HINDUSTHAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.

ME6401– KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
II YEAR( 4th SEMESTER) – 2014 -2014
Two Marks Questions and Answers

Unit – I Basics of Mechanisms

1. Define: Degree of freedom
Degree of freedom is defined as the number of input parameters (usually pair
variables) which must be controlled independently in order to bring the device into a
particular position.
The number of degree of freedom of a mechanism (n) is given
by, n= 3(l-1)-2j-h
l= Number of links,
j= Number of joints, and
h= Number of higher
pairs.

2. What is meant by spatal mechanism?

Spatial ,mechanism have special geometric characteristics in that all revolute
axes are parallel and perpendicular to the plane of motion and all prism axes lie in
the plane of motion.

3. Classify the ‘Constrained moton.

Constrained motions are classify into three types.
1. Completely constrained motion. (e.g., square bar moving in a square
hole) 2. Incompletely constrained motion (e.g., Circular shaft in a hole)
3.Successfully constrained motion (e.g., Piston and cylinder)

4. How to determine the given assemblage of links forms the kinematc chain or
not?
If the given assemblage satisfies the following two equations (for lower
pair) then it is called as kinematic chain.
Where,
l = 2p – 4
j = 3/2 l – 2
l= Number of links,
j= Number of pairs, and
h= Number of joints.

5. What is meant by number synthesis?

Expressing mobility (or) Degree of freedom of a mechanism in terms of the
number of links and the number if pair connections of a given type are known as
‘number synthesis.
6. What are the some important inversions of four bar chain mechanism?
1. Crank-rocker mechanism (or) Crank-lever mechanism (or) Rotary- oscillating
converter
2. Crank-crank mechanism (or) Double-rocker mechanism (or) Rotary-
rotary converter.
3. Rocker-rocker mechanism (or) Double-rocker mechanism (or) Double
lever mechanism (or) an Oscillating-oscillating converter.

7. What is toggle positon?

It is the position of a mechanism at which the mechanical advantage is infinite
and the sine of angle between the coupler and driving link is zero.

8. What is pantograph?
Pantograph is a device which is used to reproduce a displacement exactly in
an enlarged or reduced scale. It is used in drawing oficers, for duplicating the
drawings, maps, plans, etc. It works on the principle of 4 bar chain mechanism,
i.e., Oscillating-oscillating converted mechanism.

9. What are the important applicatons of single slider crank

mechanism? 1. Rotary (or) Gnome engines,
. Crank and slotted lever
mechanism, 3. Oscillating cylinder
engine,
4. Hand pump.

10. Compare machine and structure.

S.No. Machine Structure
1. Relative motion exists No relative motion exists
between its parts between its members.
2. It transforms available It does not convert the
energy into useful work. available energy into work.
3. Links are meant to Members are meant for
transmit motion and carrying loads having action.
4. Example : Scooter, Car, Bus Example : Roof trusses, bridges.

11. Give some example for kinematc pairs.

1.Crank and connecting rod,
2.Connecting rod and piston rod,
and 3.Piston and engine cylinder.
12. Differentiate kinematic pair and kinematc chain.
Kinematc Pair
1. A pair is a joint of two elements that
permits relative motion in such a
way that their relative motion is
completely or successfully
constrained. Example :
1. Crank and connecting
rod.
2. Piston and cylinder
Kinematc Chain
A Kinematic chain is a combination
of pairs joined in such a way that
the relative motion between the
links or elements is completely or
successfully constrained.
Example:
1. Four bar chain.
2. Double slider
crank chain.

13. Compare Movability and Mobility.

Movability includes the six degrees of freedom of the device as a whole, as
though the ground link were not fixed, and thus applies to a kinematic
chain.Mobility neglects these and considers only the internal relative motions,
thus applying to a mechanism.

14. Differentiate kinematc chain and mechanism.

S.No. Kinematc chain Mechanism
1. It is a combination of If any one of the link in the
kinematic pairs. kinematic chain is fixed then
the kinematic chain is said to
be a mechanism.
2. The relative motion The relative motion between
between the links is the links is completely (or)
completely or successfully successfully constrained.
constrained or locked.
3. Types: Four bar chain, Types: Simple mechanism,
Slider crank chain, Double Compound mechanism.
slider crank chain, etc.

15. What is meant by ‘transmission angle’?

In a four bar chain mechanism, the angle between the coupler and the
follower (driven) link is called as the transmission angle.

