GEOLOGI STRUKTUR DAN

TEKTONIK
PROGRAM STUDI GEOFISIKA UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

MINGGU 9: CONTRACTIONAL
REGIMES
Hall, 2009
Last Week…
 Three Types of Tectonic Boundaries
• A large fraction of all earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building
occurs at plate boundaries.
• There are 3 tectonic boundaries based on the plate motions (Lutgens, 2012):
• Convergent boundaries: plates move together, resulting in the subduction (consumption)
of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle. Convergence can also result in the collision of two
continental margins to create a major mountain system.
• Divergent boundaries: plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the
mantle to create new seafloor
• Transform fault boundaries: plates grind past each other without the production or
destruction of lithosphere
 TECTONIC STRESS REGIMES
(Fossen, pg 89)

• Tectonic stresses are those parts of the local stress state that deviate
from the reference state of stress as a consequence of tectonic
processes
• Tectonic stress adalah variasi pada local stress karena adanya proses-proses
tektonik
• Total Stress = Reference state of stress + non-tectonic residual stress
+ thermal stress + terrestrial stress + Tectonic stress
• Based on Anderson Classification, the tectonic stress that occurred in
different area leads to division of three tectonic regimes (Fossen pg 89):
• Contractional Regimes
• Extensional Regimes
• Strike-Slip Regimes
TECTONIC REGIMES
( Fossen, pg 89)
 Convergent Boundaries
(Lutgens, 2012)

Continent and Continent

Accretiona
ry Prism

Oceanic and Oceanic Oceanic and Continent

Dominant Regime:
Contractional
Regimes

Pluijm pg 415

Fossen, pg 318
 Divergent Boundaries (Lutgens, pg 372)

Continental Rift

Mid Ocean Ridge

Dominant Regime: Extensional Regime

Lutgens, pg 429
Transform Fault Boundaries
Dominant Regime:
Strike Slip Regime

Musset, pg 314
Variation of the Tectonic Regimes on a Plate
 Tectonic Setting and Contraction or Extension Regimes

Different types of extension connected with an orogenic cycle. Modified from Fossen (2000). (Fossen, pg. 348)
 Strike Slipe &
Oblique Regime
Global Stress Map showing current tectonic regimes
(Fossen, pg 90)
CONTRACTIONAL REGIME

• Where is it? Mainly on the

convergent boundaries (Kearey
Ch 9 & 10):
• Subduction zone
• Orogenic Belts
• Ocean – Continent Convergence
• Compressional Sedimentary Basin
• Continent-Continent Collision
• Arc-Continent Collision
• Terrane Accretion

Several types of Orogens (Condie, pg 70) 

 Contractional
Regimes
(Kearey pg 263)

 End-member types of
subduction zone based on the
age of the underthrusting
lithosphere and the absolute
motion of the overriding plate
 Contractional
Regimes
(Kearey pg 265)

Diagrams contrasting the characteristic

features of (a) accretionary, and (b)
nonaccretionary, convergent margins
Subduction and Island Arc (Kearey, pg 252)

Schematic section through an island arc system

Compressional
Sedimentary Basin (Fossen pg 328)
(a Positive Inversion Tectonics)
 Tectonic Elements of a Subduction
(Condie, pg 63)

Some of the main elements:

• Trench: depression zone where oceanic lithospheric slabs begin to descend
into the mantle
• Accretionary Prism: steeply inclined, fault-bounded wedges of sediment and
volcanic rock above a descending slab
• Volcanic arc: volcanic range forming arc due to the subduction activities
• Forearc basin: marine depositional basins on the trench side of arcs
• Back-arc basin: sedimentary basins occur over descending slabs behind arc
systems
• Remnant arc: are oceanic aseismic ridges that are extinct portions of arcs
that have been rifted away by the opening of a back-arc basin
• Retroarc foreland basin: basin formed behind continental margin arc
systems
• Suture: ductile shear zones produced by thrusting along converging plate
boundaries
 Tectonic Elements of a Subduction
(Condie, pg 63)
• Trench: depression zone where oceanic lithospheric slabs begin • Back-arc basin: sedimentary basins occur over descending slabs
to descend into the mantle behind arc systems
• Accretionary Prism: steeply inclined, fault-bounded wedges of • Remnant arc: are oceanic aseismic ridges that are extinct
sediment and volcanic rock above a descending slab portions of arcs that have been rifted away by the opening of a
back-arc basin
• Volcanic arc: volcanic range forming arc due to the subduction
activities • Retroarc foreland basin: basin formed behind continental
margin arc systems
• Forearc basin: marine depositional basins on the trench side of
arcs

Diagrammatic cross
sections of a
continental margin
arc (a) and an
oceanic arc (b)
showing major
tectonic divisions.
Numbers in
accretionary prism
indicate relative
age of slabs (one
the oldest).
 Tectonic Elements of Collisional Orogens
(Condie, pg 73)

Some of the main elements:

