Transportation Planning and Engineering

Lecture 3

Introduction to Airport Engineering

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Introduction
 Airport
 Any defined area on land (including runway, building,
installations and equipments) intended for arrival/departure
and movement of air craft.
 Aircraft
 Flying machine heavier than air.

 Aviation
 Aviation refers to flying using aircraft, machines designed
by humans for atmospheric flight.
 An international airport is an airport where flights from
other countries land and/or take of.

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Importance of Air Transportation

 Accessibility to inaccessible areas

 Fastest mode of transportation
 Connectivity over land and water (no change
of equipment)
 Enhance international travel (tourism etc.)
 Relief during emergencies and natural
disasters (2005 earthquake, 2010 floods)

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Limitations of Air Transport
 Requires huge funds
 High initial construction cost (land cost)
 High maintenance cost

 Requires highly skilled workforce and sophisticated

equipments
 Operations highly dependent on weather conditions
 Safety in air
 Designation of flight paths and territories
(congestions- new airports)
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Transportation Trends 1950-1990 (USA)
450

400
Passsenger-Miles (billions)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year

Total Airline Railroad Buses

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Transportation Trends 1950-1990 (USA)

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Brief Historic Perspective, Cont’d
 1903 - Wright Brothers (Wilbur and Orville Wright - Bicycle repairer) first
flight in North Carolina (120 ft)
 1909 – French pilot Louis Belroit crossed English Channel to England
 1912 – Flight between Delhi and Karachi
 1914 – Air passenger transport began in Germany.
 1918 – First international service between France and Spain.
 1918 – US Postal Service (Washington DC and New York).
 1919 – the International Commission on Air Navigation (ICAN) was
established
 1919 – six European airlines formed in Hague the International Air Traffic
Association (IATA)

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Brief Historic Perspective
 1919 – London – Paris flight
 1927 – Service between London to New York.
 1927 – Pan American service Miami-La Havana (Cuba).
 1928 – Havana Convention on Civil Aviation
 1929 – Warsaw Convention on Civil Aviation
 1930 – Round the World flight
 1944 – International Civil Aviation Conference
 1944 – Chicago Convention, establishing provisional ICAO
 1947 – The International Civil Aviation Organization was established as a
body of UN
 1950s – Introduction of jet engines in 1950’s.
 1954 – The Boeing dash 80 prototype B707 first flight

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Brief Historic Perspective
 1969 – Concorde first flight
 1969 – Boeing B747-100 fly
 1988 – Airbus A320 “fly by wire” enters service
 1990 – Commercial Airlines world wide carried more than 1.0
billion passengers almost 1.1 trillion passenger-miles: cargo 44
billion ton-mile
 2006 – Airbus A380 introduced

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First Airplane – Wright Brothers (1903)

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Early Commercial Aircraft
(1920-1930s)

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Development in Mid 1930s
 1930s: Major developments in US and Europe
 1935 : First air traffic control facility (Newark)
 1936 : Douglas DC-3 goes into service

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End of WWII Circa Aircraft
 1946 Douglas DC-6 introduced
 Several four engine, (piston) powered become
the main type for the commercial aircraft

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Post WWII Period (Radar Development)

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Aircrafts of Post War II Period

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Short/Medium Range Aircraft (1960s)

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Supersonic Aircraft (Late 1960s)

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Large Capacity Aircraft (1960-1970s)

Boeing 747

 Seats 416-524 passengers

 Wingspan: 210’-5”
 Height: 63’-8”
 Fuel capacity 55,000 gallons
 Max take-off weight: 875,000 lb
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New Large Aircrafts NLA - A380 (2006)
 Seats 555-600 passengers
 Wingspan: 261’-10”
 Height: 79’-7”
 Fuel capacity 81,000 gallons
 Max take-off weight: 1,235,000 lb

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Regulatory Authorities

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Regulatory Authorities
 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 International Air Transport Association (IATA)
 US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
 Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)

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International Civil Aviation Organization
 Established in 1944 as a result of Chicago convention
(headquarter is in Montreal Canada)
 Specialized agency of United Nation in 1947.

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ICAO Objectives, Cont’d
 Orderly growth of air travel around the world.
 Aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes.
 Development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities.
 Requirements for safe, regular, efficient and economical
travel.
 Prevent economic waste by unreasonable competition.

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ICAO Objectives
 Provides opportunity to all countries to operate
internationally.
 Avoid discrimination between member countries.
 Meets every three years to review organization
working and set future goals.
 Strategic Objectives of ICAO (2005 – 2010)
 Safety, Security, Environmental Protection
 Efficiency, Continuity and Rule of Law

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 ICAO Standards
Annexur Title
e
1 Personnel licensing International standardization is
2 Rules of the air
3 Meteorology
essential in air operations
4 Aeronautical charts supporting services such as
5 Dimensional units
aerodromes,
6 Operation of aircraft
7 Aircraft nationality and registration marks
telecommunications,
8 Airworthiness of aircraft navigational aids, air traffic
9 Facilitation
services, search and rescue
10 Aeronautical telecommunication
11 Air traffic services and aeronautical charts.
12 Search and rescue
13 Aircraft accident inquiry
An aerodrome or airdrome is a location
14 Aerodromes
from which aircraft flight operations take
15 Aeronautical information services
place, regardless of whether they involve
16 Aircraft noise
cargo, passengers, or neither
17 Security
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International Air Transport Association (IATA)

 International organization founded in 1919.