16. What is ‘Mechanical advantage’ in a mechanism?

The mechanical advantage is defined as the ratio of output torque to the
input torque. It is also defined as the ratio of the load to the effort.
Where ,
M.A. (ideal) =TB /TA
TB = Driven (resisting torque), and
TA = Driven torque

17. What is meant by ‘Ackermann Steering’?

Ackerman steering is the one of the mechanism used in vehicles. It is obtained
by inversion of four bar chain.
18. State the Kutzback criterion.
A kinematic chain having ‘l’ links and ‘j’ binary joints then what is the
mobility ‘n’, according to Kutzback criterion. n = 3(l-1)- 2j provided the chain should
be a plane mechanism.

19. Write down the Kutzback and Grubler’s criterin for spatial mechanism. (i)
According to Kutzback criterian,
Mobility, n = 6(l-1)-5p1-4p2-3p3-2p4-
1p5 (ii) According to Grubler’s criterian,
6l-5p1-7=0
[For only single degree of
freedom] Where,
l=Number of links in the mechanism,
P1=Number of pairs having one degree of freedom, and
P2=Number of pairs having 2 degree of freedom and so
on.
20. Discuss the diference between mechanism and machine.
S.No. Mechanism Machine
1. Mechanism transmits Machine transmits forces and couples
and modifies motion.
2. A Mechanism is the skeleton Machine may have many
outline of the machine to mechanisms for transmitting power
produce definite motion or mechanical work.
between various links.
3. Example: Clock work, Example: Shaper and lathe in
typewriter workshop.

21. Write down the Grashof’s law for a four bar mechanism.
Grashof’s law states that the sum of the shortest and longest links cannot
be greater than the sum of the remaining two links lengths, if there is to be
continuous relative motion between two members.

22. What are the significance of Grashof’s law.

(i)Grashof’s law specifies the order in which the links are connected in
a kinematic chain.
(ii)Grashof’s law specifies which link of the four-bar chain is fixed.
(iii)(s+l)≤(p+q) should be satisfied, if not, no link will make a complete revolution relative to
another.
Where, s = Length of the shortest link,
l = Length of the longest link, and
p & q are the lengths of other two links.

23. Explain the working mechanism of bicycle bells.

Bicycle bells are working on the principle of snap action mechanism (or
otherwise called as toggle mechanism of flip-flop mechanism.) Refer Fig.1.74, for
pictorial explanation.
24. What is meant by motion adjustment mechanism?
The mechanism used to adjust or modify the motion of the link are known
as motion adjustment mechanism. Motion adjustment is obtained by wedges,
levers and rack and pinion.

25. In an Oldham’s coupling the distance between the axles of the two parallel shafts to
be connected is 30 mm. What is the maximum speed of sliding of each tongue of the
intermediate piece along its slot if the shaft revolves at a speed of 250 r.p.m?
Solution:
Distance between the axes, r = 30mm.
Speed of the shaft, N = 250
r.p.m.
Angular speed of the shaft, ω= 2πN/60
ω = 2πX250/60=26.18r/s
Maximum sliding speed of each tongue = r ω
= 30X10-³X26.18
= 0.7854 m/s
 UNIT-II - KINEMATICS OF MOTION

1. Define instantaneous centre and instantaneous axis.

Instantaneous centre: Instantaneous centre of a moving body may be defined
as that centre which goes on changing from one instant to another.
Instantaneous axis: instantaneous axis is a line drawn through an
instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the plane of motion.

2. A pin joins two links A and B, A rotates with A angular velocity and B rotates which
ωB
angular velocity in opposite directon. What is the rubbing velocity of that pin?
Running velocity of pin = (ω1+ ω2)Xr
Where r is the radius of the pin.

3. What is meant by the eficiency of a mechanism?

Eficiency of a mechanism is defined as the ratio of product of force and
velocity in driven link to the product of force and velocity in driving link.
η = FBVB/FA VA
(or) η = TB ωB/TA
ωA
Where, A = Driving link, B = Driven link, T
= Torque. F = Force,
V = Velocity, and ω = Angular velocity.

4. How to represent the directon of linear velocity of any point on a link with
respect to another point on the same link?
The direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to another
point on the same link is perpendicular to the line joining the points.

5. What is the magnitude of linear velocity of a point B on a link AB relatve to A?

The magnitude of linear velocity of a point B on a link AB, which rotates with ‘ω’
angular velocity with respect to A is:
vBA = ωBAxAB

6. What is the expression for Coriolis component of acceleraton?

ACBC = 2 v ω
Where ω = Angular velocity of ‘OA’, and
V = Linear velocity of ‘B’.

