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Research Article
Simulating the Effects of Structural Parameters on the Hydraulic
Performances of Venturi Tube
Copyright © 2012 Y. Sun and W. Niu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The effects of Venturi structural parameters on its hydraulic performance were studied, which provided theoretical basis for the
design of Venturi injector. With an inlet diameter of 50 mm, based on the method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD),
the effects of the structural parameters (such as throat taper, throat contraction ratio, and throat length) on their hydraulic
performance (such as outlet faceted average velocity, minimum pressure, and critical pressure) were studied under different inlet
pressures and pressure differences between inlet and outlet. A power function relationship existed between the mean velocity in
outlet section and pressure difference, with an approximate flow stance index of 0.53. Minimum pressure occurred in the throat
inlet wall and there was a linear relationship between the minimum pressure and the pressure difference at the inlet and outlet. The
throat contraction ratio was the main factor on the effect of Venturi injector performance, which was positively correlated with
outlet velocity, negatively to critical pressure, the minimal in-tube pressure, coefficient of local head loss, and fertilizer absorption
ratio. For designing Venturi injector, contraction ratio should be reasonably selected according to the coefficient of local head loss
and fertilizer absorption ratio.
β
D d
e Inlet pressure/kpa Outlet pressure/kpa
l a b c l 100 90, 80, 70, 50, 40
150 130, 110, 90, 70, 50
Figure 1: Structural diagram of Venturi injector. 200 160, 140, 120, 100, 80
250 200, 170, 130, 100, 70
300 240, 200, 150, 120, 100
300
134
where u, υ, ω (m/s) means the flow rate component in x, y, z
Pressure (kPa)
0.9 −5.5
0.8
Pressure coefficient
Velocity coefficient
−5
0.7
0.6 −4.5
0.5
−4
0.4
0.3 −3.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Contraction ratio Contraction ratio
α = 1.57 α = 1.57
α = 2.09 α = 2.09
α = 2.62 α = 2.62
Figure 5: Effects of throat contraction ratio on velocity coefficient Figure 6: Effects of throat contraction ratio on pressure coefficient
of Venturi injector. of Venturi injector.
where h j (m) is local head loss, which stands for the pressure 12
difference between inlet and outlet in this study, ζ (%) is the
10
coefficient of local head loss, v (m/s) is the average flow speed
of outlet section, and g (9.8m2 /s) is acceleration of gravity.
Coefficient
8
Local head loss ζ was calculated through (11). The results
showed that the local head loss of Venturi injector was very 6
great. The value of ζ tested here is between 2.25 and 13.27. 4
When contraction ratio λ1 is between 0.25 and 0.50, the
value of ζ would drop quickly with the increase of λ1 , while 2
other structure parameters had little influence on ζ, so it 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
can be expressed approximately like that ζ = 0.5λ1−2.16 . In Contraction ratio
addition, it is also found that coefficient of local head loss Head loss
(ζ) fell with the increase of the pressure difference, which Absorption fertilizer
may be caused by the change of flow pattern. Using Reynolds
Figure 7: Effects of contraction ratio on head loss and absorption
number to analyze the flow pattern in tube through the fertilizer of Venturi injector.
following formula:
vd
Re = , (12) Figure 7 shows the correlation among the contraction
ν
ratio, local head loss, and fertilizer absorption ratio, when
where Re (%) is Reynolds number, ν stands for kinematic the pressure difference between outlet and inlet is 150 kPa,
viscosity coefficient of water (m2 /s), when the temperature the pressure of inlet is 300 kPa. It can be found that the
is 20◦ C, ν = 1.01 × 10−6 m2 /s. coefficient of local head loss and η would decline with in-
The calculation results of (12) show the Reynolds num- crease of contraction ratio. Therefore, the throat diameter
ber is between 14356 ∼ 335643, so it is turbulence due to cannot be too big or too small when designing the Venturi
the criterion of hydraulics. Besides, the Reynolds number, the injector; and it should be chosen in accordance with coeffi-
mutual movement inside water flow, the energy conversion cient of local head loss and the diameter of throat part. The
caused by mutual movement increase with the pressure dif- throat length has little influence on the critical pressure, the
ference, while the proportion of energy conversion caused by minimum pressure in tube, and the flow speed, which is in
function between fluid and structure would decrease, which consistence with the findings in the literature.
well-explained why the local head loss would decrease with
the increase of pressure difference. 4. Conclusions
It is generally agreed that effective Venturi injector
should have small coefficient of local head loss but greater (1) It is demonstrated that a strong relationship between
fertilizer absorption ratio (η). The driving flow rate and the the mean velocity at outlet section and the pressure
minimum pressure in tube of main tube were established difference, and the flow stance index was approx-
in this study. Therefore, the amount of fertilizer absorption imately 0.53; velocity coefficient was mostly influ-
can be predicted in accordance with the tube hydraulics. enced by throat taper and throat contraction ratio.
Suppose there was a standard atmospheric pressure on liquid
(2) The minimum pressure occurred in the throat inlet
fertilizer surface, and the distance under the Venturi tube
wall, and the location of minimum pressure was
was 0.5 m, the diameter of fertilizer absorption tube was
rarely influenced by the opening position and pore
8 mm, without considering local head loss, the amount
size of Venturi injector. There existed perfect linear
of fertilizer absorption can be predicted according to the
relation between the minimum pressure and the pres-
following equation:
sure difference between at inlet and outlet. When the
inlet pressure is determined, the curves of the pres-
q = A 2gh0 , (13)
sure difference and the minimum pressure would
where q (m3 /s) is the amount of fertilizer absorption, h0 is the come cross a fixed point. The coordinates of the point
head difference of fertilizer absorption tube between outlet were not influenced by the pressure difference at the
and inlet, which means distance difference between liquid inlet and outlet.
fertilizer surface with Venturi tube. (3) The structural parameters which influence the hy-
The results showed that fertilizer could be stably ab- draulic performances of Venturi injector include
sorbed when the contraction ratio λ1 was bigger than (0.4 throat taper, throat contraction ratio, throat length,
or 0.5), the pressure difference between outlet and inlet was and expansion section taper. More significant influ-
80 kpa, and η was 0.5. However, when the contraction ratio ence of throat contraction ratio was found among pa-
λ1 was less than 0.3, it may absorb fertilizer stably only when rameters affected by hydraulic performances. The
the pressure difference between outlet and inlet is 100 kpa. results showed a positive correlation between the
And when the pressure difference between outlet and inlet throat contraction ratio and the mean velocity at out-
remained constant, η showed a tendency to decrease with the let section, and a negative correlation between throat
increase of contraction ratio λ1 . contraction ratio and minimum pressure in tube.
Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 7
Acknowledgments
This work is jointly supported by China 863 Plan (2011AA-
100507).
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