1.

STRENGTHENING REINFORCED CONCRETE USING ARAMID FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER

Aramid Fibers have 5 – 10% more mechanical properties than the

synthetic fibres. Such fibres are typically used in composite structures
for application in aircraft, marine and automobile, rope for offshore
oil rigs and bullet proof vests. Aramid fibres are abrasion resistance
under cyclic loading. These are five times stronger than steel and
heat resistant. Aramid fibre can be used as a strengthening material
for reinforced concrete elements subjected to compressive load as it
enhance durability and increases life of element. These fibres are less
used as regards applications for civil engineering and retrofitting of
structures. These fibres give best strength to weight ratio. Main
disadvantage of these are inadequate compressive strength.

2. STRENGTHENING REINFORCED CONCRETE USING BASALT FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER

Basalt as a fibre used in FRPs and structural composites has high potential and is getting a lot of attention
due to its high temperature and abrasion resistance. Compared to FRPs made of glass , aramid and carbon
fibre, its used in the civil infrastructure market is very low. American Concrete Institute, Canadian Standards
Association, International Federation for Structural Concrete and others provide specific design guidance
for its use. Recognition and engineering design of basalt composites should continue to climb as research
substantiates current knowledge and code authorities adopt its strength characteristics.
3. REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE MEMBERS

Replacing damaged concrete members in structures is one of the rehabilitation techniques which are used
to regain strength of structures. All damaged concrete structural members such as beam, columns, braces
and walls can be replaced by supplemental members. Supplemental members are new columns, beams,
braces, or in filled walls that are installed to support damaged structural members. The location of these
members is usually below the damaged or deflected areas to stabilize the structural framing.

4. STEEL JACKETING

Local strengthening of columns has been frequently accomplished by jacketing with steel plates and jackets.
Main advantage is it does not add significant weight to structure in comparison with concrete and also it
saves curing time. Disadvantage is it requires heavy equipment to handle and maintenance is more difficult.

Figure No.2: Construction Technique for Steel Jacketing

5. BEAM JACKETING

Jacketing of beams is recommended for several purposes as it gives continuity to the columns and increases
the strength and stiffness of the structure. While jacketing a beam, its flexural resistance must be carefully
computed to avoid the creation of a strong beam-weak column system. In the retrofitted structure, there is
a strong possibility of change of mode of failure and redistribution of forces as a result of jacketing of
column, which may consequently causes beam hinging. The location of the beam critical section and the
participation of the existing reinforcement should be taken into consideration. Jacketing of beam may be
carried out under different ways; the most common are one-sided jackets or 3- and 4-sided jackets. At
several occasions, the slab has been perforated to allow the ties to go through and to enable the casting of
concrete. The beam should be jacketed through its whole length. The reinforcement has also been added to
increase beam flexural capacity moderately and to produce high joint shear stresses. Top bars crossing the
orthogonal beams are put through holes and the bottom bars have been placed under the soffit of the
existing beams, at each side of the existing column. Beam transverse steel consists of sets of U-shaped ties
fixed to the top jacket bars and of inverted U-shaped ties placed through perforations in the slab, closely
spaced ties have been placed near the joint region where beam hinging is expected to occur.

Figure No. 4: Construction Technique for Beam Jacketing.

6. SEISMIC RETROFITTING BY MASS REDUCTION (REMOVAL OF A STOREY)

One of the traditional methods of retrofitting used is mass reduction through the removal of a storey. This
may be achieved, for instance, by removal of one or more storeys as shown in Figure 5. In this case it is
evident that the removal of the mass will lead to a decrease in the period, which will lead to an increase in
the required strength. Therefore the advantage acquired by the mass reduction is partially cancelled by the
period shortening.