7. What are the propertes of instantaneous centre?

(i)A rigid link rotates instantaneously relative to another link at the
instantaneous centre for the configuration of the mechanism.
(ii)The two rigid links have no linear velocity relative to each other at the
instantaneous centre. At this point the two rigid links have the same linear velocity
relative to the rigid link. In other words, the velocity of the instantaneous centre
relative to any third rigid link will be same whether the instantaneous centre is
regarded as a point on the first rigid link or on the second rigid link.
8. How many instantaneous centres are possible in a four bar chain mechanism?
Number of instantaneous centres, N = n(n-1)/2
Where , n = Number of links.
In four bar chain mechanism, n=4
N = 4(4-1)/2=6centres are possible.

9. What are the two components of acceleration?

1. Radial component of acceleration,
arOB = ω2OBxOB
2. Tangential component of
acceleration, atOB
= aOBX OB

where, ωOB = Angular velocity of link OB,

αOB = Angular acceleration of link OB,
and OB = Length of link OB.

11. Define Kennedy’s theorem.

The Kennedy’s theorem states that if three bodies move relatively to each
other, they have three instantaneous centers and lie on a straight line.

12. In a four bar chain mechanism crank AB = 0.3 meter rotates with 100 r.p.m. and lever
CD oscillates with a linear velocity of 5 m/s and what is the mechanical advantage of the
system.
Solution: Mechanical advantage = VAB/VDC
VAB = ωABxAB
= 2πNAB/60xAB
= 2πX100/60=0.3=3.14m/s
VDC = 5m/s
=3.14/55=0.628m/s

13. In the four bar chain, considering mechanical advantage of 0.7, F B = 50N, what is the
force actng on pin C.
Given Data: M.A = 0.7
FB = 50N
FC = ?
Solution:
M.A = FC/FB
0.7 = FC/50
FC=35N (Ans)
 UNIT-III - KINEMATICS OF CAM

1. What is a cam?
A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating (or)
oscillating motion to another element known as follower.

2. Give some example for cams. (i)Radial (or) disc cams (ii)Cylindrical cams (or) barrel cams (iii)End
(or) Face cams (iv)Wedge cams

3. What is the maximum acceleraton of a follower moving with cycloidal moton?

(i)Maximum acceleration of follower during out stroke: a 0 = 2πω2s/θ02
(ii) Maximum acceleration of follower during return stroke: aR = 2πω2s/θR2

4. Define tangent cam?

When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and
nose circle, the cam is known as tangent cam.

5. Distnguish radial and cylindrical cams.

Radial Cam: In this cam, the follower reciprocates (or) oscillates in a
direction perpendicular to the cam axis.
Cylindrical Cam: In this the follower reciprocates (or) oscillates in a direction
parallel to the cam axis.

6. What are the diferent motons of the follower?

(i) Uniform motion,
(ii) Simple harmonic motion,
(iii) Uniform acceleration and retardation,
and (iv) Cycloidal motion.

7. How can high surface stress in flat faced follower be minimized?

High surface stress in the followers is minimized by machining the flat end of
the follower to a spherical shape.

8. Compare Roller and mushroom follower of a cam.

S.No. Roller Follower Mushroom Follower
1. Roller followers are extensively The mushroom followers
used where more space is are generally used where
available. space is limited.
2. It is used in stationary gas It is used in cams which operate
engines, oil engines and aircraft the valves in automobile
valves in engines. engines.

9. Where are the roller follower extensively used?

Roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as
in stationary gas oil engines, and aircraft engines.

10. Define dwell period?

The period during which the follower remains at rest is called dwell period.
11. Explain offset follower.
When the motion of the follower is along as axis away from the axis of the
cam centre, it is called ofset follower.

12.Define trace point in the study of cams.

It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch curve.
In case of knife edge follower the knife edge represents the trace point and the pitch
curve corresponds to the cam profile. In a roller follower the centre of the roller
represents the trace point.
13. Define pressure angle with respect to cams.
It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and a normal to
the pitch curve. This angle is very important in designing a cam profile. If the pressure
angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in its bearings.
14. Define Life (or) Stroke in cam.
It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the
topmost position.
15. What is the maximum acceleraton of a follower moving with simple harmonic
moton?
Maximum acceleration of follower during out
stroke, ao = π2ω2s/2(θ o)2
Maximum acceleration of follower during return
stroke, aR = π2ω2s/2(θ R)2

Where, ω = Angular velocity of the cam,

S = Stroke length,
θo = Out stroke angle,
and θR = Return stroke
angle.