 To promote safe, regular and economic air transport.
 To foster air commerce and study the problems connected therewith.
 To provide a mean for international collaboration.
 To cooperate with ICAO and other international organizations.
 To regulate pricing and ticketing
 ICAO major focus is on setting standards whereas IATA is primarily
concerned with:
 Traffic coordination
 Fares, rates and charges for travel agent commission.
 Members are from individual airlines representing the country.

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US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
 Promote safe air carrier operations.
 Controlling the use of airways and promotes civil aeronautical
developments.
 Research and development of air navigation facilities
 Enforce safety standards and regulations including aviation systems,
equipment, devices, materials, concepts and procedures.
 Aircraft registration and issue of safety certificates.
 Participate with ICAO and other international organizations.
 Aviation accident evaluation.
 Training and Education:
 Advisory circulars
 Establishing design methods and standards

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Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)
 Created in December 1982
 Airport management and development
 Enforces high performance standards for efficiency and
service in airport operations and the development of air
cargo industries
 Air space management and organization
 Provides ATC service to ensure a safe flow.
 Provides rescue service.
 Cooperation with ICAO, IATA and other groups for
airspace capacity management.

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Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority –
Cont’d
 Air services development
 Promotes safe and efficient commercial aviation
 Promotes trade and economic growth

 Regulatory and advisory services

 Regulate the operations of Pakistan registered aircraft
(training centers)
 Surveillance of aircraft engineering activities
 Regulates the operation of aerospace industries and
personnel fitness.
 Advises the government on CAA related matters

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Pakistan International Airline

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History of PIA
 1951: creation of national flag carrier airline.
 May 25, 1951: ordered three Lockheed L-1049C Super Constellation.
 June 7, 1954: first linking Karachi and Dacca
 February 1, 1955: service between Karachi and London via Cairo.
 March 11, 1955: added 11 Douglas DC-3 and 2 Convair CV-240 aircraft.
 May 1956: ordered three Vickers Viscount 815.
 January 31, 1959: linking Karachi and Delhi. January 3, 1961: added
Fokker F-27 Friendship twin-turboprop type.
 May 5, 1961: leased Boeing 707-321 for service to London and New
York.
 December 21, 1961: added three Boeing 720-040B aircraft.
 April 29, 1964: service to the Chinese city of Shanghai.

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History of PIA – Cont’d
 March 1, 1974: added McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30.
 April 1976: added two Boeing 747-282B (initially leased from Air
Portugal).
 March 3, 1980: added Airbus A300B4-203 two-turbofan type.
 1985: added six Boeing 737-300 aircraft.
 June 25, 1991: added six Airbus A310-308.
 1999: added five Boeing 747-367 aircraft (initially leased from Cathay
Pacific).
 January 29, 2004: added Boeing 777-240ER (eight ordered in 2002).

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Present Fleet of PIA
6 Airbus A300B4
12 Airbus A310-300
7 Boeing 737-300
2 Boeing 747-200B (SCD)
6 Boeing 747-300
6 Boeing 777-200ER
2 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
8 Fokker F-27 Friendship Mk 200/500RF

Total: 46 Aircrafts?

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Components of an Airport
 Runway: for take-off and landing of aircrafts
 Taxiway: connects runways with other parts of airport, e.g.
apron, hangers
 Apron: parking area for loading and unloading of passengers
and cargo
 Terminal building: interface between air and groundside,
baggage and passenger processing area
 Hangars: aircraft shelter and maintenance area
 Holding aprons: Located near the end of the runway to hold
planes until runway clear. Final checking up of engines and
other important instruments done here
 Air Traffic Control (ATC): includes control tower, guidance
systems, lighting systems, etc.
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Schematic Layout of the Airport

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AIRPORT LAYOUT

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 Example of Runway

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 Example of Runway and Taxiway

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 Example of Apron

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 Example of Terminal Building

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 Example of Vehicular Circulation
Parking

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 Example of Hangers

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 Example of Hangers

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 Example of Hangers

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 Example of Air Traffic
Control System

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 Air Traffic Control System

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Airport Classification
 Based on Take-off and Landing (ICAO)
 Based on Geometric Design (ICAO)
 Based on Aircraft Approach Speed (FAA)
 Based on Aircraft Wing Span (FAA)
 Based on Functional Use

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Based on Take-off and Landing (ICAO)
 Conventional Take-Off and Landing Airport
(Runway Length > 1500 m)
 Reduced Take-Off and Landing Airport (Runway
Length 1000 to 1500 m)
 Short Take-Off and Landing Airport (Runway Length
500 to 1000 m)
 Vertical Take-Off and Landing Airport (Operational
area 25 to 50 sq m)

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Based on Geometric Design (ICAO)

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Based on Aircraft Approach Speed (FAA)

Approach Approach
Category Speed (Knots)

A < 91
B 91 – 120
C 121 – 140
D 141 – 165
E > 165

1 Knot = 1.9 km/hr

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Based on Aircraft Wing Span (FAA)

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Based on Functional Use
 Civil Aviation
 Domestic
 International

 Military
 Defense
 Specialized Air Force Airports

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Aircraft/Airline Classification
 Commercial airlines (scheduled airlines)
 General aviation: all flying other than commercial
 Business flying
 Instructional flying
 Personal flying
 Commuter air carrier: is defined as an air carrier with
maximum of 60 seats and that provides at lest five scheduled
round trips per week between two or more points.
 Services aircrafts (army, navy, air force, etc.)

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QUESTIONS !!!!

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