320Y 4160Y/2400
7200/12470Y 4160Y
12470GrdY/7200 4160
7620/13200Y 4800
13200GrdY/7620 8320Y/4800
12000 7200
13200/22860Y 12000
13200 12470Y/7200
13800GrdY/7920 12470Y
13800/23900Y 13200Y/7620
13800 13200Y
14400/24940Y 13200
24940GrdY/14400 13800
16340 13800GrdY/7920
34500GrdY/19920 24940GrdY/14400
34500 34500GrdY/19920
120/240 208Y/120
277 240
240/480 480
240X480
480Y/277
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Table 6-3 Standard kVA Ratings for Pad Mount Transformers

Single Phase Three Phase
25 75
37.5 112.5
50 150
75 225
100 300
167 500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500

Table 6-4 Standard Voltage Ratings for Pad Mount Transformers

Single Phase Three Phase
4160GrdY/2400 2400
8320GrdY/4800 4160
12000GrdY/6930 4800
12470GrdY/7200 7200
13200GrdY/7620 12000
13800GrdY/7970 12470
16340GrdY/9430 13200
22860GrdY/13200 13800
23900GrdY/13800 16340
24940GrdY/14400 22860GrdY/13200
34500GrdY/19920 23900GrdY/13800
24940GrdY/14400
34500GrdY/19920
240/120 208Y/120
240
480
480Y/277

Table 6-5 Additional Standard Ratings for Power Transformer

kVA Single Phase kVA Three Phase kV Line Voltage
3333 3750 46
5000 5000 69
6667 7500 115
8333 10000 138
10000 12000 161
12500 15000 230
16667 20000 345
20000 25000 500
25000 30000 765
33333 37500
50000
60000
75000
100000
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COOLING CLASS

Class OA: Self-cooled

Class OA/FA: Self-cooled/forced air cooled
Class OA/FA/FA: Self-cooled/forced air cooled/forced air cooled
Class OA/FA/FOA: Self-cooled/forced air cooled/forced liquid cooled
Class OA/FOA/FOA: Self-cooled/forced liquid cooled/forced liquid cooled
Class OW: Water cooled
Class OW/A: Water Cooled/self-cooled

LOADING CALCULATIONS AND SIZING

Example 6-1 A single-phase pad mounted transformer is to be used to supply the following connected loads:
Load 1: 7 kW, 0.9 lagging power factor
Load 2: 12 kW, 0.9 lagging power factor
Load 3: 5 kW, 0.9 lagging power factor
Load 4: 23 kW, 0.8 lagging power factor
The service voltages are 120/240 V, single phase, three wire. The primary distribution circuit consists of one
phase of a 12.47-kV, three-phase MGN circuit. Assume that the demand factor for the four loads is 0.72.
Determine the appropriate winding voltage designation for the high- and low-voltage sides and kVA rating for
this transformer.

SOLUTION:
The voltage impressed on the high-voltage winding is equal to the line to neutral voltage of the system.

√
Therefore, the correct winding voltage designation from Table 6-4 is 12470GrdY/7200 V. The winding voltage
designation for the low-voltage side is 240/120 V.

The total demand on the transformer is equal to the sum of the apparent power loads multiplied by
the demand factor. Since the four loads have different power factors, it is necessary to separate the real and
reactive components of each load, as follows:

Load 1: P = 7 kW, Q= 3.4 kVAR

Load 2: P = 12 kW, Q= 5.8 kVAR
Load 3: P = 5 kW, Q= 2.4 kVAR
Load 4: P = 23 kW, Q = 17.25 kVAR
The total real, reactive, and apparent powers are 47 kW, 28.9 kVAR, and 55.1 kVA, respectively. The demand
on the transformer is
Demand = 55.1 x 0.72 = 39.kVA

Therefore, a 50-kVA transformer is required.

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______________________________________________________________________________________

Example 6-2 A single-phase overhead transformer is used to supply the following loads:

Load 1: 7 kW, 0.9 lagging power factor

Load 2: 12 kW, 0.9 lagging power factor
Load 3: 20 kW, 0.8 lagging power factor
The transformer is to be supplied from a 24.94-kV, three-phase, MGN primary distribution circuit. The service
voltage is 120/240 V, single phase, three wire. Assume that the demand factor for these three loads is 0.8.
Determine the appropriate kVA rating and winding voltage designations for this transformer.