16. Define undercuttng in cam. How it occurs?

The cam profile must be continuous curve without any loop. If the curvature
of the pitch curve is too sharp, then the part of the cam shape would be lost and
thereafter the intended cam motion would not be achieved. Such a cam is said to be
undercut. Undercutting occurs in the cam because of atempting to achieve too great
a follower lift with very small cam rotation with a smaller cam.

17. What do you know about Nomogram?

In nomogram, by knowing the values of total lift of the follower (L) and the
can rotation angle (β) for each segment of the displacement diagram, we can read
directly the maximum pressure angle occurring in the segment for a particular choice
of prime circle radius (Ro).

18.How can you prevent undercuttng in cam?

1. By decreasing the follower lift.
2. By increasing cam rotation angle.
3. By increasing the cam size (i.e., Base circle).

19. What do you know about gravity cam?

In this type, the rise of the cam is achieved by the rising surface of the cam
and the return by the force of gravity or due to the weight of the cam.
 UNIT-IV - TOOTHED GEARING

1. What is an angle of obliquity in gears?

It is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of
contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. It is also called as pressure angle.

2. What is bevel gearing? Mention its types.

When the non-parallel (or) intersecting but coplanar shafts connected by
gears, they are called bevel gears and the arrangement is bevel gearing. It is of two
types namely skew bevel gearing and spiral gearing.

3. What is meant by are of approach, arc of recess and arc of contact?

Arc of approach is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of
the engagement to the pitch point.
Arc of recess es the position of the path of contact from pitch point to the
end of the engagement of a pair of teeth.
Arc of contact is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the
beginning to the end of engagement of a pair of teeth.

4. State law of Gearing.

The law of gearing states that for obtaining a constant velocity ratio, at any
instant of teeth the common normal at each point of contact should always pass
through a pitch point, situated on the line joining the centre of rotation of the pair of
mating gears.

5. Define normal and axial pitch in helical gears.

Normal pitch is the distance between similar faces of adjacent teeth, along a
helix on the pitch cylinder normal to the teeth.
Axial pitch is the distance measured parallel to the axis between similar faces
of a adjacent teeth.

6. Write down the diferences between involute and cycloidal tooth profle.
S.No. Involute Tooth profile Cycloidal Tooth Profile
1. Variation in centre The centre distance should not vary.
distance does not affect
the velocity ratio.
2. Pressure angle remains Pressure angle varies. It is zero at
constant throughout the pitch point and maximum at
the teeth. the start and end of engagement.
3. Interference occurs. No interference occurs.
4. Weaker teeth Stronger teeth.

7. What are the standard interchangeable tooth profles?

1. 14½o composite system,
2. 14½o full depth involute system, and 3. 20o full depth involute system.

8. What are the methods to avoid interference?

1. The height of the teeth may be reduced. 2. The pressure angel may be increased.
3. The radial flank of the pinion may be cut back (undercuting).
9. What is the advantage when arc of recess is equal to arc of approach in a meshing
gears?
When arc of recess equal to arc of approach, the work wasted by friction
is minimum and efficiency of drive is maximum.
10. Write down the expression for normal circular pitch and axial pitch in helical gears.
Normal pitch = Pc x cos α
Axial pitch = Pc/tan α
Where Pc = Circular pitch, and
α = Helix angle.
11. What is the conditon and expression for maximum efficiency in spiral gears?
1. Condition for maximum efficiency: α = θ+ø/2
2. Maximum efficiency: ηmax = 1+cos(θ+ø)/1+cos(θ-
ø) Where , α = Spiral angle,
ø = Shaft angle, and
θ = Friction angle.
12. What is the sum of the number of teeth on pinion and gear (z p+zw) to
avoid interference in case of pressure angle of 14½o and 20o?
1. For 14½o system, (zp+zw) = 64
2. For 20o system, (zp+zw) = 35
13. Two gears having involute teeth are in mesh. If the path of approach and path of
recess are half of their maximum possible values, then what is the length of path of
contact?
Length of path of contact = (R + r)sin ø/2
Where , R = Pitch circle radius of wheel,
r = Pitch circle radius of pinion,
and ø = Pressure angle.
14. What are the advantages and limitatons of gear drive? Write any two.
Advantages:
1. Since there is no slip, so exact velocity ratio is obtained.
2. It is more efficient and effective means of power transmission.
Limitations:
1. Manufacture of gear is complicated.
2. The error in cuting teeth may cause vibration and noise during operation.
15. Define contact ratio.
It is the ratio of the length of arc contact to the circular pitch is known as
contact ratio. The value gives the number of pairs of teeth in contact.
16. What do you know about tumbler gear?
Tumbler gears are those which are used in lathes for reversing the direction
of rotation of driven gears.