• Thrust Belt: elongated zone (belt) where thinned continental crust is
progressively restacked and thickened toward the foreland
• Fold-Thrust Belt: Geologic domainswhere regional horizontal tectonic shortening of the
upper-crust yields a distinctive suite of thrust faults, folds, and associated mesoscopic
structures (Pluijm pg 446)
• Colissional Plateau: Elevated ground formed by the thickening ot continental
crust in the collision zone (Morgan and Burke, 1985)
• Foreland/Hinterland: Regions adjacent to the thrust belts
• Foreland: in the direction of principal orogenic vergence. Could form foreland basin
• Hinterland: away from the direction of principal orogenic vergence. Could form hinterland
basin
• Foreland Flexure: Litospheric bending in the foreland due to collisional activities
• Orogenic Collapse. Zone where the orogen collapse due to gravity process
 Tectonic Elements of Collisional Orogens
(Condie, pg 73)
Some of the main elements: Foreland: in the direction of principal orogenic vergence. Could
Thrust Belt: elongated zone (belt) where thinned continental crust is form foreland basin
progressively restacked and thickened toward the foreland Hinterland: away from the direction of principal orogenic
Fold-Thrust Belt: Geologic domainswhere regional horizontal vergence. Could form hinterland basin
tectonic shortening of the upper-crust yields a distinctive suite of Foreland Flexure: Litospheric bending in the foreland due to collisional
thrust faults, folds, and associated mesoscopic structures (Pluijm activities
pg 446) Orogenic Collapse. Zone where the orogen collapse due to gravity
Colissional Plateau: Elevated ground formed by the thickening ot process
continental crust in the collision zone (Morgan and Burke, 1985)
Foreland/Hinterland: Regions adjacent to the thrust belts
• Suture: ductile shear zones produced by thrusting along converging plate boundaries
• Range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers wide
• Hard to identify in old rocks (e.g. precambrian) without precise geochronology and detailed
geologic mapping on both sides of shear zones
Fold-Thrust Belts in Convergent Boundary (Pluijm pg 450)
Fold-Thrust Belts in Convergent Boundary (Pluijm pg 450)

https://alchetron.com/Fold-and-thrust-belt-2652526-
W
https://alchetron.com/Fold-and-thrust-belt-
2652526-W
Summaries of Major Mineral and Energy Deposits by Tectonic Setting
(Condie, pg 84)
 REZIM TEKTONIK DAN
STRUKTUR GEOLOGI YANG
TERBENTUK Hall, 2009
 GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES IN
CONTRACTIONAL REGIMES

STRUKTUR GEOLOGI APA YANG TERBENTUK DI

REZIM KONTRAKSI?
TECTONIC REGIMES
( Fossen, pg 89)
 Autochton, Allocthon, Decollement, Nappe (Pluijm, pg 456)

Allochthon rocks that have moved a large distance from their point of origin
Autochthon rocks that are still at the site where they originally formed
Fold nappe A thrust sheet that contains a regional-scale recumbent fold
Decollement Subhorizontal Faults
Relationship A
between folding and
faults (Pluijm, pg 129)
• Thrust fold developed
from decollement
when a fold become
B
to tight to
accommodate further
shortening
• Fold forms when
thrust fault propagate
C
• Limb of a fold in
ductile environment
faulted
Relationship
between folding and
faults (Pluijm, pg 129)

• Fault-propagation
Fold
• Fault-bend fold
 Back-thrusts {Fossen, pg 317)
Trusting

Back thrusts in Oslo, Norway

 Ramps and Flats
(Pluijm, pg 453-454)

• Thrust faults resemble a flight of

stairs:
• Flats, lie approximately in
the plane of bedding
• Ramps, cut across bedding
• Frontal Ramps: Ramps with dip-
slip movement
• Oblique Ramps: Ramps with
oblique-slip movement
• lateral ramps : Ramps with strike-
slip movement, mainly with
steep or vertical dip (a.k.a tear
faults) Three-dimensional block diagram illustrating different types of fault ramps
(hanging wall removed). Tear faults are vertically dipping oblique ramps or
lateral ramps
Tear Faults
(Twiss, 132)
 THRUST SYSTEMS
(Boyer and Elliot, 1982)

Thrust system: refers to the

family of related thrust faults
that ramp up from a single
detachment fault or décollement
(Pluijm pg 455)
Imbrication zone (Fossen, pg 315)
• Imbrication zone is a series of similarly oriented reverse faults
(horses) that are connected through a low-angle floor thrust
• Contractional faults in the foreland of an orogenic zone typically form
imbrication zones
 Sequential Ramp Development
(Fossen, ch 16)

A. Normal Progression

B. Inverse Progression

C. Out-of-Sequence
Nanliao anticline, southern Taiwan interpreted as a stack of imbricated
thrust sheets piled on top of each other (Fossen, pg 319)
 Duplex Structure (
(Fossen pg 315, Pluijm pg 458)