SOLUTION:

The transformer will be connected line to neutral on the high voltage side. The line to neutral voltage of this
system is

Therefore, the winding voltage designation for the high-voltage winding from Table 6-2 is 24940GrdY/14400.
Only one fully insulated high-voltage bushing is required in this case, since the end of the high-voltage winding
is to be connected to the multigrounded neutral of the primary distribution circuit.

An optional winding voltage designation for the high-voltage winding is 14400/24940Y V. A

transformer with this voltage designation would have two insulated high-voltage bushings.

The winding voltage designation for the low-voltage side is 120/240 V. The total real, reactive, and
apparent powers are 39 kW, 24.2 kVAR and 45.9 kVA. The demand on the transformer is

Demand = 0.8 x 45.9 = 36.7 kVA

Therefore, a 37.5-kVA transformer is required.

Example 6-3 Repeat Example 6-2 if the primary distribution circuit is a 13800-V, three-phase, 3 wire delta
system.

SOLUTION:

The loading on the transformer does not change. Therefore, a 37.5-kVA transformer is required.

Since the transformer is to be connected to a delta system, the high-voltage winding will be connected line to
line. The rated line to line voltage is 13800 V. Therefore the winding voltage designation for the high-voltage
winding will be 13800 V. Note that two fully insulated high-voltage bushings are required in this situation. The
voltage designation for the low-voltage winding will be 120/240 V.
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GROUNDED WYE-GROUNDED WYE CONNECTION

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Example 6-4 A commercial establishment is to be supplied service at 208Y/120V, three phase four wire. The
utility primary distribution circuit is a 12.47-kV, three-phase, MGN system. The total estimated single-phase
load is 30 kW at 0.95 lagging power factor. The total estimated three-phase load is 150 kW at 0.8 lagging
power factor. A grounded wye-grounded wye connection of three single-phase transformers is to be used to
supply this service. Determine the apparent power ratings and winding voltage designations for each of the
three transformers in the bank.

SOLUTION:

Since the power factors of the three-phase and single-phase loads are different, each load must be expressed
in terms of real and reactive power and then added together.

Single-phase load = 30 kW, 9.9 kVAR

Three-phase Load = 150 kW, 112.5 kVAR

The loading on each transformer is

Loading = 1/3 (30 + 150) + j 1/3 (9.9 + 112.5) kVA = 60 + j 40.8 = 72.6L34.2: kVAR.

Therefore, three 75-kVA transformers are required. The winding voltage designations for each of the three
transformers are 12470GrdY/7200-120/240V. As an alternative, a winding voltage designation of 7200/12470Y
V may be used (two high-voltage bushings).

Example 6-5 An industrial plant is to be supplied service at 480Y/277 V, three phase, four wire. The utility
primary distribution circuit is a 24.94-kV, three-phase, MGN system. The total estimated single-phase load is
30 kW at 0.95 lagging power factor. The total estimated three-phase load is 300 kW at 0.7 lagging power
factor. A grounded wye-grounded wye connection of three single-phase transformers is to be used to supply
this service. Determine the apparent power ratings and winding voltage designations for each of the three
transformers in the bank.

SOLUTION:

Expressing the loads in terms of real and reactive powers,

Single-phase load = 30 + j9.9 kVA
Three-phase Load = 300 + j306.1 kVA
Total Load = 330 + j 316.0 kVA
The loading on each transformer is
Loading = 1/3(330) + j 1/3 (316) kVA = 110 + j 105.3 = 152.3L43.7: kVA
Therefore, three 167-kVA transformers are required. The winding voltage designations for each of the three
transformers are 24940GrdY/14400-277 V. As an alternative, a winding voltage designation of 14400/24940Y
V may be used (two high-voltage bushings).
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DELTA-GROUNDED WYE CONNECTION (See pages 177-179)

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Repeat Example 6-5 if the utility primary distribution circuit is a 13.2-kV, three-phase MGN system. A delta-
grounded wye connection of three single-phase transformers is to be used to supply this service. Determine
the apparent power ratings and winding voltage designations for each of the three transformers in the bank.

SOLUTION:

The loading on each transformer is 152.3 kVA, as calculated in Example 6-5. Therefore, three 167-kVA
transformers are required. The winding voltage designations for each of the three transformers are 13,200-
277 V. Each transformer will have two fully insulated high-voltage bushings since it will be connected line to
line and the primary system neutral will be connected to the secondary neutral in this case.