17 . What is the minimum number of teeth pinion which will mesh with any
gear without interference?
System of gear teeth Maximum number of teeth on the
pinion
14½o composite 12

14½o full depth involute 32

20o full depth involute 18

20o stub involute 14

18. Define interference.
The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the roots on its mating
gear is known as interference.

19. What is the minimum number of teeth on a pinion for involute rack in order to
avoid interference?
Tp = 2AR/sin2
ø Where,
AR= Fraction by which the standard addendum of one module for the rack
is to be multiplied.
ø = Pressure angle

20. What you meant by non-standard gear teeth?

The gear teeth obtained by modifying the standard proportions of gear
teeth parameters are known as non-standard gear teeth.

21. Define cycloidal tooth profile and involute tooth profle.

A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle
which rolls without slipping on a fixed straight line.
Involute profile is defined as the locus of a point on a straight line which rolls
without slipping on the circumference of a circle.

22. Define circular pitch and diametral pitch in spur gears.

Circular pitch (PC):
It is the distance measured along the circumference of the pitch circle
from a point on one teeth to the corresponding point on the adjacent tooth.
PC = πD/T
Diametric pitch(PD):
It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle
diameter. PD = T/D = π/PC

23. Define Backlash.

It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness
along the pitch circle.
Backlash = Tooth space – Tooth thickness

GEAR TRAIN
24. What is gear train of wheels?
Two or more gears re made to mesh with each other to transmit power from
one shaft to another. Such a combination is called a gear train or train of wheels.

25. What are the types of gear

trains? 1. Simple gear train,
2. Compound gear train,
3. Reverted gear train and
4. Epicyclical gear train.
26 Write velocity rato in compound train of wheels?
Speed of last follower – Product of teeth on drivers.
Speed of first driver – Product of teeth on followers.

27. Define simple gear train.

When there is only one gear on each shaft, it is known as simple gear train.

28. What is meant by compound gear train?

When there are more than one gear on shaft, it is called a compound
gear train.

29. What is the advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train.
The advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train is that a
much larger speed reduction from the first shaft to the last shaft can be obtained
with small gears.

30. What is reverted gear train?

When the axes of the first and last wheels are co-axial, the train is known
as reverted gear train.

31. How epicyclical gear train difers from the other types of gear trains?
In epicyclical gear trains, the axes of the shafts on which the gears mounted
may move relative to a fixed axis.
But in other types, the axes of the shafts over which the gears are mounted
are fixed relative to each other.

32. State the methods to find the velocity ratio of epicyclical gear train.
Two methods are: 1. Tabulation method, and 2. Algebraic
method.

33. Mention two methods to transmit power between two wheels when the
distance between them is great?
1. By providing the large sized wheels, or
2. By providing one or more intermediate wheels.

34. What are the externally applied torqueses used to keep the gear train in equilibrium?
1. Impart torque on the driving member.
2. Resisting or holding torque on the driven member.
3. Holding or braking torque on the fixed member.

35. Where the epicyclic gear trains are used?

The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential gears
of the automobiles, pulley blocks, wrist watches, etc.
 UNIT-V FRICTION

1. Compare Dry, Greasy and Fluid Fricton.

Object Dry Friction Greasy Friction Fluid Friction
Definition: The friction that When the two When the two
exists between two surfaces in contact surfaces in contact
unlubricated have a minute thin are completely
surfaces. layer of lubricant separated by a
between them, then lubricant, then it is
it is called as greasy called as fluid
friction. friction.
Other names Solid friction Skin friction Film friction (or)
Viscous friction.

2. Compare the laws of solid fricton and Fluid Fricton.

S.No. Law of Solid (or) Dry Friction Laws of Fluid Friction
1 The frictional force is directly The frictional force is almost
proportional to the normal independent of load.
reaction between the
2. The frictional force opposes the The frictional force is independent of
motion (or) its tendency to the the substances of the bearing
motion and depends upon the surfaces and opposing tendency is
nature of the surfaces in less.
3. The frictional force is The frictional force reduces with
independent of the area and the increase in temperature of the
shape of the contacting lubricant.