7. STRENGTHENING THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION OF EXTERNAL BUTTRESSES

To reduce or eliminate the disruption to the use of a building, external buttresses may be constructed to
increase the lateral resistance of the structure as a whole. Such an intervention scheme, in common with
the construction of RC walls, requires a new foundation system. The foundation scheme would possibly be
eccentric footings (eccentric with respect to the axis of the buttress to avoid excavation under the building)
The two most intricate problems in strengthening by building a set of external buttresses are: (i) the
buttress stability may be critical since it is not actually loaded vertically downwards in the same way that
the structure is. The vertical action on the buttress is only its own weight. This increases the possibility of
uplifting of the foundations and may even cause over‐turning, (ii) the connections between the buttresses.
on the one hand and the building on the other is far from straightforward. To insure full interaction and
load sharing when the structure is subjected to lateral actions, the buttress should be connected to the
floors and columns at all levels. The connection area will be subjected to unusual levels of stresses that
require special attention.

INTRODUCTION OF BUTTRESSES

8. REPAIR OF URM MASONRY WALLS USING HELICAL NAILS DRILLED INTO THE LIME MORTAR

Cracks in the URM Masonry walls, can be repaired using helical nails drilled into the lime mortar in
intercepting diagonal pattern. The Helical nails will be drilled into the URM wall passing through the
Limestone Veneer blocks. It is not necessary to grout the anchors as they do not create a cavity during
insertion more like helical ground anchors. The cracks can then be sealed with lime mortar of compatible
strength as the original lime mortar core. The stitching with helical nails would lock the cracks in place and
prevent further movements without the need to grout the nails. The nails embed themselves into the URM
by cutting a neat helical path without the need to drill holes.
9. PROVISION OF ROOF DIAPHRAGM TO SUPPORT THE WALLS

Most of the churches have not been provided with an effective roof framing system which can also double
as Transfer diaphragms to restrain the top of the URM walls to reduce out of plane bending. Thus, the URM
walls acted as plates unrestrained at the top acting as partial cantilever walls. Coupled with the absence of
buttressing, the walls deflected significantly and caused most of the damage. The mobilization of the roof
framing system as horizontal diaphragm can be easily done by providing a capping beam anchored to the
wall and in turn anchored to the roof truss system. In this way the top of the URM walls can be restrained
and made to work in unison with the buttresses.

10. INSTALLING THE UNIVERSAL FOUNDATION PLATE (UFP)

The UFP is a retrofit foundation plate that allows the cripple wall to be anchored to the foundation from
the side. This allows the product to be used in applications where minimal vertical clearance exists.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Starting at each corner of the foundation, mark where each plate will be installed. Make the first mark 12
inches from the corner (end of the mudsill). From that point, measure and mark for a UFP every 6 feet, with
no plate being less than 12 inches from the break between two pieces of mudsill. If you need to adjust this
spacing to account for a break in the mudsill or corner, reduce the spacing between plates.

2. Place the UFP against the bottom of the cripple wall and foundation so that it aligns correctly (as shown
in the diagram above). Using a drill with a C\," driver attachment, drive the SDS screws into the side of the
mudsill (or through the sheathing into the mudsill).

3. Using a rotohammer drill with a ½" diameter bit, use the UFP as a template and drill holes in the
foundation 4 inches deep. (Note: Embedment is the depth of the hole from the face of the concrete, not
the face of the UFP.)

4. Clean the concrete dust from the hole using compressed air.

5. Insert the Titen HD through the UFP and drive the anchor into the hole using a socket wrench with a ¾"
socket. Drive the anchor until it is snug against the UFP. 6. Repeat around the perimeter of the foundation
11. INSTALLING BLOCKING

In applications where the mudsill is wider than the cripple wall studs, blocking will need to be installed on
top of the mudsill to provide a nailing surface for the sheathing. In order for sheathing to strengthen the
cripple walls, it needs to be properly nailed on all four sides.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Measure the space between cripple wall studs and count the number of “stud bays” (the area between
two studs) that will be covered with sheathing (see page 14 for instructions).

2. Cut the appropriate number of blocks. (Cut blocking appropriately for a tight fit.)

3. Place the block in the stud bay on top of the mudsill, so that the interior edges of the block lines up with
the inside edge of the cripple wall stud.

