(LAB EXPERIMENT NO.

00)

SAFETY PRECAUTION

DO NOT ATTEMPT TO PROVE THIS!

Nine rules for safe practice and to avoid electric shocks:

1. Be sure of the conditions of the equipment and the dangers present BEFORE working on a
piece of equipment. Many sportsmen are killed by supposedly unloaded guns; many technicians
are killed by supposedly “dead”. Circuits,

2. NEVER rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock; systems to protect you. They
may not be working and may fail to protect when most needed.

3. NEVER remove the grounding prong of a three wire input plug .this eliminates the grounding
feature of the equipment making it a potential shock hazard.

4. Disorganized mess of connecting leads .component and tools only leads to careless thinking
circuits, shocks and accident s .developed habit synthesis and organized procedure of work

5. Do not work on wet floor

You connect resistance to ground is substances “produced”. Work on a rubber mate are an
insulate floor.

6. DO NOT WORK ALONE.

It’s just good to have someone around to shot off the power give artificial respiration and to call
a doctor

7. WORK WITH ONE HAND BEHIND ARE IN YOUR POCKET

A current in between a hand’s crosses your heart and can be more let than a current from hand
to foot .a wise technician always work with one hand .watch your service man

8. NEVER TALK TO ANYONE WHILE WORKING

Do not let yourself distracted. Also do not talk to anyone, if he is working on dangerous
equipment .do not be the cause of an accident.

9. ALWAYS MOVE SLOWLY

When work around electrical circuit’s .violent and rapid movements leads to accidental shock
and shot circuits.
 LAB EXPERIMENT # 00

Performance objective:
Upon successful completion of this experiment, the student will be able to

➢ Understand the connections of voltmeter, Ammeter, wattmeter & oscilloscope in

electrical circuit.
➢ Understand the application of function generator, oscilloscope and power supplies.
➢ Use the digital multimeter during the laboratory exercises.
➢ Experience various laboratory components during linear circuit analysis labs.
➢ Interprets symbols of analog measuring instrument designation.

Equipment:

• Ammeter
• Voltmeter
• Wattmeter
• Oscilloscope
• Function generator
• DC power supply
• Bread board
• Multimeter (DMM)

NOTE:

• Take care of equipment’s. Before connections verify the circuit with hand out diagram
• Don’t work alone .Only one student make connection and other observes.
• Cut –off the supply before wiring and rewiring the circuit. After lab remove the
components.

Discussion:
Ammeter:

Ammeter is used to measure the current. The ammeters are connected as shown in the figure
#1.Since ammeter measures the flow of charge, the meter must be placed in the network such
that the change will flow through the meter .The polarity of the meter must be such that positive
terminal of the meter with positive terminal of the battery and negative terminal of the battery
is with the negative terminal.

Voltmeter:
Voltmeter is used to measures at the difference between two points. The voltmeters are
connected as shown in the fig 1.1.To measure the potential difference between two points
(parallel connections).The negative terminal of the meter must be connected to the negative side
of the circuit, and the positive terminal with the positive side of the circuit.

Wattmeter:
Wattmeter is an instrument capable of measuring the power delivered to an electrical element
by sensing both the voltage and across the current through the element .since power is a function
of both the current and the voltage, the four terminals of wattmeter must be connected as shown
in the fig 1.2.Three voltage terminals may be available on the voltage side to permit a choice of
voltage levels.

Fig

Oscilloscope:
An instrument that displays, using a cathode –ray tube, the characteristics of a time varying
signals. The analog oscilloscope on display two waveforms on the same time. Oscilloscope
working and operation will be covered in the separate experiment.
Function generator:
Function generator is used to provide voltages that vary with time.it has four primary waveforms.

• Sine wave
• Square wave
• Triangular wave
• Ramp wave

These parameters can be varied for each waveform.

• Peak to peak voltage

• Frequency
• DC offset

DC power supply:
The DC power supply is used to generate either a constant voltage or constant current. That is it
may be used as either a DC voltage source or DC current source. You will be using it primarily as
a voltage source .DC means constant with respect to time.

DC power supply has two range settings.

The first range settings allows the power supply to produce between 0 and 20 volts and has a
maximum current capacity of 1.5 amps(A).The second range settings allows it to generate
between 0 and 35 volts with a maximum current capacity of 0.85 A. The knob labelled voltage
controls the voltage produced by the power supply. The current is limited by adjusting the knob
labelled current.

As long as the circuit does not attempt to draw more current than the value set by the current
knob, the voltage will remain constant. Current limiting allows the power supply to be set such
that it will not generate more current then desired .This can be useful as a safety features
,preventing electrocution due to accidental contact with the terminals .In addition ,current
limiting can prevent damage to equipment parts ,which may be unable to handle excessive
current.
Breadboard:
The breadboard is a tool for prototyping a circuit. It allows the prototyping a circuit without
having to construct a printed circuit board or wire rapping on a protoboard. The breadboard is
made up of multiple strips of copper underneath the board, which connects to the holes that are
on the top. The connections which run underneath the board, are the shaded areas .To use the
breadboard place the leg of a component into one of the holes .The holes that are made so that
they will hold the leg in place and make an electrical connection .Each hole is connected to one
of the metal strip running the board.

A connection between two components is created when their legs are put into common row. The
vertical stripes on the board with the red and blue strips are called busses.

Multimeter:
An ammeter measures currents through two points, a voltmeter measures the difference in
potential between two points and an ohmmeter measures the resistance between two points .A
multimeter combines these functions into single instrument .Resistance measurements should
never be made on an energized circuit as the meter can easily be damaged.

A multimeter can be used to measure the difference in potential between two points .Unlike an
oscilloscope ,the measurement do not always have to be measured using ground as a reference.

When making a current measurement with multimeter, remember that the current must
measure through the device and not across .This requires that the circuit be broken in some place
and the ammeter be inserted into the circuit.