3. What is meant by slope of a thread?

It is the inclination of the thread with horizontal.
Slope of thread = tan-1[Lead screw/Circumference of screw]

4. Diferentiate between angle of repose and limitng angle of fricton.

S.No. Angle of Repose Limiting Angle of
Friction
1. The angle of repose is defined as the The limiting angle of
maximum inclination of a plane at which a friction (ø) is defined as
body remains in equilibrium over the the angle at which the
inclined plane by the assistance of friction resultant reaction ‘R’
only. makes with the normal
reaction ‘RN’.

2. The angle of repose is equal to the limiting The limiting angle is not
angle of friction (ø). equal to angle of repose.
5. What are the efects of limitng angle of fricton?
1. If limiting angle of friction (ø) is equal to tan-1 μ, then the body will move
over the plane irrespective of the magnitude of the force (F) (Limiting force of
friction).
2. If ø < tan-1 μ, then no motion of body on plane is possible irrespective of
how large the magnitude of F may be.

6. Define co-eficient of fricton (μ).

It is defined as the ratio of the limiting friction (F) to the normal reaction
(R N) between the two bodies.
μ = Limiting force of friction/Normal reaction=F/RN

7. Diferentiate coeficient of fricton in square thread and V-thread.

(a) In square thread, μ = F/RN
(b) In V thread, μ1 = μ/cos β
Where ,
F = Limiting force of friction,
RN = Normal reaction, and
2β = Angle of ‘V’ in a ‘V’ thread.

8. A block of 50 N rests on a horizontal plane and whose co-efficient of fricton is

0.25. What is the force required to pull the block at an angle 30 o to the
horizontal.
Given Date:
W = 50 N
μ = 0.25
θ = 30o
[θ = tan -1 (μ) =
14.04] Solution:
Required force (pulling), P = W sin ø/cos (θ - ø)
P = 50 sin 14.04/cos (30 – 14.04) = 12.62 N

9. In the above problem what is the minimum force required to just pull the body?
Given Data: W = 50kg
μ = 0.25
[θ = tan -1 (μ) = 14.04]
Solution:
Pmin = W sin θ
At minimum force position, θ = ø
Pmin = W sin ø = 50 sin 14.04
Pmin = 12.129N
10. What is the mechanical advantage for a block whose weight ‘W’ which rests on a
inclined plane whose angle is ‘a’ to the horizontal by a pulling force ‘P θ’ , at θ
degrees with vertcal plane (neglectng fricton).
Mechanical advantage = W/ Pθ = sin (θ = a)/ sin
a

11. What is the eficiency of inclined plane?

The efficiency of an inclined plane is defined as the ratio between effort
without friction (Pθ ) and the effort with friction (P).

12. Compare laws of static fricton and dynamic fricton.

S.No. Law of Statc Fricton Laws of Dynamic Fricton
1. The frictional force always acts The frictional force always acts in a
in a direction, opposite to the direction, opposite to the direction of
direction of motion of the body. motion of the body.
2. The magnitude of frictional force Frictional force remains constant for
is exactly equal to the force. moderate speeds.
3. The magnitude of the limiting The magnitude of the limiting friction
friction bears a constant ratio to bears a constant ratio to the normal
the normal reaction between reaction between the two surfaces.
the two surfaces.

13. A body of 50N is placed on a 20o inclined plane whose coeficient of fricton = 0.3 what is the force
required to hold the body at its positon in the horizontal directon.
Given Data: W = 50N
μ = 0.3 [ø = tan-1 (μ) = 16.69]
α = 20o
Solution:
Since θ = 90o [indirectly given – Horizontal force]
Holding Force,P = W sin (α=ø)/sin (θ-α-ø) = 50sin (20o+16.69)/sin(90-20-16.69)
P = 37.255N

14. What is the mechanical advantage of the above system.

Mechanical advantage = W/P
= 50N/37.255N = 1.342

15. What is the mechanical efficiency of an inclined plane which needs 50N of force to
raise a block on its surface when it is purely lubricated and 65 N when the surface
Is dry.
Given Data:
P0 = 50N [without friction]
P = 65N [with considering friction]
Solution:
Eficiency of the inclined surface is given by,
η up = P0/P=50/65=0.79
η up = 76.92%
16. A inclined plane (α inclination to the horizontal) having ø limitng angle of fricton is
used to lower load down, what is the efficiency of the inclined plane if the efort
is applied in the horizontal direction. Solution:
ηdown = cot α/cot (α- ø)
(or) ηdown = tan (α-ø)/tan α

