Transportation Planning and Engineering

Lecture 12

Transportation Planning
Introduction
 Transportation demand
 Referred to as a derived demand from the
activity being performed.
 Tradeoff between time and money is required

 Mobility
 Refers to the ability to move between different
activity sites (e.g. from home to market)

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Accessibility
 Underlying the relationship between land use and transportation
 Refers to the number of opportunities or activity sites available within
certain distance or time
 Ease of movement between places
 Increases either in terms of time or money (cost increases/ decreases)
 Can be assessed separately for different modes, trip purposes
 Accessibility should be a central part of any measure of quality of life.
Example 1
to Node
∑ Change
From A B C D
A 0 (0) 6(4) 7(6) 9(8) 22 (18) -18%

B 6 (4) 0(0) 6(5) 4(2) 16 (11) -31%

C 7 (6) 6(5) 0(0) 7(5) 20 (16) -20%

D 9 (8) 4(2) 7(5) 0(0) 20 (15) -25%

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Accessibility Measures
Gravity-based Measure – personal mobility

Ai   O j f d ij 
j
Ai = accessibility of person i (or a person residing in
location i )
Oj = number of opportunities of interest at location j
from person’s i home
dij = measure of separation between i and j (travel time,
travel cost or distance)
f() = impedance function
Accessibility Measures
Gravity-based Measure (cont.)
Example:
Ai   O jTT 1
ij
j

Ai   O j Dij 2
j

Ai   O j exp  0.5TCij 
j
 Example 2 Ai   O jTT 1
ij
j

10 2000

A 6
7
1500 1
2000 2
3 2500 (workers)
Residential areas

9 8
12
B
Find the actual and relative zonal
accessibility of the residential 4000 (job opportunities
areas assuming that b = 1.0 in employment zones)
Solutions to Example 2
Ai   O jTTij1 A1 
2000 4000
  200  333  533
j 10 12
2000 4000
A2    286  444  730
j = A, B; 7 9
2000 4000
and i = 1, 2, 3 A3    333  500  833
6 8
total  2096 and the relative accessibil ity is
533
A1   0.25
2096
730
A2   0.35
2096
833
A3   0.40
2096
Hansen’s Accessibility Model
 Employment is predominant factor in determining the
location. E
A 
j
ij b
d ij
 Aij = accessibility index of zone i with respect to zone j
 Ej = total employment at j
 dij = distance between i and j
 b = an exponent
 The overall accessibility index for zone i is therefore,
Ej
Ai   b
j d ij
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Hansen’s Accessibility Model
 The amount of vacant land that is suitable and available
for residential use is also an additional factor in attracting
future population to the zone in questions.
 This is referred to as holding capacity (Hi)
 The development potential of a zone Di is
Di = AiHi
 And the population is distributed to zones on the basis of
the relative development potential AiHi / ∑ AiHi
 If the total growth in population in a future year is Gt, the
population allocated to zone i will be
Ai H i Di
Gi  Gt  Gt
 Ai H i  Di
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 Example 3
Zone Total existing Holding Capacity
population (acres)
1 2000 100
2 1000 200
3 3000 300
total 6000 600

From i To j 1 2 3
1 2 6 8
2 6 3 5
3 8 5 4
Assumption, b = 2.0 (based on research)

If the population of this city is expected to rise to 8000 persons in 20 years, how
will the population be distributed by zone? Assume that the total employment in
each zone is proportional to the total existing population in that zone.
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Solution to Example 3
Calculate Aij and then Ai
Zone 1 2 3 Ai   Aij
i

1 2000 / 22 = 500 1000 / 62 = 28 3000 / 82 = 47 575

2 2000 / 62 = 56 1000 / 32 = 111 3000 / 52 = 120 287
3 2000 / 82 = 31 1000 / 52 = 40 3000 / 42 = 188 259

Multiply Ai byHi

Zone Ai Hi Di
1 575 100 57,500
2 287 200 57,400
3 259 300 77,700
Total: 192,600

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Solution to Example 2
Calculate the relative development potential of each zone

Zone Di Di / ∑Di Gi
1 57,500 0.299 2392
2 57,400 0.298 2384
3 77,700 0.403 3224
Total 192,600 1.000 8000

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Space-Time Autonomy
 Takes both accessibility and mobility into consideration
 It focuses on the constraints that impose on a person’s
freedom of movement
 Capability constraints (income, ownership, age, etc.)
 Coupling constraints (interaction behavior)
 Authority constraints (social, political and legal restrictions)

 Space-time prism
 Shows the possibilities in space and time that are open to a
person, given certain constraints

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Space-Time Path

•Spot on the X-Y surface

•Origins or destinations
•Arrow on the X-Y surface
•OD distribution
•Slope on the time space
•Inverse of average velocity
•Vertical path
•Time staying in certain point work
school
Home

Time space path

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 Space-Time Prism

 Time-space prism
clearly shows change
of possible locations by
the change of personal
constraints, scheduling
and service level of
transport.
 Slope of lines shows
maximum speed that a
person can travel

By foot or bicycle
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Space-Time Autonomy
 Factors affecting space-time autonomy
 Flex-timework schedules
 Longer store hours, and
 Purchasing a second car all enhance STA by adding
margins to the space time prism

 Lower speed limits, rigid school hours, traffic

congestion, and new stop lights all constraint choice.
 Large families impose coupling constraints

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Assignment # 2

Submission: April 24, 2015

Problem 1
 A land-use consists of 2000 single-family homes, 520 apartments
units, and 3 hotels with 600 rooms each. Calculate the daily
vehicular traffic generated by this zone, using the following
equations.:
ts = 5 + 7.35 (Us)
ta = 7 + 6.25 (Ua)
th = 2 + 12 (Uh)
 Where the subscripts s, a, and h refer to homes, apartments, and
hotels, respectively, and t and U refer to trips and housing units
respectively. Why is there significant difference in trip production
among the units.

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Problem 2
 Three residential zones (1, 2 and 3) with 400, 500, and
700 resident workers and four employment zones (4, 5,
6, and 7) with 350, 450, 500, and 300 jobs are
connected by a highway network having the following
travel costs: t14 = 10, t15 = 12, t16 = 14, t17= 15, t24 = 8, t25
= 9, t26= 10, t27 = 12, t34 = 4, t35 = 6, t36= 8 and t37 = 15.
 Find the actual and relative zonal accessibility of the
residential zones.

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Problem 3
 A small city is divided into six residential zones and the
zonal data derived from a survey are as follows:

Zone Traffic generation Number of homes

1 500 3250
2 630 4040
3 440 2835
4 760 4200
5 790 5700
6 1250 7250

 Estimate the parameters of a linear regression model

connecting traffic and homes and illustrate the data.

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Problem 4
 A four zone city has the following characteristics.
Zone Total existing population Holding capacity (acres)

1 3000 300
2 2500 280
3 9000 500
4 4500 350

 The travel times in minutes are as follows:

Zone 1 2 3 4

1 5 10 12 15
2 10 4 9 20
3 12 9 3 14
4 15 20 14 6

 An exponent of 2.2 can be used on work done with other cities of the
same size. If the city is likely to rise to 30,000 in 15 years, what
would be the likely population located in each zone in the horizon
year? What would be the percentage change in allocation of
population to zones if the exponent were 1.8 and 2.0, respectively?
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QUESTIONS !!!!