FLOATING WYE-DELTA CONNECTION (See pages 179-185)

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The following list summarizes the procedure used to calculate the loading on each transformer in the floating
wye-delta bank:

1. Calculate the magnitude of the single- and three-phase load currents.

2. Calculate the power factor angles of the single- and three-phase loads. A positive angle is assigned to a
lagging power factor load; a negative angle is assigned to a leading power factor load.
3. Calculate the transformer currents using Eqs. (6.26), (6.28), and (6.30).
4. Calculate the apparent power loading on each transformer by multiplying the transformer coil current
by the coil voltage.

Example 6-6 Three single-phase transformers are to be connected floating wye-delta to supply the following
loads:

Single-phase load: 30 kW, 0.95 lagging PF, 120/240 V, three wire

Three-phase load: 100 kW, 0.8 lagging PF, 240 V, three wire

The utility primary distribution circuit is a 4.16-kV MGN system. Determine the apparent power ratings and
winding voltage designations for each of the three transformers in the bank.

SOLUTION:

First, it is necessary to calculate the magnitude of the single- and three-phase load currents, as follows:

| | | |
√

| |

The power factor angles for the single- and three-phase loads are calculated.

( )

( )

The transformer coil currents are calculated.

[√ | | ( ) | | ( )]

[√ ( ) ( )]

[√ | | ( ) | | ( )]
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[√ ( ) ( )]

[√ | | ( ) | | ( )]

[√ ( ) ( )]

The apparent power loading on each transformer is

Therefore, the lighting leg transformer (that is, the transformer connected to the single-phase load) will have
an apparent power rating of 75 kVA, and each power leg transformer will be rated at 50 kVA. It is customary
to size the two power leg transformers alike in this connection. The winding voltage designations for all the
three transformers are 2400/4160Y-120/240 V. Each transformer will have two fully insulated high-voltage
bushings.

DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION (See pages 185-191)

Rule of Thumb for Determining Loading in Closed Delta Secondaries.

A rule of thumb is applicable in the determination of transformer loading in banks where the secondaries are
connected in closed delta configuration. As an approximation, the lighting leg transformer will carry two-thirds
of the single-phase load plus one-third of the three-phase load. The power leg transformers will each carry
one-third of the single-phase load plus one-third of the three-phase load. When calculating transformer
loading in the delta-delta or floating wye-delta connections, this rule should be applied to determine actual
loading if desired.

Important Application Note: The use of CSP transformers for either the delta-delta or floating wye-delta
connections is not recommended. Tripping of the secondary circuit breaker in the lighting leg transformer
would create a floating neutral to the load. This floating neutral would most likely lead to overvoltages across
the 120-V loads. Conventional transformers are recommended for these connections, with an external high
voltage fuse link and lightning arrester furnished and installed by the user.
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Example 6-8 Three single-phase transformers are to be connected delta-delta to supply the following loads:

Single- phase load: 50 kW, 0.95 lagging PF, 120/240 V, three wire
Three-phase load: 120 kW, 0.8 lagging PF, 240 V, three wire

The utility primary distribution circuit is a 13.8-kV, MGN system. Determine the apparent power ratings and
winding voltage designations for each of the three transformers in the bank. Assume that the standard
resistance and reactance values for distribution transformers are 1% and 2%, respectively.

SOLUTION:

As an initial approximation, the rule of thumb will be applied. The three-phase load is equal to 120/0.8= 150
kVA, and the single-phase load is equal to 50/0.95 = 52.6 kVA. Therefore, the lighting leg transformer will carry
approximately 85 kVA, and the two power leg transformers will carry approximately 67.5 kVA. The apparent
power rating of the lighting leg transformer will be selected as 100 kVA, and the two power leg transformers
will have a rating of 75 kVA for this load condition.
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Since the equations for loading in a delta-delta transformer connection involve the transformer
impedances, it is necessary to calculate the equivalent transformer impedances referred to the low-voltage
side. For the 100-kVA lighting leg transformer,

( )
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OPEN DELTA-OPEN DELTA & OPEN WYE-OPEN DELTA LEADING CONNECTION (See pages 191-195)
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Example 6-9 (page 194)

OPEN DELTA- OPEN DELTA & OPEN WYE-OPEN DELTA LAGGING CONNECTION (see pages 196-200)
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Example 6-10 (page 198)

Example 6-11 (page 200)