17. What is the efort required to lift a 50 tone of lorry using screw jack?
(μ = 0.3 and α = 20o) -

Solution: ø = tan 1 (μ) = 16.69o

W = 50tonne = 50x10x9.81
= 490.5KN
Efort required to lift lorry P = W tan (α + ø)
= 490.5 tan (16.69 + 20)
= 365.56KN

18. What is the preferred ‘α’ value for a screw to have maximum efficiency?
α = π/4-ø/2

19. What is the maximum eficiency of a screw jack?

ηmax = 1- sin ø/1+ sin ø
-
where , ø = tan 1 μ

20. Why self-locking screws have lesser efficiency?

Self locking needs some friction on the thread surface of the screw and nut
hence it needs higher eforts to lift a body and hence automatically the efficiency
decreases.
FRICTION CLUTCHES

21. What are the functons of clutches?

1. It supplies power to the transmission system.
2. It stops the vehicle by disconnecting the engine from transmission
system. 3. It is used to change the gear and idling the engine.
4. It gives gradual increment of speed to the wheels.

22In a five plate clutch drive, the inner and outer radii of fricton plate are 100 mm and
200 mm on the plate using uniform wear principle.
Given Data: np = 5 and n = 5-1=4; r1 = 100 mm; r2 = 200 mm; μ = 0.25;
W = 15KN; T = ?
T=nμWR
= n μ W(r1+ r2/2)
= 4x0.25x15x103 (100+200/2)x10-3 T = 2250N-m
23. What is the axial force required at the engagement and disengagement of
cone clutch?
Axial force required: W =Wn (1+μ cot α)
Where, Wn = Normal load,
μ = Coefficient of friction, and
α = Cone angle of the clutch.

24. What is the difference between cone clutch and centrifugal clutch.
Cone clutch works on the principle of friction alone. But centrifugal clutch
uses principle of centrifugal force in addition with it.

25.Compare plate clutches and cone clutches.

S.No. Plate clutches Cone clutches
1. Works on the principle of friction. Works on the principle of friction.
2. Friction lined flat plates are used. Friction lined frustum of cone is used.
3. Single plate and multi plate It is not possible.
clutch is possible depending on
the load condition.
4. It uses principle of uniform wear It also uses the principle of uniform
and uniform pressure wear and uniform pressure.

26. Why fricton is called as ‘necessary evil?

Friction is the important factor in engineering and physical applications such as
belt and ropes, jibs, clutches and brakes, nut and bolts, so it is the necessary one. If the
friction exceeds certain value it will cause heat, damage and wear when applied. So it is
called ‘necessary evil’.

BELT AND ROPE DRIVES

27. What are the belt materials?

1. Leather, 2. Cotton or fabric, 3. Rubber, 4. Balata and 5. Nylon.

28. What are the types of belt drive?

1. Parallel belt drives
a) Open belt b)
Cross belt
c) One idler pulley
d) Many idler pulley
e) Intermediate pulley
2. Angular belt drives
(with or without idler pulley)
a) Right angle drive,
b) Intersecting drives
c) Non-intersecting drives

29. Explain velocity rato.

It is defined as the ratio between velocity of the driver and the follower
(or) driven.

30. Whether the thickness of belt affects the velocity rato? Yes, but it is negligible.
N2/N1 = d1+t/d2+t
Where, N1 and N2 = Speed of the driver and the driven respectively,
d1 and d2 = Diameters of the driver and the driven respectively, and t = Belt
thickness.
31 What is the efect of slip on velocity ratio of a belt
drive? N2/N1 = d1/d2[1-s/100]
s = Slip of the belt drive.

32. State the law of beltng?

Law of belting states that the centre line of the belt as it approaches the pulley
must lie in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the pulley or must lie in the plane of
the pulley, otherwise the belt will runof the pulley.

33. In a open belt drive, distance between pulleys is ‘x’ and their diameters are D 1 and D2 What is the
length of belt required by this system?
L = π/2 (D1+ D2)+2x+( D1-D2)2/4x

34 What is meant by angle of contact? (Lap angle)

It is the angle made by a common normal drawn to the tangent line at the
point of engagement and at the point of disengagement of the belt on a pulley, at
its centre.
Lap angle for open belt drive = θ = (180 o-2α)π/180
rad Lap angle for cross belt drive = θ = (180+2α)π/180
rad

35. Compare slip and creep in belt drive. Write any two points.
S.No. Slip Creep
1. The relative motion between belt The phenomenon of sudden
and pulley due to insuficient contraction and expansion of belt
friction is called as slip. when it passes from slack side to
tight side is called as creep.
2. The effect of slip is to reduce the The effect of creep is to reduce the
speed of driven. speed of the driven pulley.
3. It can be avoided by proper It can be improved (avoided) by
friction lining on the surface pf arranging the driving system such
the pulley or on belt. that the tight side should be the
lower one and slack side be upper
one.
4. Its effect on velocity ratio, N2/N1 = d1/d2xE+√σ2/ E+√σ1
N2/N1 = d1/d2[1-s/100] Where E = Young’s modulus of
the belt material, and
σ1, σ2 stress on tight side and slack
sides of the belt.