4. Nail the block to the mudsill with four 10d nails per block. 5. Repeat for each stud bay until all bays to
receive sheathing have blocking.
12. INSTALLING SHEATHING

Nailing sheathing onto the inside of cripple walls is required to strengthen the cripple walls under your
house. Correct nailing during installation is crucial to the walls’ performance.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Consulting your sheathing plan, measure the height and length of each sheathing run to verify
dimensions. Measure from the outside edges of the two end studs in the run to determine overall length.
Measure from the top of the foundation to the top of the cripple wall top plate to determine sheathing
panel height. (Note: Seams between panels must occur over a stud.)

2. Cut plywood/OSB to size. A chalk line is helpful for making straight lines on the sheathing to ensure cuts
are straight.

3. Once the pieces are cut, put them in place to verify fit. On the outside face of the sheathing, mark where
the center of each stud will be underneath. Using a chalk line, mark a line to show you where to nail in
3order to hit the center of the stud. For situations where two pieces of sheathing are joining over a stud,
measure in 1/4" from the edge of each piece of sheathing and mark a line down each panel. This will show
you where to nail each panel in order to hit the stud under the seam.

4. Nail the sheathing in place driving an 8d common nail every 4 inches o.c. around the edges, and every 12
inches o.c. in the center of the panel. When nailing into a double top plate or nailing seams between panels,
follow a staggered nailing pattern (as shown in the diagram).

5. Drill two 3" diameter holes in the sheathing for each stud bay (the space between two studs) for
ventilation (see diagram above for hole placement). If the cripple wall is less than 18" tall, only one hole is
required.
13. BASE ISOLATION (OR SEISMIC ISOLATION):
Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base isolation. It is the most powerful tool for
passive structural vibration control technique.

Advantages of Base Isolation

1. Isolates Building from ground motion – Lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the structure, -
Minimal repair of superstructure.
2. Building can remain serviceable throughout construction.
3. Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure
Disadvantages of Base Isolation
1. Expensive
2. Cannot be applied partially to structures unlike other retrofitting
3. Challenging to implement in an efficient manner
14. WALL THICKENING TECHNIQUE OF RETROFITTING:
The existing walls of a building are added certain thickness by adding bricks, concrete and steel aligned at
certain places as reinforcement, such that the weight of wall increases and it can bear more vertical and
horizontal loads, and also its designed under special conditions that the transverse loads does not cause
sudden failure of the wall.

15. PRE-CAMBERED STEEL PLATING RETROFIT METHOD

Pre-cambered steel plates are a unique method of steel retrofit for columns. The process consists of placing
a steel plate larger than the available space for the column and providing a spacer to camber the plate, as
shown in Figure 4.1. Then the spacer is removed and the cambered plate is anchored to the column to
alleviate column stress. Through this process, the main considerations are the thickness of the plate, the
degree of initial pre-cambering, the eccentricity of loading, and whether the columns are preloaded.
16. EXTERNAL PRE-STRESSED STEEL RETROFIT METHOD

Pre-stressing columns typically consists of wrapping steel hoops around a column and tightening them to
reach a desired force. The standard profile used for pre-stressing columns is shown in Figure 5.1. The main
parameters compared across studies are the spacing of the hoops, the cross-section or column shape used,
and combining pre-stressed steel with other retrofit methods.

17. SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY RETROFIT METHOD

Shape Memory Alloy Retrofit Method rely on alloys that can exist in multiple states based on stress and
temperature. The retrofitting technique simply consists in winding a pre-strained shape memory alloy wire
around a column, constraining the two ends by means of mechanical fasteners and heating the spiral above
a characteristic temperature using electrical current or a gas torch. Once applied to a column, it can
undergo high stress and have temporary deformation, but once heat is applied to it, the alloy will deform
back to its original shape. As a result, SMAs have great energy dissipation and recovery capacity, but the
high cost and limited amount research on them have prevented their implementation.
18. STRENGTHENING BY CROSS WALL