Duplex Structure: Similar to Imbrication zone, but the horses overlain

by the roof thrust, in addition to the floor thrust.
Duplex Structure (
(Pluijm pg 458)
Schematic illustration of duplex
development. The duplex grows
toward the left (foreland), known
as in-sequence thrusting or
propagation. Note the
characteristic double kink-fold in
the frontal horse (Fossen pg 316)
 THRUST SYSTEMS
(Boyer and Elliot, 1982)

Thrust system: refers to the

family of related thrust faults
that ramp up from a single
detachment fault or décollement
(Pluijm pg 455)
Inversion tectonics
(Fossen, pg 328)
 Inversion tectonics
(Pluijm, pg 451)

1. Cross-sectional sketch of a rift basin just after it has formed.

2. Inversion of the rift occurs when the two margins are pushed towards each other. Note that
faults which were originally normal faults turn into thrust faults.
 Orogenic Wedges (Fossen, pg 324)

Fold and thrust belts show an overall wedge-shaped

geometry in cross-section, thinning toward the
foreland. Such tectonic wedges typically occur in
mountain ranges and in accretionary prisms above
subduction zones
Tectonic Wedges (Fossen, pg 324)
APLIKASI

Hall, 2009
WHY ALL OF THESE ARE IMPORTANT??
Summaries of Major Mineral and Energy Deposits by Tectonic Setting
(Condie, pg 84)
Inversion tectonics
(Fossen, pg 328)
ZONA KONVERGEN DI
INDONESIA

Hall, 2009
Lutgens, pg 30
 Pergerakan Lempeng di Indonesia
Hall, 2009

Pergerakan Relatif dari Pertemuan Tiga Lempeng di Indonesia:

Eurasia, India-Australia, dan Filipina-Pasifik
 Amalgamasi Sundaland
Hall, 2009

Meskipun Sundaland terlihat sebagai suatu kesatuan, sebenarnya

merupakan amalgamasi dari berbagai fragment.
 Dua teori berbeda mengenai blok penyusun Kalimantan

(Hall, 2009a; Hall 2009b, Hall, 2012) (Soesilo et al, 2015)

Au Cu districts, deposits, and prospects with related magmatic arcs and orogenic belts in Indonesia

Garwin et al, 2005

 TUGAS INDIVIDU
• Jelaskan berbagai istilah dalam pertemuan ini dengan bahasa kalian
sendiri
• Temukan lima (5) penampang geologi yang berbeda pada lingkungan
tektonik konvergen, dan jelaskan perbedaannya/beri deskripsi singkat
tentang struktur pada penampang tersebut (tiap penampang 1-2
paragraf).
 Next Weeks
• Plate Tectonic Regimes and Related Geological Structures (week 8)
• Contractional Regimes (week 9)
• Extensional Regimes (week 10)
• Strike-slip Regimes (week 11)
• Non-Plate Tectonic Deformation and Related Geological Structures;
Hydrofracturing (week 12)
• Salt Structure
• Gravity Structure
• Impact Structure
• Geophysics and Strutural Geology (week 13)
• Application (week 14)
• BACAAN LEBIH LANJUT
• PLUIJM, Ch 14: Whole-Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
• FOSSEN, Ch 16: Contractional Regimes
• TWISS, pg 709: Thrust Faults
• Park, R.G. 1988. Geological Structures and Moving Plates.
(Ch 5, Convergent tectonic regimes)
• Condie, K. C. Earth as an Evolving Planetary System. (Ch 3,
Tectonic Settings)
• BACAAN UNTUK MINGGU DEPAN
• FOSSEN, Ch 17: Extensional Regimes
 REFERENCES
• Main References:
• Fossen, H., 2010. Structural geology. Cambridge University Press.Pluijm and Marshak, 2004
• Davis, G.H. and Reynolds, S.J., 2012. Structural geology of rocks and regions. 3rd edition. Wiley.
• Van Der Pluijm, B.A. and M. Stephen., 2003. Earth Structure : An Introduction to Structural Geology and
Tectonics
• Animation © Hakon Fossen. Free to use for education purpose
• Additional References:
• Twiss, R.J. and Moores, E.M., 2007. Structural geology. Macmillan.
• Suppe, J., 1985. Principles of structural geology. Prentice Hall.McClay
• Billings, M.P. and Billings, M.P., 1972. Structural geology (3rd ed). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Peacock et al. 2012. Glossary of fault and other fracture networks. Journal of Structural Geology 92 pp. 12-29
• Rowland et al, 2007. Structural Analysis and Synthesis - A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology (3rd ed)
• Ragan, 2009. Structural Geology - An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques (4th ed)
• Allmendinger, 2012. Modern Structural Practice - A structural geology laboratory manual for the 21st
Century.
• Extras (small parts incuded in classes)
• Mukherjee, 2015. Atlas of Structural Geology
• Mukherjee, 2014. Atlas of Shear Zone Structures in Meso-scale
• Barton and La Pointe (Ed). 1995. Fractals in the Earth Sciences
• Lutgens et al, 2012. Essentials of Geology (11th ed)