36 What is the centrifugal effect on belts?

During operation, as the belt passes over a pulley the centrifugal effect due to its
self weight tends to lift the belt from the pulley surface. This reduces the normal
reaction and hence the frictional resistance. The centrifugal force produce additional
tension in the belt.

37. Write down the conditon for maximum power

transmission in belts. P = (TV-mv3) x C
 Where, C = 1-1/eμθ

38. What are the disadvantages of V-belt drive over flat belt?
1. V belt cannot be used in large distance.
2. It is not as durable as flat belt.
3. Since the V belt subjected to certain amount of creep therefore it is not
suitable for constant speed applications such as synchronous machines, and
timing devices.
4. It is a costlier system.

39. What is the rato of driving tension in flat belt, V belt and in rope drives?
(a) T1/T2 = eμθ (For flat belt drive)
(b) T1/T2 = eμθ cosec β (For V belt and rope
drive) Where T1 = Tension in tight side,
T2 = Tension in loose side,
θ = Angle of contact, and
2β = Angle of V groove.

40. What is the conditon for transmission of optimum or maximum power in

belt drive?
Power transmitted shall be a maximum when the centrifugal tension TC is one
third of the belt strength T or when the belt runs at the velocity of √T/3m
Where , T = Total belt tension, and
m = Mass of belt per unit length.

41. When is the cross belt used instead of open belt?

1. Cross belt is used where the direction of rotation of driven pulley is opposite
to driving pulley.
2. Where we need more power transmission there we can use cross belt drive.

42. What is wipping? How it can be avoided in belt driver?

It the centre distance between two pulleys is too long then the belt begins
to vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of belt. This
phenomenon is called as wipping. Wipping can be avoided by using idler pulleys.

43. What will be the efect on the limitng rato of tensions of a belt if the coefficient
of fricton between the belt and rim of pulley is doubled while angle of lap remains
same?
The ratio of tension will be squared.
44. What is the (force) efort required to down a 50kg block on a inclined plane whose
angle of inclination s equal to limitng angle of fricton?
There is no effort is required to move the body down.

45. Why lubricaton reduces fricton?

In practical all the mating surfaces are having roughness with it. It causes
friction. If the surfaces are smooth then friction is very less. Lubrication smoothens
the mating surface by introducing oil film between it. The fluids are having high
smoothness than solids and thus lubrication reduces friction.
46. What you meant by ‘Crowning in pulley’?
The process of increasing the frictional resistance on the pulley surface is known
as crowning. It is done in order to avoid slipping of the belt.

47What is meant by inital tension in belts?

In order to increase the frictional grip between the belt and pulleys, the belt is
tightened up. Due to this the belt gets subjected to some tension even when the
pulleys are stationary. This tension in the belt is called initial tension (T 0).

BRAKES

48 List out the commonly used breaks.

1. Hydraulic brakes: e.g., Pumps or hydrodynamic brake and fluid
agitator. 2. Electric brakes: e.g., Eddy current brakes.
3. Mechanical brakes: e.g., Radial brakes and Axial brakes

49 Write an expression for the rato of tension between the tight and slack sides of
a band and block brake.
T1/T2 =[1+μ tanθ /1+μ tanθ]n Where, T1 = Tension in tight side,
T2 = Tension in slack side, μ = Coeficient of friction between block and drum.
2= Subtending angle, and n = Number of blocks.

50 What do you mean by a brake?

Brake is a device by means of which motion of a body is retarded for slowing
down (or) to bring it to rest which works on the principle of frictional force, it acts
against the driving force.

51. Explain self-energizing.

When moments of efforts applied on the break drum and frictional force are in
the same direction, the breaking torque becomes maximum (frictional force aids the
braking action). In such a case the brake is said to be partially self actuating or self
energizing.

52. When is the intensity of pressure actng brake shoe is assumed to be uniform?
The intensity of pressure is assumed to be constant when the break shoe has
small angle of contact. For large angle of contact, it is assumed that the rate of wear
of the shoe remains constant.