Cross Wall is an interior partition that extends from floor diaphragm to floor diaphragm that will help to
control the deformations in the structure by limiting the differential movement between the floors, and
dissipating energy in the process through the inelastic behavior of its materials (usually timber studs
covered with lath and plaster.) As applied to the infill walls in reinforced concrete construction, the purpose
of using this term is to emphasize the fact that they are deliberately not intended to behave as shear walls,
and that, instead, they are intended to control deformations and provide energy dissipation. Based on
extensive research, the UCBC was written with the recognition that this was applicable to the behavior of
floor-to-floor interior partitions in unreinforced masonry buildings.

19. INSTALLATION OF RETROFIT CAVITY WALL BARRIER

The present invention relates to modification of buildings with

high expose to driving rain, where the cavity wall barrier is fitted retrospectively. In a building which
comprises one or more levels or floors of fiats (apartments) the outer walls of the buildings are usually
formed as a cavity wall defining a space between inner and outer leaves of the wall which space generally
extends from top of the budding to the bottom. The space in the cavity walls can be retro filled with
insulating material. It is desirable to prevent any water and/or small pieces of mortar from mixing with the
insulating material. The portions of the outer cavity wall, which coincide, with each level of fiats can be
selectively filled with insulation or left empty depending on the wish of the occupant/owner of each level of
flats.
20. FOUNDATION BOLTING

Foundation bolting typically means that bolts are

added to improve the connections between the
wooden framing members of a building and its
concrete foundation. Usually this means adding
bolts through the piece of wood that lies flat on
top of the foundation, referred to as the sill or
mudsill, into the concrete. There may be no
existing bolts, or the existing bolts may be either
weakened or too far apart to be strong enough for
earthquake resistance.
Careful planning, placement and installation of
foundation bolts are critical for good bolting
strength. It is important to use the proper type of
bolt corresponding to the existing conditions of
the home and its foundation. The expected type of
bolt load or stress is another important
consideration for bolt selection.
Two types of foundation bolts are typically used — expansion bolts and epoxy-set bolts.

21. USE OF FRICTION DAMPERS TO SUPPORT STEEL BRACING

Friction dampers are designed to have moving

parts that will slide over each other during a
strong earthquake. When the parts slide over
each other, they create friction which uses some
of the energy from the earthquake that goes
into the building. The damper is made up from a
set of steel plates, with slotted holes in them,
and they are bolted together. At high enough
forces, the plates can slide over each other
creating friction. The plates are specially treated
to increase the friction between them. The use
of friction dampers reduced the story drifts from
2% without dampers to 1% with dampers. About
80% of the earthquake energy has been dissipated by the friction dampers leaving the building with little
damage.

22. CRIPPLE WALL BRACING

Cripple wall is found anywhere from a few inches to several feet in height, running upward from the top
of the concrete foundation to the bottom of the main floor. In construction language, this is referred to
as a cripple wall. Cripple wall collapse is a main source of earthquake related failure. The collapse of this
wall will often result in the main floor dropping to the ground. The house is vaulted off to the side of the
foundation as the cripple wall simply rolls out from under it.
Stiffening or bracing of the cripple wall to keep if from
collapsing during seismic movement is a very important part of
earthquake retrofitting. The bracing is accomplished by
attaching structural grade plywood tightly to the wall framing.
In engineering language, this strong or stiffened wall is referred
to as a shear wall.
The stiffening effect is accomplished in the lengthwise direction
of the plywood, which means that plywood runs along the side
walls of a house will brace it in the front-to-back direction while
plywood run along the front and back walls will brace the house
in the side-to-side direction. Accordingly, it is important to
brace all sides of a house for the best seismic protection.
It is usually not necessary and may even be undesirable to
brace the entire lengths of the cripple walls. Over-bracing
means unnecessary work and cost, and many engineers think
that it is important to maintain some ductility in the sub-areas
of the house.
Finally, following the principle that a chain is only as strong as
its weakest length, it is also important to complete the
connection from the foundations, through the walls, and into
the overhead floor framing. This will provide for good load
transfer. Load transfer is an engineering term which in everyday
language means that the effects of the earthquake movements
are transferred from one of the buildings components into the next – ground to foundation, foundation
to sill, sill to wall, wall to floor. Good detailing of all of these connections is an important part of
retrofitting technique.

23. SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES WITH TUNED-MASS SYSTEMS

A tuned mass damper (TMD) is a device consisting of a

mass, a spring, and a damper that is attached to a
structure in order to reduce the dynamic response of
the structure. The frequency of the damper is tuned to a
particular structural frequency so that when that
frequency is excited, the damper will resonate out of
phase with the structural motion. Energy is dissipated by
the damper inertia force acting on the structure • A
tuned mass damper, is preferably placed where the
structure’s deflections are greatest.

ADVANTAGES

1. They do not depend on an external power source

for their operation.
2. They can respond to small level of excitation.
3. Their properties can be adjusted in the field.
4. They can also be introduced in upgrading
structure.
 5. They require low maintenance.
6. They can be cost effective.
DISADVANTAGES
1. A large mass or a large space is needed for their installation.
2. The effectiveness of a tuned mass damper is constrained by the maximum weight that can be
practically placed on top of the structure
3. Their effectiveness depends on the accuracy of their tuning, but natural frequencies of a structure
cannot be predicted with great accuracy.

TUNED- MASS DAMPERS IN BRIDGES AND STADIUM

24. STEEL SHEET-PILE COFFERING CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Placing sheet-piles around the periphery of the footings and bonding them to the footings to improve bearing
capacity and horizontal resistance. The structural characteristics of steel pipe sheet pile foundation is that
steel piles are installed in an enclosed form of circle, oval or rectangle, and the rigidity of the structure is
increased by filling materials such as concrete mortar in the PP shape d interlock. Features from the
behavioural characteristics of wall structures are that they depend mainly on the horizontal resistance of the
ground, while the steel pile sheet pile foundation depends on vertical resistance from the pile toe resistance
and skin friction as well as horizontal resistance.
REFERENCES

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330719510_Strength_and_Durability_Study_of_Concrete_Structur
es_Using_Aramid-Fiber-Reinforced_Polymer

http://basalt.today/2017/06/10406/

https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/replace-damaged-concrete-structural-members/5831/

http://www.technicaljournalsonline.com/ijaers/VOL%20I/IJAERS%20VOL%20I%20ISSUE%20I%20%20OCTBER%
20DECEMBER%202011/4%20IJAERS.pdf

https://www.slideshare.net/SHAIKHARSHAD4/jacketing

http://home.iitk.ac.in/~vinaykg/Iset454.pdf

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pse.208

https://www.pgatech.com.ph/documents/Emilio%20Morales%20Paper-
IABSE%20Stockholm%20%2015%20June%202016.pdf

https://www.preventionweb.net/files/7615_fplans07.pdf

https://www.preventionweb.net/files/7615_fplans07.pdf

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/seismic-retrofitting-techniques-concrete-structures/11767/

https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/80471/3/Gaitan_Thesis.pdf

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.465.1390&rep=rep1&type=pdf

https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/127034918/Project_summary.pdf

file:///C:/Users/Gladys/Downloads/CROSSWALLS_INSTEAD_OF_SHEARWALLS_A_Proposed_Resear.pdf

https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2622145A2

http://www.ideers.bris.ac.uk/resistant/damping_friction.html

https://www.earthquakesafety.com/earthquake-retrofitting.html
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_1028.pdf

https://www.press-in.org/_upload/files/Newsletter/topics/report/Steel%20Sheet%20Pile.pdf
 TYPES
OF
RETROFITTING
TECHNIQUES

CEE 502

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:

BAUTISTA, MACY A.

#8

N14-33587

CE-5204

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. RHEA S. DE OCAMPO

APRIL 1, 2019