Transportation Planning and Engineering

Lecture 13

Transportation Planning Process

(Data Collection Methods)
Transportation surveys
 To grasp present transportation situations
by detailed data
 To forecast future transport demand and
to evaluate transportation measures
and/or polices by applying demand
forecasting models.
 Macro planning (master planning)
 Micro planning (individual component –
detailed evaluation)
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Important definitions
 Nature of transport (passengers / freight)
 Urban transport
 Intercity transport

 Aggregate and disaggregate (mainly in

passenger transport)
 Trip
 One way person movement
 Linked trip (from origin to final destination) and
unlinked trip (a passenger travel of a certain mode)

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Classification of trips
 By trip purposes
 Trips to work
 Tips to school (educational trips)
 Business trips (less routine trips)
 Shopping trips
 Social and recreational trips
 Home trips
 Any other trips
 By time of day
 Peak or off-peak on a day
 Weekdays or holidays
 By person type
 Income level
 Car ownership
 Household size and structure

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Survey types (1)
 Linked trip (or just “Trip”) based questionnaire survey
 Person trip survey (very important for demand forecasting)
 Railways traveler’s survey
 Intercity net travel survey
 National census
 Unlinked trip based surveys
 By ticket sales
 By traffic counter
 Trip based survey
 Trips on a certain day
 Trips on a usual day (e.g. national census)
 Trips in a certain week “Diary survey”
 Activity based survey
 Trip and activity at the destination
 Trip decision and activities are closely related (Trip purpose or activity)
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Survey types (2)
 Revealed preference (RP)
 Revealed trips (already done)
 Stated preference (SP)
 Ask respondents choice under certain hypothetical situations
 Demand forecast for non existed alternative

Revealed Preference (RP) Stated Preference (SP)

Advantages Advantages
•Objective approach because data is •Subjective approach
obtained by observing people’s actual •it can be used to evaluate every kinds
market behavior of non-market goods
•It relies on actual market values
Disadvantages Disadvantages
•It is impossible to measure ‘non- •Valuation is subjective and may be
observable’ values less reliable because data is obtained
•In some cases, the links between the by inquiring people of their willingness
environmental change and market to pay or accept to hypothetical
goods may not be obvious scenarios
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Survey types (3)
 Disaggregate type surveys
 Paper based
 Interview based
 Computer based

 Aggregate type
 Traffic counter
 Tickets, smart cards

 Survey feasibility
 Cost and budget
 Survey technology
 Data availability
 Data reliability 7
Person trip survey
 Most fundamental transportation survey
 Questionnaire of individual’s trips
 Asking personal attributes and trip behaviors
 Survey items
 Personal attributes
 Each trip attributes (whole trips in a certain day)
 Origin, destination, purpose, transfer point, time and cost, distance
 Additional surveys
 Preference survey
 Cordon line survey, screen line survey (counting survey)

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Study Area
 The planner must clearly define the exact area to be
considered for study purpose.
 Generally include all the developed land plus the
undeveloped land that the urban area will comprise in
next 20 to 30 years
 Boundary is demarcated by the cordon line
 In addition to future growth, the cordon line
establishment might take into account political
jurisdictions, and census area boundaries.
 The cordon line should intersect minimum roads to save
on subsequent interview requirements

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Study Area (Zoning of study area for forecasting)
 Study area is divided into analysis units to enable
planner to link information about activities, travel, and
transportation to physical locations in the study area.
 Analysis units are known as ZONES.
 Vary in size depending on the density or nature of urban
development
 In CBD, zones may be as small as a single block, and in the
undeveloped area they may be as large as 10 or more sq-mile.
 An area with 1 million people might have 600 to 800 zones, and
an area with 200,000 people might have 150 to 200 zones.
 Zones attempt to bound homogenous urban activities
 Important characteristics is their compatibility with the
transportation network to be used. As a rule, the road
network should form the boundaries of the zones.
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Study Area (Zoning of study area for forecasting)

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Design of Sampling Strategy (DSS)
 DSS associated with the definition of experimental
hypothesis, and of the variables of and involves.
 Definition of the sampling unites whose behaviors are to be
logged
 Individual actors (citizens, travelers, vehicles, or organizations, etc.)
 Individual locations (junction, road segment, nodes, etc.)
 Target population
 Which sample units are in survey – depends on data requirements
 Related to cars, motorcycles or transit users and at what time
 Sampling frame
 Register of the target population which defines all the sampling units within
the target population and which provides the framework for the sampling
process.
 May exist in substantial form (e.g. list of residents in a particular zone or a
list of registration plates of cars seen at a particular site) or in an abstract
way (e.g. list of pedestrians crossing a particular road segment during the
survey time)
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Sampling Methods
 Depends on the objectives of survey and perhaps on the
survey technique.

 Random sampling
 Each unit has an equal chance to be selected.
 Use of random sampling is usually restricted to off-line surveys
such as household interviews.

 Systematic Ordered Sampling

 Selection of every nth unit from the sampling frame (e.g. for a
20% sample it might be every 5th unit).
 Easily understood and implemented

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Sampling Methods
 Stratified Sampling
 Division of the population into groups on the basis of some
characteristics and applying a different sampling rate in each
group.
 Adequate representation of each society group.

 Cluster Sampling
 Selecting groups of adjacent units (e.g. a group of vehicles
following one another in a traffic stream )
 Results in increased survey efficiency, offers the possibility of
studying interactions between adjacent units and can provide an
enriched sample in areas of particular interest.

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Types of Samples
 Probability (Random) Samples
 Systematic random sample
 Stratified random sample
 Cluster sample

 Non-Probability Samples (Non random sampling)

 Convenience sample
 Purposive sample
 Quota

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Types of Samples (Stratified sampling)

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Types of Samples (Cluster sampling)

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 Value of Time for Lahore City
Estimation of VOT by WTP
Time of Value Sample
Mode
(Rs. /Min.) Size
(1) Car 2.49 2,420
(2) Rickshaw 1.63 2,464
(3) Qinggi 1.18 468
(4) Wagon 1.50 648
(5) Bus 1.38 1,488
(6) AC Bus 1.31 432

Estimation of VOT by Income Approach

Ave. Income Time of Value Sample
Mode
(Rs./Mon.) (Rs. /Min.) Size
(1) Car 38,836 3.68 525
(2) Rickshaw 19,104 1.81 461
(3) Qinggi 14,166 1.34 104
(4) Wagon 15,131 1.43 143
(5) Bus 15,011 1.42 304
(6) AC Bus 23,497 2.23 90

＝（Individual Income（Rs./Mon.）） / （Assumed Working Hours

（22 working days/ month, working hour on 1 day is 8 hours.）） 21
QUESTIONS !!!!